Production Of Bio-gasoline Research Articles

Producción de biocombustibles en Costa Rica utilizando licuefacción hidrotérmica de biomasa: estimación preliminar de su potencial y huella de carbono

[Objective] Estimate the production potential of biofuels from the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of biomass residues in Costa Rica and their respective carbon footprint. [Methodology] The generation potential of biomass residues suitable to produce biofuels through the HTL process was estimated using reports from different institutions such as the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, the Chamber of Poultry Farmers, and the National Water Company. In addition, using mathematical models that predict biocrude yield based on the type of biomass used, the biocrude production potential was estimated, as well as its respective upgrade to biodiesel and its co-products (biogasoline and biobunker). These results were compared with the current fuel consumption in Costa Rica. Finally, the carbon footprint for the production process of these biofuels was calculated using ISO 14067 standard. [Results] Under the assumptions of this study, it was found that Costa Rica has the potential to produce biocrude, biodiesel, biogasoline, and biobunker, amounting to 1,383,299 tons/year, 635,788 tons/year, 295,336 tons/year, and 70,140 tons/year, respectively. In addition, it was estimated that the carbon footprints associated with the production of biodiesel, biogasoline, and biobunker are 14.57 gCO2eq/MJ, 13.88 gCO2eq/MJ, and 13.33 gCO2eq/MJ, respectively. [Conclusions] Under the assumptions of this study, it was concluded that Costa Rica has a potential replacement of fossil fuels of 71%, 43%, and 76% for biodiesel, biogasoline, and biobunker, respectively. Also, it was estimated that with this technology (HTL), the carbon footprint could be reduced by 18%, 36%, and 6% when using biodiesel, biogasoline, and biobunker, respectively, instead of the corresponding fossil fuels.

Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of Camelina sativa residues for renewable biogasoline production

ABSTRACT Camelina sativa plant residue was used as feedstock for the production of biogasoline (a mixture of paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons) by catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction (cHTL) process. The experiments were conducted at temperature range 200–375°C and pressure range 10–19 MPa. Molecular hydrogen was added for the hydro-deoxygenation processes. Various experiments were performed to understand the contributions of process parameters such as temperature, pressure, hydrogen, and retention time on reaction conversion and products distribution. This was followed by screening of different catalyst supports – γ-Al2O3, HZSM-5, SiO2-Al2O3, SBA-15, and Al2O3-HZSM-5 to understand their impacts as well as catalytic activities. The Al2O3/HZSM-5 exhibited the best properties and was impregnated with a varying range of cobalt metal for the HTL of Camelina sativa. The 5%Co/γ-Al2O3-HZSM-5 catalyst exhibited highest liquefaction conversion (79%) and biogasoline yield (43%) at optimized reaction conditions due to the presence of strong brønsted acidity on the catalyst were that enhanced both the hydrocarbon cracking and hydrogenation leading to the production of low boiling point and low molecular weight hydrocarbon within the boiling point range of fossil gasoline. Across all the data point used in the work, the average deviation was within ± 3%, these are mostly indicated by the error bars.

Development of chromium-impregnated sulfated silica as a mesoporous catalyst in the production of biogasoline from used cooking oil via a hydrocracking process

Development of chromium-impregnated sulfated silica as a mesoporous catalyst in the production of biogasoline from used cooking oil via a hydrocracking process

Bio-gasoline and bio-naphtha production from catalytic cracking of linseed oil methyl ester over iron- and zinc-modified HZSM-5 and γ-Al2O3 catalysts in a fixed double-beds reactor

This study investigates the catalytic cracking of linseed oil methyl ester in producing bio-naphtha and bio-gasoline fuels. The process was conducted over two beds of catalysts, including HZSM-5 (HZ) and γ-alumina (AL), in a continuous reactor. The support catalysts were modified by zinc and iron metals with various loadings (4 wt% and 8 wt%) through the incipient wetness impregnation method and characterized by XRD, XRF, FESEM-EDS, N2 adsorption-desorption, and NH3-TPD analyses. These analyses demonstrated that the existence of metals altered the textural properties and the acid site distribution of support catalysts. The experiments were carried out at the Cat. Ratio (mass ratio of AL catalyst to total mass of AL & HZ catalysts) = 0.75, WHSV = 3 h−1, T = 475 °C, P = 1 bara under N2 atmosphere. The aim was to discuss the synergistic effect of using two modified catalyst beds in production of bio-naphtha and bio-gasoline. With this respect, the general factorial design approach was employed for the statistical evaluation of the bio-naphtha and bio-gasoline production yields. The results revealed that bio-naphtha could be produced with the yield of 42.3 wt% over the double catalyst beds comprising 4ZnHZ and AL. By using 4FeHZ & AL in series, 39.0 wt% yield of bio-naphtha could be achieved. According to the bio-gasoline yield, Fe and Zn loading value of 4 wt% is the most suitable, i.e. 90.3 wt% yield on 4FeHZ-4FeAL, and 89.5 wt% yield on 4ZnHZ-4ZnAL can be obtained.

Transformation of triolein to biogasoline by photo-chemo-biocatalysis

Photo-chemo-biocatalytic sequential reactions for the green production of biogasoline from natural abundant lipids and even wasted or non-edible oil by using solar energy and atmospheric O2 under mild conditions.

Production of Bio-Gasoline with High Octane Number, as a Renewable Transportation Biofuel, via Thermochemical Conversion of Castor Oil

Vegetable oils are proved as valuable feedstocks in the biofuel production. Some common issues of cracking of vegetable oils–as an effective method for the biofuel production- are related to the glycerol decomposition during the cracking process. Transesterification, which can remove glycerol from vegetable oil molecules, is performed before the thermal cracking to adjust the problems. This study has been aimed at surveying the efficiency of transesterification and the thermal cracking integration to produce bio-gasoline and bio-oil from castor oil. In transesterification, methanol as alcohol and KOH as catalyst were used, and the catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and alcohol to oil ratio were effective variables. Statistical studies demonstrated the interactions among parameters and the yield of the methyl ester production as 96.7 % under the optimized conditions. Results showed that in the thermal cracking two parameters, of the feed flowrate and temperature, influenced the product yield significantly without any interaction. Under the optimum conditions, to maximize the bio-gasoline production, 28 % of bio-gasoline and 88.6 % of bio-oil were produced. The lack of acrolein, as a toxic component, the negligible amount of the generated water in the product, the high octane number, the significant amount of the heat of combustion of bio-gasoline, and being in criteria of standard gasoline as per ASTM D4814 for the distillation curve and RVP of bio-gasoline, were the great advantages of the cracking of the transesterified caster oil. Therefore, the bio-gasoline produced via the thermochemical conversion of castor oil could be used as a fuel for spark-ignition engines or as an octane enhancer with gasoline, i.e., by adding 10 % of bio-gasoline to the refinery gasoline, the octane number increased from 95 to 105.

Biogasoline Production from Palm Oil: Optimization of Catalytic Cracking Parameters

Production of biogasoline from vegetable oil is one of the future directions in providing fuels for post-oil society. The catalytic cracking of refined bleached deodorized palm oil over a promoted ZSM-5 catalyst was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. The fixed-bed catalytic process consists of three steps including reaction, stripping, and regeneration. The optimal catalytic cracking parameters were determined. The properties of catalyst were investigated by thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and N2 physisorption analysis while regeneration temperature effect toward catalyst acidity is being investigated by NH3 temperature programmed desorption technique. The apparent results show that the optimized reaction temperature was at 500 °C with a WHSV of 2.5 h−1 and the reaction time of 2 h. Meanwhile, the most effective regeneration temperature was found at 600 °C for three cycles of reaction–regeneration operation. During these cycles, 100% conversion of triglycerides and 48% selectivity to bio-naphtha can still be achieved.

Economic feasibility of gasoline production from lignocellulosic wastes in Hong Kong

In this study, the conceptual process flowsheet was developed and the economic feasibility of woody biomass conversion to biofuel as feedstock was analysed by considering several promising experimental processes for lignin depolymerization, such as hydrodeoxygenation and hydrogenolysis, along with lignocellulosic biomass fractionation processes. The engineering simulation process toward the commercial production of bio-gasoline from lignocellulosic biomass using SuperPro Designer® was modeled. The compatibility of the end products with the current gasoline specifications was evaluated and various blending options were investigated to meet the octane number and Reid vapor pressure requirement of the product. The economic potential of the simulated engineering process was then evaluated from an economic perspective. The operating costs and capital investment of three scenario using three different catalytic systems were estimated and discussed to assess of the potential of commercializing of woody biomass valorization process. The main potential market segments were identified, including the process by-products such as xylose and cellulose pulp. From the economic evaluation study, it was found that selling the biomass fractionation products alone does have a greater profit than valorization of lignin to produce bio-gasoline, with net present value of RMB 22,653,000 and RMB 177,000, respectively at the same return on investment if the plant is set up in Hong Kong. It was also found that catalysts play a pivotal role in determination of the profitability in the valorization process, not only because of the price of the catalyst, but also the product distributions obtained with various types of it. To obtain the same gross profit, the sale price of bio-gasoline has to be set higher with platinum catalysts than with ruthenium catalysts (nearly 10 folds). Thus, catalyst development and process improvement are crucial in the establishment of bio-based circular economy.

Hydrocracking of waste cooking oil into biogasoline in the presence of a bi-functional Ni-Mo/alumina catalyst

ABSTRACT Increasing efforts are invested to investigate alternative fuel sources that can replace conventional fuels, partially or completely. The feasibility of producing biogasoline from waste cooking oil (WCO) has been investigated. A study in which WCO was cracked over a bi-functional Ni-Mo/alumina catalyst in the presence of hydrogen gas at constant pressure has been conducted. The study was based on the hydrocracking of WCO into a liquid fuel with a carbon number range analogous to that of petroleum-derived gasoline. The impact of various reaction parameters, namely, reaction temperature, contact time, catalyst: oil ratio, Ni-loading (wt. %) and catalyst calcination temperature, have on the production of biogasoline been investigated in a series of experiments. The produced biogasoline from each experiment was characterized using GC-MS. The results revealed a maximum production of 59.50 wt. % biogasoline. This was achieved at a reaction temperature of 250°C, catalyst: oil ratio of 1:75, the reaction time of 1 h. with a catalyst loaded with 5 wt. % nickel (Ni) and calcinated at 300°C.

Direct upstream integration of biogasoline production into current light straight run naphtha petrorefinery processes

There is an urgent need to address environmental problems caused by our transportation systems, which include the reduction of associated CO2 emissions. In the short term, renewable drop-in fuels are ideal, as they allow a direct integration into the existing infrastructure. However, preferably they would perform better than current alternatives (for example, bioethanol) and be synthesized in a more efficient way. Here we demonstrate the production of biogasoline with a direct upstream integration into processes in existing petrorefinery facilities that targets the 10% bio-based carbon in accordance with the current European Union directives (for 2020) for biofuels. To achieve this goal, we show the valorization of (hemi)cellulose pulp into light naphtha using a two-phase (H2O:organic) catalytic slurry process. A C5–C6 alkane stream, enriched with bio-derived carbon and compatible with further downstream petrorefinery operations for (bio)gasoline production, is automatically obtained by utilizing fossil light straight run naphtha as the organic phase. The ease of integration pleads for a joint petro/bio effort to gradually produce bio-enriched gasolines, wherein the chemical compounds of the bio-derived fraction are indistinguishable from those in current high-quality gasoline compositions.

Utilization of Crude Rubber Seed Oil (CRSO) for the Production of Biogasoline: Physicochemical Studies

The main objective of this paper is to investigate crude rubber seed oil (CRSO), a non-edible type of vegetable oil, hence that can be considered as a potential alternative fuel in Malaysia. The rubber seed production in Malaysia is about 150-200 kg/ha per annum. The estimated availability of rubber seed is about 30,000 MT/year. At present, rubber seed oil has not been found to be utilized in any major application. The challenge of the present study is to analyze the suitability and feasibility of rubber seed oil applied as biofuel, specifically in biogasoline range. Standard procedures of American Oil Chemists Society and ASTM Standard were used to determine the physicochemical properties of crude rubber seed oil (CRSO). Using standard techniques the specific properties data were obtained for this bio-oil namely for the following parameters: pH, specific gravity, refractive index, water content, peroxide value, acid value, kinematic viscosity, calorific value, density, molecular weight, flash point, cloud point, pour point, CHNS contents, saponification value, iodine value, and oxidative stability. Properties of rubber seed oil in comparison with standard biodiesel and other source of oils were also given. The observed values of this study were in agreement with the CRSO values of previous literature. The characteristic features of CRSO from this study show that CRSO can be exploited as an environmentally friendly alternative biofuel.
 Keywords: rubber seed oil, biogasoline, physicochemical

Production of Bio-gasoline by Co-cracking of Acetic Acid in Bio-oil and Ethanol

Acetic acid was selected as the model compound representing the carboxylic acids present in bio-oil. This work focuses the co-cracking of acetic acid with ethanol for bio-gasoline production. The influences of reaction temperature and pressure on the conversion of reactants as well as the selectivity and composition of the crude gasoline phase were investigated. It was found that increasing reaction temperature benefited the conversion of reactants and pressurized cracking produced a higher crude gasoline yield. At 400 °C and 1 MPa, the conversion of the reactants reached over 99% and the selectivity of the gasoline phase reached 42.79% (by mass). The gasoline phase shows outstanding quality, with a hydrocarbon content of 100%.

Biomass Conversion to Hydrocarbon Fuels Using the MixAlcoTMProcess

The MixAlcoTM process converts biomass to hydrocarbons (e.g., gasoline) using the following generic steps: pretreatment, fermentation, descumming, dewatering, thermal ketonization, distillation, hydrogenation, oligomerization and saturation. This study describes the production of bio-gasoline from chicken manure and shredded office paper, both desirable feedstocks that do not require pretreatment. Using a mixed culture of microorganisms derived from marine soil, the biomass was fermented to produce a dilute aqueous solution of carboxylate salts, which were subsequently descummed and dried. The dry salts were thermally converted to raw ketones, which were distilled to remove impurities. Using Raney nickel catalyst, the distilled ketones were hydrogenated to mixed secondary alcohols ranging from C3 to C12. Using zeolite HZSM-5 catalyst, these alcohols were oligomerized to hydrocarbons in a plug -flow reactor. Finally, these unsaturated hydrocarbons were hydrogenated to produce a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be blended into commercial gasoline.

Catalytic cracking of edible and non-edible oils for the production of biofuels

Biofuels have become an attractive alternative fuel because of their possible environmental benefits and the current concern over the depletion of fossil fuel sources. The demand for biofuels will rise in the future due to the rise in the price of fossil fuel, energy security reasons, environmental and economical issues. Vegetable oils are the most common feedstocks and are converted into liquid fuels due to their high energy density, liquid nature and availability as a renewable feedstock. Several types of vegetable oils with a diversified composition in fatty acids can be used. Beside edible vegetable oils, non-edible and used cooking oils have also received considerable attention because they do not compete with food sources and are less costly to procure. Beside vegetable oils, bio-oil obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass has also been upgraded through catalytic cracking process to obtain biofuel. Catalytic cracking is one of the most efficient methods to produce biofuel, especially biogasoline, by cracking of vegetable oil in the presence of suitable catalyst. The catalytic cracking of edible and non-edible oils requires the development of proper cracking catalysts and reactors for the production of biogasoline. The present article summarizes progress in the development of the technology in biofuel production viacatalytic cracking. The paper also covers the different types of feedstock suitable for the production of biofuel, potential cracking catalysts, catalytic cracking mechanisms, different types of catalytic reactors, and biofuel characteristics. Important issues like catalyst choice and reactor design must be addressed before catalytic cracking can be commercially implemented. The paper also presents the future prospects of this technology in biorefineries for the production of biofuels.

Study on biomass catalytic pyrolysis for production of bio-gasoline by on-line FTIR

The pyrolysis of biomass is a promising way for production of bio-gasoline if the stability and quality problems of the bio-crude-oil can be solved by catalytic cracking and reforming. In this paper, an on-line infrared spectrum was used to study the characteristics of catalytic pyrolysis with the following preliminary results. The removal of C O of organic acid is more difficult than that of aldehydes and ketones. HUSY/γ-Al 2O 3 and REY/γ-Al 2O 3 catalysts exhibited better deoxygenating activities while HZSM-5/γ-Al 2O 3 catalyst exhibited preferred selectivities for production of iso-alkanes and aromatics. Finally, possible mechanisms of biomass catalytic pyrolysis are discussed as well.