Production Cost Efficiency Research Articles

Integrated optimization for utilizing iron and steel industry’s waste heat with urban heating based on exergy analysis

A substantial quantity of waste heat resources generated in iron and steel manufacturing process (ISMP) can fulfill certain demand for urban heating. However, the waste heat utilization level of different iron and steel enterprises varies a lot and few studies have combined the upstream enterprise’s production with downstream waste heat utilization for discussion. By establishing an optimization model based on material balance, thermodynamic laws and reaction mechanism of the ISMP, this study firstly obtain the minimum exergy loss and the corresponding production cost ＆ exergy efficiency. The total exergy loss of ISMP is reduced from 8413.19 MJ/t-MS to 7669.27 MJ/t-MS. The exergy efficiency of the whole process is increased from 63.75 % to 65.46 % and the total waste heat potential reaches 1471.25 MJ/t-MS. It is found that coke ratio, air leakage rate, scrap steel ratio, etc. have great impact on exergy loss of ISMP. Then, the optimization and evaluation of the waste heat utilization are carried out by establishing models with taking urban heating into consideration. The available external heat supply is 813.15 to 853.55 MJ/t-MS and the enterprise's heating load can reach 229.23–251.47 MW, which allow to supply heat for an area of 5.46–5.93 million m2. Finally, the problem of waste heat instability in the heating process is briefly discussed and some solution strategies are proposed to overcome this defect.

Enabling simultaneous valorization of tannery effluent and waste plastic via sustainable preparation of Cr-BDC MOFs for water adsorption

Advanced materials undergo a complex and lengthy process of maturation for scaling up and deployment, mainly due to the high cost of their precursors. Therefore, it is highly desirable to fabricate highly valuable advanced porous solid-state materials, with proven applicability, by sustainably combining organic and inorganic waste materials as precursors. This study successfully demonstrates the preparation of Cr-terephthalate Metal–Organic Frameworks (Cr-BDC MOFs) by combining metal salt and organic linker extracted from tannery effluent and waste plastic bottles. The waste from tanneries was used as the source of Cr(III), while terephthalic acid was obtained from the alkaline hydrolysis of plastic bottles. Appropriate extraction and assembly processes led to the functional Cr-BDC MOFs, MIL-101(Cr) and MIL-53(Cr). The prepared MOFs showed similar properties (surface area, hydrolytic and thermal stability, and water adsorption performance) to similar MOFs synthesized from pure commercial-grade precursors, as confirmed by N2 sorption, XRD, TGA, and water adsorption experiments. The advancements made in this study represent significant progress in overcoming the bottleneck of MOF production cost efficiency via applying sustainability principles and pave the way for easy scaling-up and maturation of MOF-based processes, for air dehumidification and water harvesting as a case study.

Broadband Microwave Microfluidic Spectroscopy to Capture Product Evolution in Electrosynthesis Reactions

Electrosynthesis plays an important role in chemical manufacturing with over 2 billion dollars in annual sales worldwide of products such as chlor-alkali and aluminum. Synthesis with an electrochemical driving force can afford unique chemical products that are difficult to achieve with conventional synthesis techniques. Electrosynthesis can also provide a more sustainable alternative to energy-intensive processes. For example, the most profitable electro-organic synthesis in industry is adiponitrile production, a precursor to Nylon 6,6, and the electrochemical route consumes less energy than conventional thermochemical methods. However, electrosynthesis reaction mechanisms are often complex and involve multiple biproducts that are difficult to distinguish, limiting product yield and cost efficiency. Prior work involves characterization with techniques such as NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and optical spectroscopy to understand product evolution during the reaction. These methods tend not to capture intermolecular interactions between substances, which is important for understanding the influence of the dielectric environment on reaction outcomes.Here, we propose to analyze the dielectric environment of electrosynthesis reaction mixtures with on-chip broadband microwave microfluidic spectroscopy (MMS) from 40 kHz – 110 GHz (see attached figure). MMS has been implemented previously for capturing broadband fluid effects such as electric double layer formation, ionic conduction, ion pairing, and dipole relaxations in a single measurement. We want to use MMS to diagnose the interactions between species during an electrolysis reaction and correlate these interactions with specific electrochemical mechanisms. We plan to test our idea by analyzing a model reaction, namely the Shono oxidation of N-Boc pyrrolidine, which is a well-studied electrosynthesis reaction. The goal is to validate our method with a known electrosynthesis reaction mechanism, then extend the technique to systems with an unknown mechanism.We performed broadband MMS of the reaction mixture at different time points to capture product evolution during the electrolysis. Then, we calibrated the resulting S-parameters and fit the data to equivalent circuit models. The equivalent circuit parameters were correlated to signatures from specific entities in the product mixture and used to develop a picture of the evolving dielectric environment. After validating our models with known literature about the Shono oxidation mechanism, we plan to extend our technique to other electrolysis reactions with unknown mechanisms. The goal is to provide a high-throughput technique for identifying key species and interactions that influence the outcome of electrolysis reactions. Figure 1

Analysis of the Role of Standard Costs in Increasing Production Cost Efficiency: A Case Study of PT. XYZ

This study aims to determine the role of standard costs in increasing the efficiency of production cost control at PT.XYZ. The study investigates the effectiveness of standard costs in enhancing the efficiency of production cost control, with a focus on determining standard costs for raw materials in the year 2021. The data analysis technique used in this study is descriptive quantitative. Based on the results, it can be concluded that standard costs play a significant role in improving the effectiveness of efficient production cost control. The existence of standard costs facilitates companies in determining buying and selling prices for materials. Despite facing unfavorable differences in labor costs, especially in the aggregate processing department's salaries, the application of standard costs resulted in significant cost efficiency in raw material expenses. The overall profitability of the enterprise remained favorable, with the margin between profitable and unprofitable costs supporting the strategic advantage of employing standard costs as a control mechanism. The findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of the practical utility of standard costs in the context of production cost management. This research provides valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners, emphasizing the importance of incorporating standard cost methodologies into managerial decision-making processes to enhance cost control strategies within organizations.

Sistem Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Melalui Program Digitalisasi UMKM Desa Srimukti

Community empowerment is a concept of economic development that encapsulates community values ​​to build a new paradigm in development that is people-centered, participatory. Within this framework efforts to empower communities (empowering) can be studied from 3 (three) aspects: First, ENABLING, namely creating atmosphere that allows the potential of society to develop. Second, EMPOWERING, namely strengthening the potential of the community through concrete steps involving the provision of various inputs and opening up various opportunities that will make the community more empowered. Third, PROTECTING, namely protecting and defending the interests of the weak. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises or MSMEs are small-scale businesses that involve a limited number of employees and capital. Generally, they operate in various sectors, from trading to manufacturing. MSMEs have several strengths, one of which is the ability to quickly and flexibly respond to local needs. They often provide products or services that suit local preferences. The digitization of MSMEs is the change of conventional business transactions to online. The development of technology and information can be said to have influenced various aspects, including business. The UMKM Digitalization Program includes e-Farming by utilizing digital technology in agriculture to increase production capacity and cost efficiency. e-Commerce includes strengthening capacity in digital marketing and marketing MSMEs to global markets through digital platforms.

Microfluidic chemostatic bioreactor for high-throughput screening and sustainable co-harvesting of biomass and biodiesel in microalgae.

As a renewable and sustainable source for energy, environment, and biomedical applications, microalgae and microalgal biodiesel have attracted great attention. However, their applications are confined due to the cost-efficiency of microalgal mass production. One-step strategy and continuous culturing systems could be solutions. However, current studies for optimization throughout microalgae-based biofuel production pipelines are generally derived from the batch culture process. Better tools are needed to study algal growth kinetics in continuous systems. A microfluidic chemostatic bioreactor was presented here, providing low-bioadhesive cultivations for algae in a cooperative environment of gas, nutrition, and temperature (GNT) involved with high throughput. The chip was used to mimic the continuous culture environment of bioreactors. It allowed simultaneously studying of 8×8 different chemostatic conditions on algal growth and oil production in parallel on a 7×7cm2 footprint. On-chip experiments of batch and continuous cultures of Chlorella. sp. were performed to study growth and lipid accumulation under different nitrogen concentrations. The results demonstrated that microalgal cultures can be regulated to grow and accumulate lipids concurrently, thus enhancing lipid productivity in one step. The developed on-chip culturing condition screening, which was more suitable for continuous bioreactor, was achieved at a half shorter time, 64-times higher throughput, and less reagent consumption. It could be used to establish chemostat cultures in continuous bioreactors which can dramatically accelerate the development of renewable and sustainable algal for CO2 fixation and biosynthesis and related systems for advanced sustainable energy, food, pharmacy, and agriculture with enormous social and ecological benefits.

Efficient bioflocculation and biodiesel production of microalgae Asterococcus limneticus on streptomyces two-stage co-cultivation strategy

The green algae Asterococcus limneticus WL2 and phytohormone producing Streptomyces rosealbus MTTC 12951 were grown in a co-cultivation process to quantify the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and its precursors. The increased concentration of exogenous hormonal activity was detected in the co-cultivation due to the symbiotic interaction between Streptomyces and microalgae. In comparison to monocultivation, co-cultivation of microalgae produced 52% and 83% more tryptophan and IAA in the extracellular space, respectively. A significant amount of tryptophan (Trp) released by microalgae stimulates Streptomyces's production of IAA at an increased level. As a result, the productivity of co-cultivated microalgae increased by 24% and 22%, respectively, in terms of biomass and lipid. Within 24 h of resting time, early deceleration phase co-cultivated cells demonstrated significant bioflocculation efficiency (88%). Using the microalgal growth dynamics as a guide, stages I (0–8 days) and II (9–11 days) of the culture period were designed for assessing the biomass and lipid productivity. The two-stage co-cultivation technique generated 1.2 times more lipids than the single-stage co-cultivation approach. The production and harvesting expenses of in vitro-grown microalgal biomass as well as energy yield suggest co-cultivation, and a two-stage co-cultivation strategy has the potential to improve cost efficiency and energy conservation in biodiesel production.

ANALISIS EFISIENSI BIAYA PRODUKSI MIE PADA UD MIE UJANG KABUPATEN JEMBER

This study aims to measure the level of efficiency of raw noodle production costs at UD Mie Ujang, Jember Regency with standard costs as a reference in the use of production costs. This research belongs to the type of quantitative descriptive research. The type of data used is the main data in the form of production cost report documents of UD Mie Ujang, Jember Regency for the first quarter of 2022 and supporting data in the form of interview results related to the condition of production cost reports. The research informants are the owners and employees of UD Mie Ujang, Jember Regency. The results showed that the use of raw noodle production costs at UD Mie Ujang, Jember Regency in the first quarter of 2022 showed efficient results. The use of production costs is more efficient in producing super raw noodles compared to ordinary raw noodles. The results of cost efficiency can be used as a consideration and decision in determining the selling price of the next product.

Sustainable synthesis of L-phenylalanine derivatives in continuous flow by immobilized phenylalanine ammonia lyase

The application of phenylalanine ammonia lyases (PALs) for the amination of a variety of cinnamic acids has been shown to be a cost-efficient method to produce a variety of phenylalanine analogues. Nonetheless, as many other biocatalytic tools, the process intensification, especially due to the high equivalents of ammonia needed, and the cost-efficiency of the catalyst production and use have been key points to further prove their usefulness. Here, we investigated the use of previously characterized PALs (AvPAL and PbPAL) for the amination of a series of substituted cinnamic acids. To enhance the process scalability and the reusability of the catalyst, we investigated the use of covalent immobilization onto commercially available supports, creating a heterogeneous catalyst with good recovered activity (50%) and excellent stability. The immobilized enzyme was also incorporated in continuous flow for the synthesis of 3-methoxy-phenyl alanine and 4-nitro-phenylalanine, which allowed for shorter reaction times (20 min of contact time) and excellent conversions (88% ± 4% and 89% ± 5%) respectively, which could be maintained over extended period of time, up to 24 h. This work exemplifies the advantages that the combination of enzyme catalysis with flow technologies can have not only in the reaction kinetics, but also in the productivity, catalyst reusability and downstream processing.

Effects of varieties and seasons on cost efficiency in rice farming: A stochastic metafrontier approach

Rice production costs vary substantially across rice varieties and cropping seasons; however, the effects of rice varieties and cropping seasons on the cost efficiency of rice farming have not been given much attention by researchers. In this paper, we attempt to examine these effects on the cost efficiency of rice production in Vietnam. We use a stochastic metafrontier approach to compare the cost efficiency of rice production between two rice variety groups (a high-quality rice variety and a conventional rice variety group) and three cropping seasons (Winter-Spring, Summer-Autumn, and Autumn-Winter). The data consist of 918 observations collected from rice farmers in the Mekong River Delta, the main rice-cultivation region of Vietnam. The results show that there is statistical evidence for the effects of rice varieties and cropping seasons on cost efficiency. High-quality rice variety adopters performed less efficiently (0.837) than non-adopters (0.864). Rice farmers exhibited a lower mean cost efficiency in the Winter-Spring season (0.883) than in the Summer-Autumn (0.907) and Autumn-Winter (0.905) seasons. This research suggests that policies should support inefficient rice farmers to reduce their inefficiency in the Winter-Spring season as well as support high-quality rice variety adopters to catch up with the cost-efficiency level of conventional rice variety farmers.

Analisis Potensi Limbah Peternakan Sapi Potong Sebagai Penyedia Pupuk Organik Di Kecamatan Losarang Kabupaten Indramayu

This research was conducted at the Banteng Tani Livestock Group, Losarang District, Indramayu Regency from February 20 to March 30, 2022. This study aims to analyze the potential of beef cattle farm waste in providing organic fertilizer needs for the community in Losarang District, Indramayu Regency. This study uses a descriptive method that is analyzing the cost efficiency of organic fertilizer production using R/C ratio analysis. The results of the feasibility analysis of farming using the balance of revenues and costs (R/C ratio) with a value of 1.84. This means that each expenditure of Rp. 1 will generate revenue of Rp. 1.84. The coefficient value of the R/C ratio shows a number more than 1, so it can be concluded that the use of costs in the organic fertilizer production process in the Banteng Tani group is efficient.

Strategies for flexible operation of power-to-X processes coupled with renewables

Power-to-X (PtX) is a large-scale, long-term energy storage approach for converting renewable electrical energy into various chemical fuels. Unlike conventional fossil fuel production processes that operate continuously, PtX processes encounter operational challenges due to fluctuations in renewable power supply. To improve the operational flexibility of PtX processes for industrial applications, it is crucial to develop systematic strategies that can adapt to these fluctuations, which will increase PtX's energy and cost efficiencies. This study comprehensively explores various strategies for flexible operation of renewable-powered PtX processes, which include the use of additional energy buffers and grid connections. Power and material allocation models are developed for PtX processes based on islanded; grid-assisted; and grid-assisted, bidirectional connections by using three possible energy buffers (i.e., hydrogen intermediate storage, Li-ion batteries, and Carnot batteries). Surrogate model-based optimization is performed to establish an economically optimal design for each case. A power-to-methanol process implemented in Kramer Junction, California is studied to investigate the effects of flexible operation strategies on process performance in terms of production cost, renewable penetration, and energy efficiency. The findings of this study offer new insights into the operational flexibility of PtX processes and provide general recommendations for improving the flexibility and performance of PtX, particularly with respect to the establishment of a grid connection and the selection of an appropriate energy buffer.

Pengembangan Mina Bisnis Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) dengan TTG Blue Crab Boiler Pada UD. Selat Madura 33 untuk Meningkatkan Daya Saing

Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) is one of the most popular export commodities. One of the activities carried out by crab fishermen is traditional steaming so the steaming time is relatively long and the quality of the crab meat obtained is not good because it contains a lot of water. Therefore, the purpose of this activity is to improve the quality of the crab by using a mechanical boiler. The target partners are Mr. Abd. Malik, the owner of UD. SM 33 (Madura Strait 33). The mechanical steamer machine is a stainless steel frame cabinet model with dimensions of 50 cm x 50 cm x 120 cm which has 5 shelves inside. This service method provides socialization and training on the use of this machine. The results of this activity can improve the skills of partners so that the quality of crab meat is better maintained because it reduces water content by 70% and production cost efficiency by 60%.

The Challanges In Implementing Thematic Learning Based On Scientific Approach At Elementary School In The Industrial Revolution 5.0

The objective of this research was to provide an appropriate perspective for Indonesia to adopt innovations, application technique and sustainable technology based on the conditions faced by Indonesia due to the development of the industrial revolution 5.0. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative methods. The method was used to des­­cribe, illustrate, or portrait the facts systematically, factually and accurately, as well as the correlation between the phenomena investigated. The positive influence of industry 5.0 is the effectiveness and efficiency of resources and production costs despite the impact on reducing in the number of jobs. Industry 5.0 needs a workforce that has skills in digital literacy, technological literacy, and human literacy. What should be done by teachers in the era of the industrial revolution 5.0; first is applying 4C (Communication, Collaboration, Critical thinking, and Creativity). Second, teachers should master technology. Third, teachers should open toward globalization. Fourth, teachers should improve their competence. Fifth, besides teachers, everyone should open with globalization too and improve their technology knowledge and skill. Sixth, learning should be relevant to students. Thus, the industrial revolution 5.0 not only provides opportunities, but also challenges for millennial

SISTEM PERTANIAN TERPADU TANAMAN PADI DAN BEBEK PETELUR

ABSTRACTThe integrated farming system is an effort to take advantage of the linkages between food crops, horticulture, plantations with livestock and fisheries. One of the activities carried out by the Benteng Mikro Indonesia Sharia Cooperative is through member empowerment activities, namely rice cultivation and duck farming. Rice cultivation activities carried out on an area of 10 hectares. The yield obtained during the cultivation period was 32 tons, of the 32 tons of GKP produced as many as 27 tons of GKG. Laying duck feed is obtained from the bran produced from the grain milling process using a micro-scale milling machine. The micro-scale machine used has a capacity of 1 ton per hour to produce rice into rice, with the production of 1 ton of milled dry grain can produce 30-40% bran. The bran is used by farmers to feed laying ducks, the aim is to minimize production costs, especially feed costs. The need for bran in 100 ducks per day is 15 kg to 20 kg, so the costs incurred are Rp. 30.000/day for feed. Other feed is in the form of snails which are also obtained from rice fields cultivated by farmers. The income of duck egg farmers is Rp. 78,000,00. If it is assumed for 30 days then per month the income received by the farmer is Rp. 2,340,000,00. The role of the integrated farming system in the Indonesian Benteng Mikro Syariah Cooperative in empowering members of farmers or breeders through production cost efficiency and increasing daily income by combining rice cultivation and laying ducks..Keywords: paddy, duck

Artificial Intelligence and Efficiency Operations in Abu Dhabi National Oil Company in UAE

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Artificial intelligence on the efficiency operations in Abu Dhabi oil and gas industry in UAE. This most especially in relation to quality of data, process efficiency, product-cost efficiency, task efficiency, process flexibility and quality of operations. The researcher used the survey descriptive research design, structured questionnaire and sampling strategies such as simple and stratified random sampling to garner data from participants. Primary data for the research scientific study was collected from 253 respondents as sample size out of 10563 people as target population in Abu Dhabi oil and gas industry in UAE. The tools for data analysis that were used include descriptive statistics, Pearson Linear Correlation Coefficient, regression analysis and Analysis of Variance. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used as a software to enter data into the computer for analysis. It was found out that the adoption of technological innovation of artificial intelligence has positive effects on quality of data, process efficiency, product-cost efficiency, task efficiency, process flexibility and quality of operations at UAE oil and gas companies. It was concluded that all governments in the world must put more emphasis on artificial intelligence (AI) implementation strategies because it has a positive impact on quality of data, process efficiency, product-cost efficiency, task efficiency, process flexibility and quality of operation which may act as an impetus to growth and development in any country. It was recommended that the top management of UAE should make more proactive policies that can help guide government and company officials in the best ways to execute artificial intelligence (AI) activities and programs so as to be more effective in government and organisational settings.

ANALISIS BIAYA STANDAR SEBAGAI KATALISATOR EFISIENSI BIAYA PRODUKSI (Studi pada UMKM Gula Aren Langko)

Standard costs are costs that are determined in advance before starting the production process. Applying standard costs is useful for improving planning and control, and for facilitating product costing. Standard costs used by companies include standard raw material costs, direct labor standard costs and factory overhead standard costs. The standards set must be prepared at the beginning of the year so that they can be used as a benchmark in the production process which is an important factor for the company for production cost efficiency. The purpose of this study is to analyze using standard costs as a catalyst for production cost efficiency. This research uses descriptive research with a quantitative approach. This study focuses on determining production standards and production cost efficiency with analysis of variance. The object of this research is Langko palm sugar SMEs. The data collection technique used in this study was through interviews and documentation. The analysis used is analysis of variance. The results of research on Langko palm sugar SMEs show that by setting production cost standards it can support production cost efficiency, which means standard costs can be used as a catalyst for production cost efficiency.Keywords: biaya bahan baku, biaya tenaga kerja langsung, biaya overhead pabrik, biayastandar, katalisator biaya produksi, efisiensi biaya

Welding Product Quality Improvement Using The Seven Tools Method

PT. SRM is an organization that provides steel construction services. Welding is the most essential step in the production of construction materials. A significant number of defective welds is a factor that contributes to high production costs. The Seven tools technique is a tool that assists quality control and 5W+1H analysis in the development of plans to address existing product issues. This study's objective is to identify the types of defects, their underlying causes, and the steps taken to reduce the amount of defects in order to increase production cost efficiency. According to the results of the discussion, the total production was 13,309 units with 2,767 faults. The flaw with the highest percentage is the porosity defect, which is equal to 26.7%. Improvements include providing operator training to improve machine operating skills, periodically inspecting materials to maintain material quality, performing periodic machine repairs to prevent a decline in production quality, and compiling quality and accurate standard operating procedures for welding techniques.

Evaluation of local ingredient formulated diet for golden rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus grow-out

Golden rabbitfish, S. guttatus culture is feasible to be developed in ponds and floating net cages. To support rabbitfish culture, cheap and good quality feed using local ingredients is necessary. The study aimed to evaluate the local ingredients formulated feed for golden rabbitfish S. guttatus grow-out. Feed was formulated based on the least cost feed formulation. The feeding trial was carried out using 15 units of 1x1x2 m3 floating net cages, with a fish density of 23 fish/cage with an initial weight of 39.88±8.05 g. The study was completely randomized, with four treatments of feed formulation (A, B, C, D) and commercial feed as control (E) in triplicates for each treatment. Parameters observed included growth response, feed utilization, digestibility, carcass composition, and feed cost per kg of fish production. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result showed feed B gave the highest growth rate (1.05±0.09%) and was not significantly different from commercial feed (P>0.05). Still, it had a cheaper cost of production (IDR 15,000/kg of fish production) compared to commercial feed (IDR 22,000/kg of fish production) (P<0.05) with a 31.82% efficiency of production cost.

Recent advances on the methods developed for the identification and detection of emerging contaminant microplastics: a review.

The widespread use of plastics, popular for their versatility and cost-efficiency in mass production, has led to their essential role in modern society. Their remarkable attributes, such as flexibility, mechanical strength, lightweight, and affordability, have further strengthened their importance. However, the emergence of microplastics (MPs), minute plastic particles, has raised environmental concerns. Over the last decade, numerous studies have uncovered MPs of varying sizes in diverse environments. They primarily originate from textile fibres and cosmetic products, with large plastic items undergoing degradation and contributing as secondary sources. The bioaccumulation of MPs, with potential ingestion by humans through the food chain, underscores their significance as environmental contaminants. Therefore, continuous monitoring of environmental and food samples is imperative. A range of spectroscopic techniques, including vibrational spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, facilitates the detection of MPs. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the analytical methods employed for sample collection, characterization, and analysis of MPs. It also emphasizes the crucial criteria for selecting practical and standardized techniques for the detection of MPs. Despite advancements, challenges persist in this field, and this review suggests potential strategies to address these limitations. The development of effective protocols for the accurate identification and quantification of MPs in real-world samples is of paramount importance. This review further highlights the accumulation of microplastics in various edible species, such as crabs, pelagic fish, finfish, shellfish, American oysters, and mussels, shedding light on the extreme implications of MPs on our food chain.