Solid-state Fermentation For Production Research Articles

Fungal biopesticide production: Process scale-up and sequential batch mode operation with Trichoderma harzianum using agro-industrial solid wastes of different biodegradability

This work presents a sequential batch operational strategy (SBR) for fungal conidia production in solid-state fermentation (SSF) to improve the traditional batch operation, while also aiming to present a robust and scalable process. Trichoderma harzianum was fermented using two substrates with different biodegradability (rice husk and beer draff), scaling from 1.5 L to 22 L bioreactors. Before the SBR operation, the optimum time to get inoculum from each SBR batch was determined as 4 days. While single batch process scale-up was successful with both substrates, SBR strategy was only feasible using beer draff as substrate: conidia production was sustained during 3 consecutive batches in 1.5 L bioreactors and for 5 batches at 22 L. At both scales conidia production was around 2.0x109 conidia g-1dm, achieving maximum specific oxygen consumption rate (sOUR) values close to 4 g O2 kg-1dm h-1 in most reactors. Air filled porosity was found as a key parameter regarding process scale-up, with a minimum value of 80% as necessary to proper scaling up to 22 L. Process robustness was statistically demonstrated as no significant differences in conidia production, moisture and pH were found at different reactor heights using both substrates in most 22 L reactors tests. Consequently, SBR operation has been presented as a reproducible method to overcome traditional packed-bed drawbacks while also improving SSF performance in comparison to traditional industrial SSF processes.

A Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) supplement improved performance, digestive function and gut ultrastructure of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed plant protein diets containing yellow lupin meal

A nutritional investigation was conducted to determine whether growth performance, feed efficiency and midgut morphology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is affected by United Kingdom cultivars of Yellow Lupin (Control, Y) (LC) compared to the addition of a commercial solid-state fermentation product (SSF) in separate dietary treatments 0.1 and 0.5% (LS0.1 and LS0.5, respectively). At the end of feeding trial, LC- and LS0.1-fed fish did not differ from one another, whilst significant improvement was observed in LS0.5 fed fish (P < 0.05). Apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fibre were significantly higher in fish fed LS0.1 and LS0.5 than LC. No significant differences (P < 0.05) in Haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were observed among dietary treatments. Fish fed the 0.1% SSF inclusion exhibited significantly (P < 0.001) higher haematocrit (Hct) concentration than all other treatments. Significantly (P < 0.005) higher serum glucose levels were observed in FMC fed fish compared to fish fed LC and LS0.1, whilst elevation was also observed in LS0.5 over LC and LS0.1. Activity of serum lysozyme was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the LS0.5 treatment compared to LC, S0.1 and FMC groups. Fish fed 0.5% SSF were observed to have a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in goblet cell counts (GC) compared to those fed LC and LS0.1.). Median enterocyte height (EH) of LS0.1 and LS0.5 fed fish did not differ from one another but were both significantly greater than LC fed fish. Mean microvilli length (MVL), diameter (MVD) and enterocyte apical area (EAA) did not differ significantly between dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Fish fed 0.5% SSF displayed a higher microvillar percentage coverage (MVCV) compared to fish fed LC and LS0.1. Total alkaline protease (TAP), trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the digesta of fish were unaffected by dietary treatment (P > 0.05). Activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in digesta was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in SSF treatments than LC. Activity of L-leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) in digesta was marginally significantly (P = 0.045) higher in LS0.1 SSF fed fish than LC fed fish. Activity of LAP was also significantly higher in LS0.5 fed fish than LC fed fish.

Solid-state fermentation production and characterization of an alkaline lipase from a newly isolated Burkholderia gladioli strain

The newly isolated Burkholderia gladioli BRM58833 strain was shown to secrete an alkaline lipase highly active and stable in organic solvents. Lipase production was optimized through the cultivation of the strain by solid-state fermentation in wheat bran. The lipase extraction conditions were also optimized. The low-cost extract obtained has shown a high hydrolytic activity of 1096.7 ± 39.3 U·gds−1 (units per gram of dry solids) against pNPP and 374.2 ± 20.4 U·gds−1 against triolein. Proteomic analysis revealed the optimized extract is composed of two esterases and three true lipases, showing a preference for long-chain substrates. The highest activity was obtained at 50 °C and pH 9. However, the extract maintained more than 50% of its maximum activity between pH 8.0 and 10.0 and throughout the whole temperature range evaluated (32–70 °C). The enzymes were inhibited by SDS, EDTA, ZnSO4 and FeCl3 and activated by FeSO4, MgCl2 and BaCl2. The lipases conserved their activity when incubated in solvents as acetonitrile, diethyl ether, n-heptane n-hexane, toluene, methanol and t-butanol. The resistance of these lipases to solvents and expressive thermostability when compared to other lipases, reveal their potential both in hydrolysis reactions and in synthesis of esters.

Increasing peptide yield of soybean meal solid-state fermentation of ultrasound-treated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

The purpose of the study was to investigate the feasibility and mechanisms of increasing peptide yield of soybean meal solid-state fermentation (SSF) products by ultrasound-treated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Under the optimal parameters level (frequency of 40 kHz, power density of 40 W/L, time of 17.5 min), peptide content of SSF soybean meal in ultrasonic treatment group reached 150.68 mg/g, which increased by 13.10% compared to the control. Ultrasound-treated B. amyloliquefaciens enhanced peptide yield, biomass and protease activity at early stage of SSF. Analysis of omics and qRT-PCR validated that ultrasound treatment did not promote protease secretion but facilitated the germination of endospores. The germination rate increased from 15.67% to 67.33%. According to growth curve determination, ultrasound-treated B. amyloliquefaciens had shorter lag times due to increased vegetative cell content in the inoculum. In conclusion, peptide yield of soybean meal SSF products can be effectively increased by ultrasound-treated B. amyloliquefaciens, which is because of the facilitation effect of ultrasound on endospores germination.

Application of ultrasound technology in the field of solid-state fermentation: increasing peptide yield through ultrasound-treated bacterial strain.

The increase of peptide yield contributed to reducing the usage of antibiotics in solid-state fermented feed. Ultrasound technology is used in the field of liquid-state fermentation to improve yield of fermented products but has not been utilized in the field of solid-state fermentation (SSF). The main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of improving peptide yield in SSF products through ultrasound-treated bacterial strain. The highest peptides content in soybean meal SSF products reached 153.28 mg g-1 , which increased by 15.05% compared with the control. This content value was acquired through treating the bacteria of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by ultrasound before inoculating into soybean meal under the optimized mode and parameters (simultaneous dual-frequency ultrasound mode, frequency combination of 40/60 kHz, total power density of 40 W L-1 , time of 20 min, pulse-on and pulse-off times of 40 and 60 s, delayed inoculation time of 0 h). Fermenting with ultrasound-treated bacterial strain can effectively increase peptide yield, biomass and protease activity of soybean meal fermented products during the SSF prophase. After treating by ultrasound, the latent phase and logarithmic phase of the bacterial strain shortened by 1 and 3 h while the generation time reduced by 23.64%. In qualitative test of protease activity, diameter ratio (DR) value of ultrasound-treated bacterial cells enlarged by 12.0% compared with the control. Peptide yield of soybean meal SSF products can be improved through ultrasound-treated bacterial inoculum, which attributed to the promoting effect of ultrasound treatment on growth activity and protease production capability of bacterial cells. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

N2 periodic pulsation process intensification to improve ethanol productivity in solid state fermentation of steam-exploded corn stalk

Long fermentation time and high oxygen partial pressure were significant challenges for high ethanol productivity in solid state fermentation (SSF). In this study, the feasibility of N2 periodic pulsation to improve ethanol productivity was investigated. Changes of CO2 concentration and water state distribution in N2 periodic pulsation SSF were examined. A metabolic flux model was developed to understand the effect of N2 periodic pulsation on ethanol production. The results indicated that ethanol productivity of 1.75 g/(L·h) in N2 periodic pulsation group (NPPG) was 34.4% higher than that in control group (CG) within 24 h. The maximum ethanol concentration and yield were 47.52 g/L and 70.80% at 70% moisture content, respectively. The CO2 concentration in NPPG was well below 5000 ppm at 21 h, which was much lower than 38,080 ppm in CG. Metabolic flux analysis revealed that the metabolic flux towards ethanol increased by 25% with the application of N2 periodic pulsation. These results confirmed that N2 periodic pulsation is an effective method for improving ethanol production in solid state fermentation.

Statistical optimization of lipase production in solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus tamarii NDA03a and application of the fermented solid as a biocatalyst for biodiesel production

Background and objective Biodiesel, an attractive alternative fuel, is defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Biodiesel is an ecofriendly fuel compared with many other transportation fuels. The aim of this study was to implement the statistical approaches for optimization of Aspergillus tamarii NDA03a mutant G lipase produced in solid-state fermentation (SSF), and then application of the dried fermented solid as a biocatalyst for biodiesel production from waste frying oil (WFO). Materials and methods A. tamarii NDA03a mutant (3G) was previously selected as a good lipase producer. Five oil residue meals were evaluated in the presence of wheat bran (WB) for their potential as enzyme inducers and substrates for the production of 3G lipase by SSF. The best oil residue meal was selected and used in subsequent experiments. The fermented solid thus obtained was collected, lyophilized, and used as a biocatalyst for waste frying oil transesterification to FAME. To optimize SSF conditions for lipase production using 3G, a Plackett–Burman design was used at first to screen the critical factors from several process variables, and finally, a central composite design was applied to further estimate the relationship between the variables and response as well as optimize the levels. Response was measured in terms of FAME yield. To verify the adequacy and accuracy of the model, validation experiments were also carried out. Results and conclusion The most favorable oil residue meal that enhances 3G lipase production by SSF was black cumin meal. Results of the Plackett–Burman design revealed that the factors contributing to the main effect were incubation temperature, incubation period, and moisture content. The optimal SSF conditions for lipase production were WB 10 g, black cumin meal 6% (w/w of WB), pH 8, temperature 28°C, moisture content 40%, molasses 1% (w/w of WB), and incubation period 3 days. Under these optimized conditions, produced FAME yield (65.55%) increased by 58% compared with the basal medium (41.46%). A good agreement between the experimental (65.55%) and predicted (65.03%) values was detected. The significance of this model was confirmed by its probability value and lack of fit (P<0.05) and clearly showed that the model was sufficient to describe the correlation between the FAME yield and the tested variables. The obtained results ascertained the success of response surface methodology as an efficient technique to optimize the lipase production in SSF and consequently the ability of application of the dried fermented solid as a biocatalyst for biodiesel production.

Artificial neural network hybridized with a genetic algorithm for optimization of lipase production from Penicillium roqueforti ATCC 10110 in solid-state fermentation

In the present work, an artificial neural network hybridized with a genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) has been applied to optimize Penicillium roqueforti ATCC 10110 lipase production in solid-state fermentation (SSF). For such a purpose, a feed-forward ANN with polynomial configuration 3-49-1 (i.e. 3 neurons in the input layer, 49 neurons in the hidden layer and 1 neuron in the output layer) was used to computationally model the experiment and a GA was used to optimize lipase production through the ANN model. The input variables optimized by the ANN-GA were fermentation time (1 day), incubation temperature (31.2 °C) and percentage moisture content (78%). Validation was performed by considering the optimal and central point conditions, thus obtaining a lipase activity value of 48.00 U g−1, which is three times greater than by using other methodologies. Furthermore, the ANN model was obtained using 28 essays (small dataset) with interpolation and generalization capability based on a significant and precise data choice and justified by mean square error and determination coefficient values. A total of 5.0 × 107 artificial tests were simulated from the small dataset of 28 experiments.

Bioactive peptides and proteases: characteristics, applications and the simultaneous production in solid-state fermentation

Bioactive peptides are compounds hydrolysed from an inactive parental protein that has beneficial effects on health, such as reduction of blood pressure, antioxidant activity, reduction of problems caused by diabetes, anticancer action, among others. These compounds can be obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins by enzymes, as the proteases, which are produced by microorganisms through solid-state fermentation. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) has been widely used to produce enzymes and other biocompounds due to advantages as simplicity, the possibility of using residues as substrates, allowing the reduction of environmental pollution, the addition of value to these residues, and lower costs in the process. SSF also allows the simultaneous production of proteases and bioactive peptides, optimising the process and reducing antinutritional compounds, such as allergens. This work aimed to review the literature on the production of proteases and bioactive peptides through solid-state fermentation, including the simultaneous production of these compounds, since the fermented medium can benefit from the hydrolysis capacity of the enzymes produced by microorganisms. Normally, obtaining these compounds has been studied in an isolated way and not concomitantly in a single bioprocess, being this the main differential of our review.

Production of polygalacturonase using Carica papaya peel biowaste and its application for pomegranate juice clarification

The present study focuses on utilization of papaya peel for polygalacturonase production in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Papaya peel was screened as optimum solid substrate and valorized under SSF for polygalacturonase production by Aspergillus niger AN07 and the effect of different fermentation parameters viz. fermentation time, particle size, moisture content and agitation speed on the enzyme production was investigated. Two fermentation variables viz. moisture content and fermentation time have been identified to significantly affect polygalacturonase production as predicted using Plackett–Burman Design (PBD). It was further optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Rotatory Central Composite Design (RCCD). An overall 5.4-fold increase (264.20 U/g dried substrate) in enzyme production was achieved after optimization at fermentation time 144 h and moisture content 90%. The results of RSM showed that the model was in good agreement with experimental results with R2 = 99.6% (P < 0.05). A. niger AN07, A. tubingensis MP30, A. fumigatus M1 and A. sydowii indicated a high growth rate of 0.55, 0.52, 0.39 and 0.25 mm/h, respectively on the optimized solid substrate in SSF. Native PAGE and Zymogram study showed predominant presence of polygalacturonase in the purified preparation. The purified polygalacturonase enzyme significantly increased pomegranate juice clarification by 3.6-fold and prevented haze formation during storage conditions.

Medium Optimization for Spore Production of a Straw-Cellulose Degrading Actinomyces Strain under Solid-State Fermentation Using Response Surface Method

The strains capable of degrading cellulose have attracted much interest because of their applications in straw resource utilization in solid-state fermentation (SSF). However, achieving high spore production in SSF is rarely reported. The production of spores from Streptomyces griseorubens JSD-1 was investigated in shaker-flask cultivation in this study. The optimal carbon, organic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen sources were sucrose, yeast extract and urea, respectively. Plackett–Burman design (PBD) was adopted to determine the key medium components, and the concentration levels of three components (urea, NaCl, MgSO4·7H2O) were optimized with the steepest ascent path and central composite design (CCD), achieving 1.72 × 109 CFU/g of spore production. Under the optimal conditions (urea 2.718% w/v, NaCl 0.0697% w/v, MgSO4·7H2O 0.06956% w/v), the practical value of spore production was 1.69 × 109 CFU/g. The determination coefficient (R2) was 0.9498, which ensures an adequate credibility of the model.

Biotransformation of paper mill sludge by Serratia marcescens NITDPER1 for prodigiosin and cellulose nanocrystals: A strategic valorization approach

Paper mill sludge (PMS), a lignocellulosic waste from paper industry, is an ecological burden of environmental concern. Present study explored PMS as substrate for prodigiosin production in solid state fermentation (SSF) and concurrent source of cellulose for Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) preparation, using Serratia marcescens NITDPER1. Batch studies revealed maximum pigment production 47 ± 3.2 mg/L after 60 h and ligninolytic potentials via kraft lignin degradation (59 % after 72 h), lignin-mimicking dye decolourization and lignin monomer utilization. In SSF, highest yield was 30.05 ± 1.7 mg/g (24 h) with growth-associated (α = 20.84) and non-growth associated (β = 0.63) parameters determined through Luedeking-Piret model. Lambda max (535 nm), Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) (Rf = 0.9), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (RT = 2.865), Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) confirmed it as prodigiosin that exhibited antioxidant potential (IC50 = 47 ± 3.5 μg/mL). After SSF, the delignified (54 %) residual PMS was utilized for preparing CNCs, that displayed particle size 130.8 nm, zeta potential -13.4 mv, polydispersity index 0.404, stability upto 490 °C and revealed desirable properties in Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), FT-IR and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Phytotoxicity studies confirmed both prodigiosin and CNCs as non-toxic. This study unveiled biorefinery perspectives for paper industries through production of two commercially important commodities from waste using eco-friendly approach.

Paecilomyces cicadae-fermented Radix astragali activates podocyte autophagy by attenuating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways to protect against diabetic nephropathy in mice

Radix astragali, a medicinal material for tonifying Chinese Qi, has widely been used for the treatment of Kidney disease in China and East Asia, especially in reducing the apoptosis of glomerular podocytes. Paecilomyces Cicadidae is a medicinal and edible fungus. In recent years, the application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in solid-state fermentation of edible and medicinal fungi has become a hot issue. Fermentation is a special method to change the properties of TCM. Therefore, the potential roles and molecular mechanisms on podocytes of solid-state fermentation products of Radix astragali and Paecilomyces cicadidae (RPF) in diabetic nephropathy (DN) were studied. In vivo, the effect of RPF and Radix astragali on DN in mice was evaluated by detecting the biochemical indexes of blood and urine, renal function and podocyte integrity. In vitro, the expression of podocyte marker protein, autophagy marker protein and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway protein were detected by Western blotting using a high glucose-induced podocyte injury model. The results showed that RPF had a significant alleviative effect on DN mice. RPF can significantly reduce urine protein, serum creatinine, and blood nitrogen urea in DN mice. Morphological analysis showed that RPF could improve kidney structure of DN and reduce the apoptosis of podocytes, and the effect was better than Radix astragali. In vitro results indicated that RPF could enhance autophagy and protect podocytes by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In summary, RPF has better effect on delaying the development of DN than Radix astragali. RPF enhances autophagy in podocytes and delays DN probably by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Biocatalyst: Cellulase Production in Solid State Fermentation (SSF) Using Rice Bran as Substrate

The study was aimed to analyze the biological transformation of cellulose in rice bran by Aspergillus flavus SB04 in SSF for 28 days. The culture conditions such as pH, temperature, moisture content were optimized for the effective production of the enzyme in SSF. Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on cellulase production was further estimated in SMF and were quantified for 24hrs intervals for 7 days Maximum cellulase production for rice bran was observed to be high in glucose (carbon source) and yeast extract (nitrogen source) at initial moisture 75ml, pH 6, temperature 33°C and fermentation period was 14th day that was optimized using response surface methodology. The enzyme production was analyzed individually by dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method, Lowry protein estimation, and filter paper assay. The lignocellulosic degradation was observed and confirmed by FTIR and SEM. The degradation of cellulose periodically increases after 7 days, which influences the yield of cellulase enzyme.

Paecilomyces sp. ZB is a cell factory for the production of gibberellic acid using a cheap substrate in solid state fermentation.

Gibberellic acid from the fungi has been widely used in agriculture. In this study, more than 20 fungal isolates were screened and Paecilomyces sp. ZB shown to produce more gibberellic acid than other fungal isolates. Cow dung was used as low cost substrate for gibberellic acid production in solid state fermentation (SSF). Carbon, nitrogen and ionic sources stimulated gibberellic acid production in SSF. Lactose emerged as the significant carbon source supporting more gibberellic acid production (731 µg/g). Among the nitrogen sources, glycine appeared to influence the production of more gibberellic acid (803 µg/g). The process parameters were optimized to enhance gibberellic acid production using a two-level full factorial design and response surface methodology. The amount of gibberellic acid production was influenced mainly by moisture and pH of the substrate. Gibberellic acid production was 1312 µg/g under the optimized conditions and the predicted response was 1339 µg/g. The gibberellic acid yield increased twofolds after medium optimization. The extracted gibberellic acid was sprayed on the growing Mung bean plant and it stimulated the growth of the plant effectively. To conclude, cow dung is a new alternative to produce gibberellic acid in SSF.

Highly Oxygenated Constituents from a Marine Alga-Derived Fungus Aspergillus giganteus NTU967.

Agar-based disc diffusion antimicrobial assay has shown that the ethyl acetate extract of the fermented broth of Aspergillus giganteus NTU967 isolated from Ulva lactuca exhibited significant antimicrobial activity in our preliminary screening of bioactive fungal strains. Therefore, column chromatography of the active principles from liquid- and solid–state fermented products of the fungal strain was carried out, and which had led to isolation of eleven compounds. Their structures were determined by spectral analysis to be seven new highly oxygenated polyketides, namely aspergilsmins A–G (1–7), along with previously reported patulin, deoxytryptoquivaline, tryptoquivaline and quinadoline B. Among these, aspergilsmin C (3) and patulin displayed promising anticancer activities against human hepatocellular carcinoma SK-Hep-1 cells and prostate cancer PC-3 cells with IC50 values between 2.7–7.3 μM. Furthermore, aspergilsmin C (3) and patulin exhibited significant anti-angiogenic functions by impeding cell growth and tube formation of human endothelial progenitor cells without any cytotoxicity.

Optimization of cellulase production by a novel endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis microspora TKBRR isolated from Thalakona forest

The present work focused on cellulase production in solid-state fermentation by a fungal isolate of Thalakona forest in Andhra Pradesh identified as Pestalotiopsis microspora TKBRR. Under normal conditions, yields of Filter Paperase (FPase), Carboxymethyl Cellulase (CMCase) and β-glucosidase (BGL) produced by P. microspora TKBRR in SSF were 13, 12 and 11 U/g DS whereas the corresponding yields of FPase, CMCase and BGL after optimization of process conditions and medium components through one stage approach—Central Composite Design in RSM were 15, 16 and 13 U/g DS, respectively in the present study. There was a marginal improvement in yields of cellulolytic enzymes by 2–4 units with the least interactions between factors. Of the four factors tested in the present study, only temperature and pH influenced production of the cellulolytic enzymes and P. microspora TKBRR in SSF exhibited a higher ratio of BGL to FPase in comparison to other cellulolytic organisms reported.

The potential of a solid-state fermentation supplement to augment white lupin (Lupinus albus) meal incorporation in diets for farmed common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of partially substituting soya protein concentrate (SPC), with white lupin (Lupinus albus) meal in carp (Cyprinus carpio) diets. This study further investigated the dietary inclusion of a solid-state fermentation (SSF) product of Aspergillus niger in tandem with SPC replacement. Six experimental diets were produced to be isonitrogenous (42%), isolipdic (8%) and isoenergetic (19 MJ kg−1). Four diets were formulated to have 12.5 and 25% substitution of SPC using lupin meal, and with and without a supplement of 0.1% of SSF. An additional two diets were designed to serve as a basal reference with no SPC replacement, but one supplemented with 0.1% SSF inclusion. The results of this study showed that SPC can be replaced with up to 25% white lupin meal in carp diets, without reduction of growth performance, feed utilisation, body composition, gut integrity or health. The addition of SSF to the test diets enhanced growth performance (specific growth rate, P < 0.05) and nutrient utilisation (e.g. feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio, P < 0.05).

Solid-state fermentation increases secretome complexity in Aspergillus brasiliensis

Aspergillus is used for the industrial production of enzymes and organic acids, mainly by submerged fermentation (SmF). However, solid-state fermentation (SSF) offers several advantages over SmF. Although differences related to lower catabolite repression and substrate inhibition, as well as higher extracellular enzyme production in SSF compared to SmF have been shown, the mechanisms undelaying such differences are still unknown. To explain some differences among SSF and SmF, the secretome of Aspergillus brasiliensis obtained from cultures in a homogeneous physiological state with high glucose concentrations was analyzed. Of the regulated proteins produced by SmF, 74% were downregulated by increasing the glucose concentration, whereas all those produced by SSF were upregulated. The most abundant and upregulated protein found in SSF was the transaldolase, which could perform a moonlighting function in fungal adhesion to the solid support. This study evidenced that SSF: (i) improves the kinetic parameters in relation to SmF, (ii) prevents the catabolite repression, (iii) increases the branching level of hyphae and oxidative metabolism, as well as the concentration and diversity of secreted proteins, and (iv) favors the secretion of typically intracellular proteins that could be involved in fungal adhesion. All these differences can be related to the fact that molds are more specialized to growth in solid materials because they mimic their natural habitat.

Biocatalyst: Phytase Production in Solid State Fermentation by OVAT Strategy

The phytase-producing Pichia membranifaciens S3 (MG663581) was isolated from sugarcane juice using phytase screening medium. The predicted and experimental model showed maximum phytase production of 364 U/ml appearing g/100ml: Jack fruit seed (1.5), peptone (0.15), dextrose (0.50), yeast extract (0.05), malt extract (0.05) pH 5.5 and 280C) used OVAT strategy by Solid state fermentation through shake flask methodology. The modelling, 3D structure of Phy S3 amino acid sequences was modelled (PhyS3.B99990003) by using Modeler 9.23 and validated results showed that 86.4% in the favoured region by Ramachandran plot.