Production In Hungary Research Articles

Thermodynamics and ecology

How to apply thermodynamic methods and concepts to ecology, how to describe the ecosystem's behaviour in terms of physics (and particularly, thermodynamics), what kind of physical criteria can be used for estimation of anthropogenic impact on ecosystems? — I try to answer these questions in this manuscript. From the viewpoint of thermodynamics, any ecosystem is an open system far from thermodynamic equilibrium, in which entropy production is balanced by the outflow of entropy to the environment. I suggest the ‘entropy pump’ hypothesis: the climatic, hydrological, soil and other environmental conditions are organised in such a way that only a natural ecosystem which is specific for these conditions can be in the dynamic equilibrium (steady-state). In the framework of this hypothesis I can calculate the entropy production for the ecosystem under anthropogenic stress. This approach was applied to the analysis of crop production in Hungary in the 1980s. Considering systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium we can prove that the so-called exergy is a functional of a dissipative function, which is undertaken along the trajectory from a thermodynamic equilibrium to a dynamic one. It was shown there is a close connection between the measure of additional information (Kullback's measure) and exergy.

Agroclimatological properties of growing sites assigned to apple and pear production in Hungary

Apple and pear growing sites in Hungary are classified into four regions according to the Hydro-thermic Coefficient: dry, moderately dry. moderately humid and humid. Most of the plantations of apple and pear are located in regions considered as moderately dry and moderately humid. Within that category, the two respective species have different preferences, i.e. the ecological features of Hungary give different opportunities for apple and pear growing. Apple is grown almost everywhere in the country, successfully. The selection of cultivar-regions is needed mainly for increasing competitiveness on the market. Main apple growing regions are listed in 3 large groups. For the definition of cultivar-regions, mainly the configurations of soil and precipitation, i.e. conditions of the soil and opportunities of gaining water were decisive. Market factors are also considered. The area assigned to pear is much less than that of apple, in Hungary. Some well known and popular varieties would require high air humidity which cannot be presented in most of Hungary. Therefore, the possibility to establish regions for pear varieties is restricted, we have to create a particular micro-environment. Two groups are potential. The first one comprises sites where the annual precipitation is 700 mm, at least. There, apple and pear production would compete each other. In more dry habitats (less than 700 mm annual precipitation), micro-environments should be found and only drought-resistant, mainly summer-ripe cultivars should be chosen with, preferably, low tendency of sclereid formation. In that case, neither irrigation could help to produce adequate quality in varieties sensitive to low air humidity.

Oil and Gas Exploration and Production in Hungary

Oil and Gas Exploration and Production in Hungary

Impacts of future climate change on Hungarian crop production: An application of crop growth simulation models

A methodology is described for studying changes in wheat and maize production in Hungary as a result of future climate change. A Geographic Information System is used to map agroclimatic zones of the country and spatial shifts in future production. Detailed biological crop models are used for simulating crop response to the changed climate. Future climate scenarios are derived from a variety of General Circulation Models. Once yield response in different agroclimatic zones has been derived, analysis of farm-level impacts and possible management adjustments to current agricultural practices can be carried out. Regional and national changes in agroclimatic potential can then be identified, and the effects of possible adjustments assessed. The methodology is illustrated for one cereal-producing region of Hungary.

Survey of hungarian KBS tools and applications in the engineering field

This paper provides a survey of AI activity in Hungary, relevant to engineering applications, up to the beginning of the 90s. Firstly, the main characteristics of the KBS market phases and the directions of AI research are summarized. Then the background of national AI activity is outlined, followed by an overview of the development of logic programming products in Hungary and of research results. Next, a list of the better-known national KBS projects relevant to engineering applications and a short overview of the present results of national KBS R&D activities, are shown. Finally, three Hungarian horizontal products and some other PC shells used in Hungary are compared. Lack of space does not permit a mention of all the results and all of the institutions doing pioneer work in this subject. A reference list concerning the KBS research activities in Hungary is currently being compiled. This paper is based on a general-purpose overview prepared for the second Hungarian AI conference (Budapest, January 1991). 1

Recent Advances Concerning the Problem of Optimal Daily Scheduling of Electricity Production in Hungary

This paper is concerned with the problem of optimal daily scheduling of the electricity production by power system of thermal power plants. The problem and its model is closely related to the so called optimal unit commitment problems. The main difference is that in our approach the transmission network is also taken into account. Beside the variables and constraints describing the production of the individual power plants there are also variables characterizing the state of the network. The constraints imposed bv the transmission system and the active power losses are also taken into consideration. A further difference is in the way in which we deal with the units of the power stations. Instead of the operation of single units we take always the feasible combined operations of the units of a power station into account. Time-dependent stillstand and restart costs are involved. A special type of constraint appearing in our problem is the so-called fuel constraint. This requires that in some power plants the daily overall production - directly connected with fuel consumption - should differ from a given value only to the extent of a very small percentage.

Elements of private welfare production in Hungary (from time budget data)

Recently it has become recognized more and more widely in Hungary that in spite of the socialization of the means of production and the extension of the service institutions, the activities of households and individuals not taking place within the framework of large organizations contribute to an important degree to the welfare of society. On the basis of the results of the national time budget survey of 1976/77, four of these types of private activity are investigated: small-scale agricultural production, dwelling construction with personal resources, repairing of consumer durables and house-hold chores.

Recent Developments and Trends in the Production of Radioisotopes in Hungary

The development of radioactive products in Hungary is discussed with special emphasis on sealed sources and radiopharmaceuticals. In case of the latter the increasing role of radioimmunoassay is st...

Enterprisal system of agricultural production in Hungary

Enterprisal system of agricultural production in Hungary

Research and development of geothermal energy production in Hungary

The basement of the Pannonian (Carpathian) basin is represented by Paleozoic metamorphic and Mesozoic dolomite and limestone formations. The Tertiary basin gradually subsided during the Alpine orogeny down to 6000 m and was filled by elastic sediments with several water horizons. A heat flow of 2.0 to 3.4 μcal/cm 2s gives temperature gradients between 45 and 70 °C/km in the basin. At 2000 m depth the virgin rock temperature is between 110 and 150°C. 80 geothermal wells about 2000 m deep have shown the great geothermal potential of the basin. The main hot water reservoir is the Upper Pliocene (Pannonian) sandstone formation. Hot water is produced by wells from the blanket or sheet sand and sandstone, intercalated frequently by siltstone. Between a 100–300 m interval, 3 to 8 permeable layers are exploited resulting in 1–3 m 3/min hot water at 80–99°C temperature. Wells at present are overflowing with shut-in pressures of 3–5 atm. The Pannonian basin is a conduction-dominated reservoir. Convection systems are negligible, hot igneous systems do not exist. The assessment of geothermal resources revealed that the content of the water-bearing rocks down to 3000 m amounts to 12,600 × 10 18 cal . In the Tertiary sediments 10,560 × 10 18 cal and in the Upper Pannonian, 1938 × 10 18 cal are stored. In the Upper Pannonian geothermal reservoir, below 1000 m, where the virgin rock temperature is between 70 and 140°C, the stored heat is 768 × 10 8 cal . A 10 18 cal is equivalent to the combustion heat of 100 million tons of oil. The amount of recoverable geothermal energy from 768 × 10 8 cal is 7.42 × 10 18 cal , i.e. about 10,000 MW century, not considering reinjection. At present the Pannonian geothermal reservoir stores the greatest amount of identified heat which can be mobilized and used. Hungary has 496 geothermal wells with a nominal capacity of 428 m 3/min, producing 1342 MW heat. 147 wells have an outflow temperature of more than 60°C producing 190 m 3/min, that is, 845 MW. In 1974 290 MWyear of geothermal energy was utilized in agriculture, district heating and industry.