Particle Production Research Articles

Particle production by γ−γ interactions in future electron-ion colliders

The particle production in photon-photon (γγ) interactions present in electron-ion collisions is investigated. We present calculations for the total cross sections and event rates related to the production of light mesons [η,η′,f0 and f2], charmonium [ηc and χc], and charmoniumlike [X(3915),X(3940),X(4140), and X(6900)] states, considering the Electron - Ion Collider, Electron - ion collider in China, Large Hadron electron Collider, and Future Circular Collider - electron hadron energies. Our predictions demonstrate that experimental studies of these processes are feasible and useful to constrain the properties of light mesons and quarkonium states and shed some light on the configuration of the considered charmoniumlike states. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

A Note on Gravitational Dark Matter Production

Dark matter, one of the fundamental components of the universe, has remained mysterious in modern cosmology and particle physics, and hence, this field is of utmost importance at the present moment. One of the foundational questions in this direction is the origin of dark matter, which directly links to its creation. In the present article, we study the gravitational production of dark matter in two distinct contexts: firstly, when reheating occurs through gravitational particle production, and secondly, when it is driven by decay of the inflaton field. We establish a connection between the reheating temperature and the mass of dark matter, and from the reheating bounds, we determine the range of viable dark matter mass values.

Simplified MS2 phage-like particle production including a novel maturation protein internal fusion affinity tag

Phage-like particles (PLPs) are fabricated self-assembling nanoparticles derived from the structural elements of bacteriophages. These particles have biotechnological utility because of the ability to easily modify surface chemistry and compartmentalize nucleic acids or other materials. A consequential implementation of PLPs in diagnostics is as process controls in nucleic acid amplification tests, where control RNAs are packaged within the protein capsid and protected from degradation by RNases in the sample matrix. Key developments in PLP controls have enhanced the packing efficiency of RNAs into particles, reduced the complexity of their plasmid expression systems, and shifted purification from ultracentrifugation to affinity chromatography, producing progressively greater yields with higher purity. Expanding on prior improvements, this study establishes a revised set of plasmid vectors for Emesvirus zinderi (MS2) derived PLPs that streamline vector manipulations for rapid prototyping of new particles, provide validation of an alternative affinity tag for purification, and contributes a high-throughput low-volume spin column purification strategy. These advancements are combined with a novel internal fusion site in MS2 maturation protein A, a passive element of the MS2 capsid in prior PLP designs, that is capable of displaying polypeptides on the particles’ surface. The functionality of the chimeric maturation protein’s surface display is verified with an affinity tag fusion and subsequent purification. This advancement increases the number of available peptide display sites for the MS2 PLP platform with wide-ranging implications for future applications.

Particle production and density fluctuations of nonclassical inflaton in coherent squeezed vacuum state of flat FRW universe

In this paper, we study nonclassical inflaton, which is minimally coupled to the semi-classical gravity in FRW universe in Coherent Squeezed Vacuum State (CSVS). We have determined the Oscillatory phase of inflaton, power-law expansion, scale factor, density fluctuations, quantum fluctuations and particle production for CSVS. We have obtained an estimated leading solution of scale factor in CSVS and found it proportional to [Formula: see text] and showing similar diversification as demonstrated by Semi-classical Einstein Equation (SCEE) of gravity in matter dominated universe. We have also studied the validity of SCEE in CSVS. We have computed validity of uncertainty relation for FRW Universe by determining the quantum fluctuation for CSVS. Our results show that Quantum fluctuations don’t depend on coherent parameter [Formula: see text] as the uncertainty relation doesn’t effect by the displacement of [Formula: see text] in phase space. We have also studied the production of particles in CSVS for oscillating massive inflaton in flat FRW universe.

Momentum dependent potentials from a parity doubling CMF model in UrQMD: results on flow and particle production

Momentum dependent potentials from a parity doubling CMF model in UrQMD: results on flow and particle production

The massless S-matrix of integrable σ-models

In contradistinction to the case of massive excitations, the connection between integrability and the tree-level massless scattering matrix of integrable σ-models is lost. Namely, in well-known 2-d integrable models the tree-level massless S-matrix exhibits particle production and fails to factorise. This is conjectured to happen due to IR ambiguities in the massless tree-level amplitudes. We present a definition of the massless S-matrix which has all the nice properties of integrable theories, there is no particle production and the S-matrix factorises. Our definition works for the large class of σ-models with one or more isometries. As an example, we present in detail the case of the SU(2) principal chiral model (PCM).

Ultrasonic dispersion mechanism of liquid Ga/In

Abstract Ga/In alloy, known for its low melting point and liquid state at room temperature, is a promising material for producing fine metal particles. Conventional methods often face challenges in efficiency or particle uniformity, particularly for particle sizes below 10 μm. Ultrasonic processing offers a potential solution, enabling efficient production of microscale and sub-microscale particles. This study examined the effects of ultrasonic frequency and power on the particle size distribution of Ga/In alloy. The effect on particle refinement of adding a second ultrasonic irradiation step was also evaluated. High-speed video imaging was used to capture the dispersion process in real time. The results indicate that particle size depended strongly on ultrasonic frequency and power, with higher frequencies yielding finer particles. The secondary irradiation effectively improved size distribution and dispersion. These findings provide insights into the controlled formation of metal microparticles using ultrasonic techniques.

Optimization of Enterovirus-like Particle Production and Purification Using Design of Experiments

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) represents an emerging health concern whose main causative agents are Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) and enterovirus A71 (EV71). The lack of a CVA6 vaccine and the rise of new HFMD-causing strains due to the containment of established HFMD-causing viruses necessitates the search for alternative vaccine technologies, including virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidates. While studies have demonstrated that production of enterovirus-like particles in various organisms can be achieved by expression of the viral P1 structural proteins and the 3CD protease, optimization based on the interplay between the three most commonly altered infection parameters (multiplicity of infection (MOI), viable cell density at the time of infection (VCD), and the infection period) is often not investigated. To address this challenge, we have performed Design of Experiments (DoE) to optimize the production of CVA6 and EV71 VLPs. Our results indicate that CVA6 VLP production peaks at high MOI, high VCD, and long infection periods. Our subsequent downstream purification processes yielded 38 mg and 158 mg of purified CVA6 and EV71 VLPs from 1 L crude harvest, respectively. This translates into thousands of potential vaccine doses and highlights the economic potential of enterovirus-like particles for vaccine purposes.

Toward Multi-Dimensional Separation of Nanoparticles in Tubular Centrifuges

The processing and preparation of particulate products is an important process in modern industry and science. The enormous potential for innovation in research and development is due to the complex interactions of solids with their environment. The aim of advanced particle production is to achieve high yields of narrowly distributed particle sizes, shapes or material compositions that provide advantageous product specifications. The integration of solid–liquid separation into these processes expands the process engineering scope in terms of product quality and efficiency. Designing these processes to accommodate a wide range of separation characteristics at small-particle-size scales is a major challenge. Taking these aspects into account, the present work aims to improve a dynamic simulation tool for tubular centrifuges that models the time- and space-dependent mass transport and thus, for the first time, can predict separation outcomes when processing both single- and multi-component systems. Utilizing an optical measurement technique, nanosuspension properties can be measured in real time during separation to support model validation. The simulation results align closely with experimental findings and offer plausible insights when addressing multi-dimensional property distributions of non-spherical particles. This study contributes to advanced modeling of separation experiments in tubular centrifuges in real time, taking into account multiple particle properties such as material density and particle form.

Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Solanum elaeagnifolium and their Effect Against Mealybugs Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley

The excessive use of chemical insecticides and the emergence of accompanying environmental problems has led to a return to environmentally friendly plant extracts through nanotechnology and the production of particles loaded on many metals to control insects. Accordingly, the study was conducted in 2023 to investigate the efficiency of the nano- extract of the seeds and leaves of the nightshade Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav loaded on magnesium, producing MgO nanoparticles and the regular alcoholic seed extract with a concentration of 5% on the relative efficiency of killing the first and third nymph instars as well as the adults of the mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, grown on moss rose seedlings. The results showed that the highest relative efficiency in killing the insects at the first instar was 100% three days after treatment with nano seed extract, 84% at the third instar, and 75% for mealybug adults after seven days of treatment. In contrast, nano extract of nightshade leaves recorded a relative mortality efficiency of 91.6, 47.4 and 54.3% for the first and third nymph instars and the adults, respectively, and 97.1, 55.0 and 58.7% for the regular alcoholic seed extract after seven days of treatment. Keywords: Alcoholic extract, nightshade, nanotechnology, nanoextract, mealybug.

Polygenic viral factors enable efficient mosquito-borne transmission of African Zika virus.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus primarily transmitted among humans by Aedes aegypti . Over the past two decades, it has caused significant outbreaks associated with birth defects and neurological disorders. Phylogenetically, ZIKV consists of two main genotypes referred to as the African and Asian lineages, each exhibiting distinct biological properties. African lineage strains are transmitted more efficiently by mosquitoes, but pinpointing the genetic basis of this difference has remained challenging. Here, we address this question by comparing recent African and Asian strains using chimeric viruses, in which segments of the parental genomes are swapped. Our results show that the structural genes from the African strain enhance viral internalization, while the non-structural genes improve genome replication and infectious particle production in mosquito cells. In vivo mosquito transmission is most significantly influenced by the structural genes, although no single viral gene alone determines this effect. Additionally, we develop a stochastic model of in vivo viral dynamics in mosquitoes that mirrors the observed patterns, suggesting that the primary difference between the African and Asian strains lies in their ability to traverse the mosquito salivary glands. Overall, our findings suggest that the polygenic nature of ZIKV transmissibility has prevented Asian lineage strains from achieving the same epidemic potential as African lineage strains, underscoring the importance of lineage-specific adaptive landscapes in shaping ZIKV evolution and emergence.

Study of identified particle production as a function of transverse event activity classifier, $$S_{T}$$ in p−p collisions at LHC energies

Study of identified particle production as a function of transverse event activity classifier, $$S_{T}$$ in p−p collisions at LHC energies

Particle production in a toy model: Multiplicity distribution and entropy

Particle production in a toy model: Multiplicity distribution and entropy

Continuous Production of Influenza VLPs Using IC-BEVS and Multi-Stage Bioreactors.

The insect cell-baculovirus expression vector system (IC-BEVS) has been an asset to produce biologics for over 30 years. With the current trend in biotechnology shifting toward process intensification and integration, developing intensified processes such as continuous production is crucial to hold this platform as a suitable alternative to others. However, the implementation of continuous production has been hindered by the lytic nature of this expression system and the process-detrimental virus passage effect. In this study, we implemented a multi-stage bioreactor setup for continuous production of influenza hemagglutinin-displaying virus-like particles (HA-VLPs) using IC-BEVS. A setup consisting of one Cell Growth Bioreactor simultaneously feeding non-infected insect cells to three parallel Production Bioreactors operated at different residence times (RT) (18, 36, and 54 h) was implemented; Production Bioreactors were continuously harvested. Two insect cell lines (neutral pH-adapted High Five and Sf9) and two recombinant baculovirus (rBAC) constructs (one that originates from a bacmid, rBACbacmid, and another of non-bacteria origin, rBACflashbac) were tested. Combining rBACflashbac with Sf9 cells was the most efficient approach, allowing consistent HA-VLPs titers (34 ± 14 HA titer/mL) and rBAC titers (108-109 pfu/mL) throughout the period of continuous operation (20 days). Cell growth kinetics and viability varied across RT, and higher RT was associated with increased expression of HA-VLPs, independent of the cell line and rBAC used; RT of 54 h allowed to maximize titers. The presence of particles resembling HA-VLPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy throughout the continuous operation. This work showcases the implementation of a process for continuous production of a promising class of biotherapeutics (i.e., VLPs), and paves the way for establishing continuous, integrated setups using the IC-BEVS expression system.

A Lambda-evo (λevo) phage platform for Zika virus EDIII protein display

One of the most significant bacteriophage technologies is phage display, in which heterologous peptides are exhibited on the virion surface. This work describes the display of λ decorative protein Dλ linked to the E protein domain III of Zika virus (Dλ-ZEDIII), to the GFP protein (Dλ-GFP), or to different domain III epitopes of the EZIKV protein (Dλ-TD), exhibited on the surface of an in vitro evolved lambda phage (λevo). This phage harbors a gene D deletion and was subjected to directed evolution using Escherichia coli W3110/pDλ-ZEDIII as background. After 20 days (20 cycles of dilution), the λevo phage developed a ~ 22% genome deletion affecting the non-essential λ b region, rendering a more stable phage that exhibited fusion proteins Dλ-ZEDIII or Dλ-GFP but not Dλ-TD. Despite the λevo system was able to decorate itself with the Dλ-ZEDIII protein, the production of viral particles was ~ 1000-fold lower than the λ wild-type, due to the unexpected Dλ-ZEDIII protein aggregation into bacterial inclusion bodies. Decorated phages (106 PFU (plaque forming units)/100 µl) were inoculated into BALB/c mice, and subsequent dot blot and Western blot immunoassays proved the production of murine antibodies against ZIKV (Zika virus). This multipurpose λevo phage display platform may be used interchangeably with other more soluble peptides, providing better yields.Key points• λevo platform for displaying recombinant peptides.• Directed evolution to generate λevo with more efficient decoration.• Antigenic reaction in BALB/c mice by inoculating λevo with recombinant peptides.

Azimuthal asymmetries in lepton and heavy-quark pair production in UPCs

Azimuthal modulations in lepton and heavy-quark pair production in ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) of highly charged ions are investigated. The modulations in the azimuthal angles of the sum and difference of the transverse momenta of the pair of particles in the final state, as well as of the transverse impact parameter, arise from the collisions of unpolarized and polarized photons. A full description of the cross section in terms of Generalized Transverse Momentum Dependent parton distributions (GTMDs) for photons is given including a careful consideration of the Fourier transform to impact parameter space. In particular, this leads to a feed-in mechanism among harmonics of different orders, which in principle generates harmonics of all (even) orders. Wherever comparable, our analytical results for the azimuthal modulations agree with those presented in other papers on this topic. Compared to these other works, we separate effects that arise from the anisotropies of the GTMDs from those that do not and retain terms proportional to the mass of the produced particles, as they are relevant for muon, charm and bottom quark production. We show that the normalized differential cross section changes considerably with the produced particle mass, which should be discernible in UPCs at RHIC and LHC. For the numerical results we adopt several models for the photon GTMD correlator, and find that all of them are in fairly good agreement with each other and with UPC data from STAR. We also present results for various azimuthal modulations for RHIC kinematics, where we compare e+e− production with the production of heavier particles, and for LHC kinematics, focusing on μ+μ− production. These results exhibit interesting mass-dependent features in the asymmetries that may help study the anisotropies arising from the underlying photon GTMD description.

A functional integral approach to magnon mediated plasmon friction

In this paper, we discuss quantum friction in a system formed by two metallic surfaces separated by a ferromagnetic intermedium of a certain thickness. The internal degrees of freedom in the two metallic surfaces are assumed to be plasmons, while the excitations in the intermediate material are magnons, modeling plasmons coupled to magnons. During relative sliding, one surface moves uniformly parallel to the other, causing friction in the system. By calculating the effective action of the magnons, we can determine the particle production probability, which shows a positive correlation between the probability and the sliding speed. Finally, we derive the frictional force of the system, with both theoretical and numerical results indicating that the friction, like the particle production probability, also has a positive correlation with the speed.

Introduction to Thermal Field Theory: From First Principles to Applications

This review article provides the basics and discusses some important applications of thermal field theory, namely, the combination of statistical mechanics and relativistic quantum field theory. In the first part, the fundamentals are covered: the density matrix, the corresponding averages, and the treatment of fields of various spin in a medium. The second part is dedicated to the computation of thermal Green’s function for scalars, vectors, and fermions with path-integral methods. These functions play a crucial role in thermal field theory as explained here. A more applicative part of the review is dedicated to the production of particles in a medium and to phase transitions in field theory, including the process of vacuum decay in a general theory featuring a first-order phase transition. To understand this review, the reader should have good knowledge of non-statistical quantum field theory.

Particle production from phase transition bubbles

Particle production from phase transition bubbles

Scalable Manufacturing Method for Model Protein-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles: Biocompatibility, Trafficking and Release Properties.

Background and Objectives: Drug delivery systems (DDSs) offer efficient treatment solutions to challenging diseases such as central nervous system (CNS) diseases by bypassing biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Among DDSs, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), particularly poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs, hold an outstanding position due to their biocompatible and biodegradable qualities. Despite their potential, the translation of PLGA NPs from laboratory-scale production to clinical applications remains a significant challenge. This study aims to address these limitations by developing scalable PLGA NPs and evaluating their potential biological applications. Methods: We prepared blank and model-protein-loaded (albumin-FITC and wheat germ agglutinin-488 (WGA-488)) fluorescent PLGA NPs using the traditional double-emulsion method combined with the micro-spray-reactor system, a novel approach that enables fine particle production enabling scale-up applications. We tested the biocompatibility of the NPs in living RPMI 2650 and neuroblastoma cell lines, as well as their trafficking and uptake. Release kinetics of the encapsulated proteins were investigated through confocal microscopy and in vitro release studies, providing insights into the stability and functionality of the released proteins. Results: The formulation demonstrated sustained and prolonged protein release profiles. Importantly, cellular uptake studies revealed that the NPs were not internalized. Furthermore, encapsulated WGA-488 protein retained its functional activity after release, validating the integrity of the encapsulation and release processes. Conclusions: The proof-of-concept study on NP manufacturing and an innovative drug trafficking and release approach can bring new perspectives on scalable preparations of PLGA NPs and their biological applications.