Product Variants Research Articles

Development of Flavor Variants and Packaging in the Fish Processing Community in Perancak Village, Jembrana District, Jembrana Regency, Bali

Pedetan" is a kind of food product made of dried fish with traditional Balinese spices which are manufactured by people in the Jembrana Regency, Bali. It is made from lemuru fish (Sardinella Lemuru) which is mostly produced in the coastal areas of Jembrana Regency. "Pedetan" is also one of the superior products from the Jembrana area, because it is one of many authentic foods of Jembrana. The development of traditional manufacturing was carried out with several improvements by applying basic feasibility in food processing. However, a study for business development and product marketing development on aspects of quality management and safety of raw materials and products was necessary to be conducted. The improvement was carried out in several sequenced activities starting from the processing step, so that the community could apply the technology being shared and was able to handle problems in the production of "Pedetan". After that, knowledge sharing on kinds of good processing methods, sanitation, and hygiene was done. Furthermore, the improvement also covered quality control starting from the selection of raw materials to the distribution of food products. Everything had been made sure to be carried out properly. The improvement of the production method managed to produce several product variants, decent packaging, and labeling. Based on the results of community service activities, new flavor variants were created which made it into 6 flavor variants in total, namely the original flavor, the Balado flavor, the sweet spicy flavor, the sweet flavor, the silver herring fish variant, and the cutlassfish variant.

Toward a concept of digital twin for monitoring assembly and disassembly processes

Quality is one of the key factors in the customer’s selection process between competing products. Producing high-quality, defect-free products that meet consumer expectations is crucial for manufacturing companies to gain a competitive advantage. Accordingly, developing appropriate defect generation models is essential in modern manufacturing companies to predict defects and plan efficient quality control and production. On the other hand, with its ability to support new business models and decision support systems, digital twin technology is one of the new technologies emerging to support digital transformation. Faster optimization algorithms, more powerful computers, and a massive increase in available data are just some of the features of digital twins that can be used to advance simulation toward real-time quality control and optimization of products and production systems. This paper aims to model the generation of defects of product variants in assembly and disassembly processes and evaluate their integration within a digital twin system to prevent the occurrence of defects and ensure product quality. The proposed strategy is expected to improve the optimization, monitoring, and diagnostic capabilities of complex product variants’ assembly and disassembly systems, realizing an upgrade from a single physical implementation to a combination of physical and digital.

Evaluating the circularity and multi-lifecycle green profit of product family design

As sustainability and circularity are emerging as the new normal for business, manufacturers have attempted to apply recovery strategies such as reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling to product family design to generate higher profits and mitigate the environmental impact. Compared to single-product design, product family design involves developing sharing decisions in which components and operations are common across product variants. However, existing approaches have not clearly explained the multi-lifecycle effects of sharing decisions. This paper proposes an evaluation model that quantifies the multi-lifecycle economic profit and environmental impact of a product family design. A bi-objective optimization model with economic and environmental objectives is developed to assess the effects of sharing over multiple lifecycles. The evaluation results provide a broader understanding of the multi-lifecycle effect of component and operation sharing and the trade-off between economic profit and environmental impact. This study considers a smartphone family design case to validate the proposed model.

Impacts of product structural characteristics on modular performance with virtual DSM data mining

ABSTRACT Increasingly fierce market competition and rapidly changing customer demand has led many manufacturing enterprises to actively adopt modular architecture for product design and development. This helps them to effectively control their production costs while maintaining the diversity of product variants. However, there are considerable differences between the structure of different products; the degree to which each product is suitable for adopting a modular architecture also varies. Here, we explored the impact of product structural features (the number of parts and the average number of connected nodes) on its modular performance, based on virtual product design structure matrix (DSM) data. We first propose a method for constructing a DSM of a virtual product and randomly generate a database of DSMs with different structural parameters. We then carry out hierarchical clustering and modularity evaluation on a DSM model to obtain the optimal modularity scheme and corresponding Q value. Finally, based on numerical simulation data, the relationship between the structural features of virtual products and their modular performance was analyzed. In addition, eight actual products were selected to verify the simulation results and ensure the credibility of these results. Abbreviations: ANCN, Average number of connected nodes; CE, Clustering efficiency index; DSM, Design structure matrix; HC, Hierarchical clustering; IC, Integrative complexity; LCA, Life cycle assessment; MDL, Minimum description length; MDS, Multi-dimensional scaling; MI, Modular index; MSI, Module strength indicator; PC(c), Partition coefficient c; PDM, Product data management; PLM, Product lifecycle management.

First Report of Resistance-Breaking Variants of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) Infecting Tomatoes with the Sw-5 Tospovirus-Resistance Gene in North Carolina.

Widespread use of tomato cultivars with the Sw-5 resistance gene has led to the emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) strains of tomato spotted wilt virus across the globe. In June of 2022, tomato spotted wilt (TSW) symptoms were observed at two farms (A and B, within 15 miles of each other) in Rowan County, NC on several commercial TSW resistant tomato cultivars (all heterozygous for the Sw-5 gene). At farm A, ~10% of plants had symptomatic foliage with ~30% of fruit with symptoms, while at farm B, up to 50% of plants had symptomatic foliage with ~80% of fruit with symptoms. Visual symptoms included stunting, severe leaf curling and bronzing, necrotic lesions on leaves, petioles and stems, and concentric ring spots on fruit (Supplementary Fig. 1). TSWV ImmunoStrips (AgDia, Elkhart, IN) and reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR with NSm primers (di Rienzo et al 2018) confirmed the presence of TSWV in 12 symptomatic plants sampled across the two farms. Primers designed to detect Impatiens necrotic spot virus, groundnut ringspot virus, tomato chlorotic spot virus, tomato chlorosis virus, alfalfa mosaic virus, and tomato necrotic streak virus (ilarvirus, Badillo et al., 2016) failed to generate amplicons of the expected size from cDNA generated from these field samples. The amplicons from full-length NSm cDNA were sequenced from independent, single-leaflet isolates from the TSWV-positive plants (three from farm A, nine from farm B) with the expectation of finding an amino acid (aa) substitution associated with the Sw-5 RB phenotype identified previously in CA (C118Y, Batuman et al. 2017) or Spain (C118Y and T120N, Lopez et al. 2011). All three nucleotide sequences from farm A contained the NSm C118Y substitution reported in CA. All three sequences were 99% identical (including the C118Y mutation) to NCBI GenBank accession KU179600.1, a TSWV isolate collected from GA in 2014 with no cultivar information reported. The nine nucleotide sequences from farm B contained neither of the two previously reported aa substitutions associated with the RB phenotype. Instead, all contained a D122G substitution within a conserved region of the TSWV NSm protein reported to be involved in direct interaction with the Sw-5 protein (Zhu et al 2017). Likewise, Huang et al (2021) generated a D122A mutation in TSWV-NSm, resulting in failure to elicit a Sw-5 mediated hypersensitive response. Three NSm sequences retrieved from GenBank contained the D122G substitution (AY848921.1, HM015516.1, KU179582.1), however, this mutation was not implicated directly with RB phenotypes (Ciuffo et al., 2005; Lopez et al., 2011; Marshall, 2016). The RB phenotype was confirmed with the NC variants on 'Mountain Merit' (Sw-5) by two means of virus inoculation: mechanical, rub-inoculation with extracted sap from infected plants, and thrips transmission assays with lab colony-maintained, Frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips. Symptomatic leaf tissue obtained from these inoculation assays tested positive for TSWV by DAS-ELISA (AgDia, Elkhart, IN) and RT-PCR with NSm primers, providing definitive evidence of the occurrence of RB-TSWV at both farms, and subsequent sequencing confirmed the C118Y and D122G substitutions. This report warrants further investigation of the putative origins, prevalence and epidemiological implications of RB-TSWV variants in NC tomato production, and the development of new sources of resistance to TSWV.

Pemberdayaan Usaha Mikro Kecil (UMK) Mahasiswa melalui pengembangan dan produksi Varian Formulasi Produk Sajag

The findings of research products that have the potential to become entrepreneurial products are SAJAG (magic powder for peat water purification) with variant formulations of CaO+PAC and CaO+Al2(SO4)3+PAC ingredients that have not been produced and patented in the same packaging and brand. The objectives of this service are to: (1) transfer the results of science and technology directly to UMK partners, students/alumni of the University of Riau through the development and production of variants of SAJAG material formulations; (2) fostering the entrepreneurial spirit of students with SAJAG products; (3) produce useful and economically valuable products from research results that have the potential to be marketed by UMK students as entrepreneurial actors; (4) generate student income potential from marketing SAJAG products. The methods of counseling, training and independent practice as well as mentoring are used in implementing the activities to 25 students/alumni who are members of business partners. From the results of this activity, knowledge changes in the target community groups have been obtained and have succeeded in implementing skills by producing a total of 7000 sachets of product for 10L volume of peat water, of which 1500 sachets were successfully sold with a sales value of Rp. 3,750,000. The production process continued until simple patents were obtained for the two variants of SAJAG products to be marketed, managed by the 'BAHARI' group as a new student business partner.

Creating an innovative culture in agribusiness of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises

Purpose. This research aims to assess the motivational factors in creating an innovation culture in agribusiness of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) by examining the organizational perspective, including organizational culture, organizational learning, market orientation, and attitude to innovation culture.
 Methodology / approach. A random cluster sampling method was used to select 100 agribusiness MSMEs in Sukoharjo Regency. This research considered exogenous latent variables, such as organizational culture, organizational learning, market orientation, and attitudes toward intention to innovate. The endogenous latent variables used were innovation intentions and innovation culture. Data were collected through an online survey and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis tools.
 Results. The results showed that organizational culture, market orientation, and attitudes influenced the intention to innovate, while the level of organizational learning did not. The intention to innovate, in turn, had a significant effect on innovative behavior, as shown in the performance of agribusiness companies. This innovative behavior was reflected in the emergence of new ideas to enhance the business, including the development of new product variants, the utilization of e-commerce for sales, and the improvement of production technology to increase cost efficiency. Therefore, there was a relationship between cultural innovation and company performance.
 Originality / scientific novelty. This research model was built based on behavioral theory and organizational culture, taking into account the difficulty and time required to develop an innovative culture within agribusiness MSMEs. These enterprises have organizational features different from medium and large companies. The objective of this research was to change the mindset of agribusiness MSMEs towards innovation, where innovation was no longer viewed as an option but rather a condition for success. Innovation became a value in fostering organizational culture.
 Practical value / implications. The practical implications of the findings were that agribusiness MSMEs should focus on efforts such as adapting to external changes, involving all employees, consistency, and a clear and long-term business vision to promote innovation. This positive attitude towards innovation could create a culture of innovation within the company, enabling MSME agribusiness to compete and develop into a better company.

METHODICAL APPROACH TO CLUSTER CONFIGURATIONS OF PRODUCT VARIANTS OF COMPLEX PRODUCT PORTFOLIOS

AbstractCompanies are increasingly struggling to manage their complex product portfolios. Since they do not fully understand the complexity, intelligent solutions are required. Emerging technologies and tools offer new ways to deal with existing problems. With the help of clustering, similarities between product variants can be identified automatically, and complexity can be systematically reduced. This article aims to develop a methodological approach to identify correlations between product variants in complex product portfolios automatically by using clustering algorithms. The approach includes the systematic cleaning and transformation of product portfolio data. In addition, a guide for algorithm selection and evaluation of clustering results is presented. As the last step, the results are systematically analysed and visualised. To validate the methodical approach, it is applied to a real-world data set of a commercial vehicle manufacturer and the usefulness of the results is confirmed in an expert workshop.

A METHOD TO CAPTURE AND SHARE PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS SUPPORTING A COLLABORATIVE PRODUCTION PREPARATION PROCESS

AbstractThe production preparation process (3P) enables collaboration between design and production engineers during product development but its efficiency is limited by the abundance of documentation of manufacturing constraints and capabilities. Empirical studies showed that use of production requirements can increase the efficiency of 3P, however, the support for production engineers to capture and share production requirements is scarce. A method to support production engineers in identifying, defining, structuring and sharing production requirements and collaborating with design engineers is presented. The method has three major parts - focus areas and requirement categories, a worksheet for production requirements capturing and prioritization, and a workflow for using the worksheet. The method was developed in collaboration with practitioners and contributes to the existing knowledge by providing production engineers with a structured way of working with production requirements. Evaluation of the method in the case company showed its usability when developing product variants and that additional work is needed to support the development of new product families and assembly lines.

Multiattribute Monitoring of Aggregates and Charge Variants of Monoclonal Antibody through Native 2D-SEC-MS-WCX-MS.

Monitoring of critical quality attributes such as size and charge-related heterogeneities is essential for biopharmaceutical manufacturers. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is the preferred analytical technique for the quantification of aggregates and fragments in the product, whereas weak-cation exchange chromatography (WCX) is widely used for the characterization of charge variants of biotherapeutic products, in particular monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Multiattribute monitoring offers the ability to monitor these attributes in a single run flow using two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC). Typically, in this approach, only the second-dimension samples are directly analyzed through mass spectrometry, as the first dimension has limitations concerning direct coupling with mass spectrometry. In the present study, a novel 2D-SEC-MS/WCX-MS workflow has been proposed, in which chromatography of both dimensions (D1 and D2) was directly coupled with mass spectrometry, through which size-related and charge-related variants of monoclonal antibody mAb A were analyzed simultaneously in their native form. In comparison to stand-alone SEC and WCX methods, this method enables simultaneous analysis of size and charge variants in a single workflow without manual intervention, allowing analysis of low abundant variants. Further, this method has 75% less sample requirement and a shorter analysis time (25 min vs 90 min) when size and charge variants were analyzed individually. The proposed native 2D-LC-MS workflow was used to analyze a stressed sample of mAb A, in which D1 analysis revealed the presence of aggregates (8-20%), which were primarily dimers, whereas D2 analysis showed an increment in acidic variants (9-21%).

Economic aspects of hydrodynamic extraction in the production of extracts from sprouted grain of cereals

Introduction. This study delves into the creation of functional beverages via nutrient extraction from sprouted grain raw materials, focusing on the extraction of biologically active compounds. The significance of the extraction method on the efficacy of bioactive compound extraction is a pivotal scientific fact, with hydrodynamic extraction previously studied under high-frequency currents. This research explores hydrodynamic extraction of sprouted grains of cereal crops using an experimental setup. Materials and Methods. The study utilized hydrodynamic extraction, a prevalent method encompassing infusion, mixing, filtering (with or without filtration) through membranes, and counter-current mass exchange between raw materials and extractants. Hydrodynamic extraction was chosen for its ability to intensify the process, reduce extraction time, increase the yield of extracted substances, and lower energy consumption. The experiment determined the extract yield from sprouted grains of cereal crops using this method. A rotatable second-order plan (Box plan) was employed for regression equation development, incorporating over 20 experiments and 10 equation coefficients. Results. The experiments established two factors influencing the extraction process’s effectiveness: extraction duration (t, min) and sprouted grain concentration (C, %). These factors impacted the optimization criteria - extract yield. The research outcomes are presented in detailed tables and diagrams, providing a comprehensive understanding of the process dynamics and optimization for maximum extract yield from various grains. Scientific Novelty. The study introduces a new perspective in the field of hydrodynamic extraction, emphasizing the impact of specific variables like extraction time and grain concentration on the yield and quality of extracts from sprouted cereal grains. The mathematical processing of data and the regression equations formulated offer a novel approach to understanding and optimizing the hydrodynamic extraction process. Practical Significance. The research findings are crucial for the economic sector, particularly in the production of functional beverages. Understanding the variables that influence the extraction process can lead to more efficient production methods, enhancing the quality and nutritional value of the beverages. The cost analysis has been undertaken and economic effect of proposed variants of production were calculated and compared. The study’s insights into the biochemical composition of extracts, especially from sprouted triticale, reveal their potential as valuable ingredients in the beverage industry, enriched with polyphenols, flavonoids, organic acids, and vitamins. This knowledge can guide economic strategies in functional beverage production, emphasizing cost-effectiveness and resource optimization.

Early identification of “Gudeg” product characteristics in High Barrier Retort Grade (HBRG) packaging

Food packaging is needed to reduce the risk of food spoilage caused by physical, chemical, and biological factors. Based on the recent development, it is necessary to use a type of packaging that can be applied as food packaging while still having the durability to meet the feasibility level of the sterilization process. This study aims to identify the character of gudeg packaged with HBRG packaging procedure. In this study, the heat penetration, proximate and metal contamination analysis were done as an initial identification step for the characteristics of the gudeg in HBRG packaging. In this study, two variants of gudeg were made, namely egg gudeg and non-egg gudeg. The results obtained in this study are gudeg products packaged in HBRG packaging with a net product weight of 235 g per package. The lethality value of egg gudeg is 3.51 minutes and 4.94 minutes for non-egg gudeg. The energy value of non-egg gudeg and egg gudeg in HBRG packaging is 149.38 kcal/100g and 160.25 kcal/100g respectively. The metal contamination analysis being done in this study has stated that no heavy metal contamination was detected in all variants of products. HBRG packaging procedure can be applied for gudeg by following food safety requirements.

Strategic interactions between product line design and carbon tax regulation

Along with carbon neutrality becoming recognized worldwide as one of the most effective ways to address global climate change and environmental challenges, there have emerged numerous attempts on the optimization of manufacturing and production management when facing carbon regulation. However, the previous literature considers mainly firms selling only single product variants, while consumer products in the real world are often sold in product lines. To gather theoretical guidance to achieve carbon neutrality, it is both necessary and urgent to explore the interactions between product line selling and carbon regulation. This paper analyzes the strategic interactions between product line design and carbon tax regulation. We show that a short product line may weaken policy makers’ incentive for carbon tax regulation if the unit environmental damage of production is sufficiently small. We also show that a longer product line does not necessarily lead to a higher carbon tax rate (CTR) unless the unit environmental damage of production is not sufficiently large. Additionally, we identify the condition under which a firm can have more incentives to extend product line with a predetermined CTR (pre-CTR) than that with a post-determined CTR (post-CTR). That is, unless the product line extension fee is sufficiently large, a firm with a pre-CTR would have more incentives to extend product line than that with a post-CTR when the unit environmental damage is moderate.

Manufacturing of individualized sensors: Integration of conductive elements in additively manufactured PBT parts and qualification of functional sensors

AbstractThe growing variety of product variants requires smaller and more complex parts with increasing functionality. Additively manufactured parts with integrated, freely arranged standard electrical components would allow application-specific design and high integration density. Such systems can be used as proximity sensors for industrial applications, acoustic sensors for hearing aids, or ultrasonic sensors for food inspection, as well as integrated analog-to-digital converters for standard sensors or wear detection sensors in tools. Preliminary studies have shown that a hybrid manufacturing process can be used to additively manufacture such geometrically individualized sensors. In the approach chosen here, standard electrical components are integrated into housings produced using the ARBURG Plastic Freeforming (APF) process. The housing material used is a PBT granulate, which is a standard material in the electronics industry. The integrated electrical components are electrically connected using a silver conductive paste and are generated using a jet dispensing valve. Based on the hybrid manufacturing process, it is possible to produce geometrically customizable industrial proximity sensors in one production step. In this publication, various connection options were investigated and design guidelines for the microdispensing of silver paste were derived. In addition, twelve functional sensors were manufactured and subjected to three industrial standard quality tests. Five out of six passed the temperature shock test, three out of four passed the humidity-heat test, and two out of two passed the vibration and shock test. Thus, the proof of concept was principally provided that the investigated connection options are suitable to produce individualized electronic sensors.

Online Customer Reviews, Online Customer Ratings, Purchasing Decisions

Online shopping is now popular due to the development of Internet technology that enables shoppers to shop anywhere, anytime. However, behind its convenience, some drawbacks can be detrimental for the users, such as the breadth of the market and variants of similar products offered by different online stores that cause more difficult evaluations for many shoppers. In such a situation, shoppers rely on a shortcut mechanism to make purchase decisions, which considers mainly other customers' ratings and reviews. This study aims to investigate that shortcut in Tokopedia. Therefore, the authors recruited judgmentally 120 shoppers as respondents. Data analysis using multiple linear regression reveals that online customer reviews and ratings significantly and positively influence purchase decisions.

CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF Cratoxylum formosum ESSENTIAL OIL

Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Dyer is one of the plant species that have the potential to be developed into an antibacterial and antioxidant essential oil product. This study was conducted to determine the value of organoleptic tests and the consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for the three variants of Cratoxylum formosum essential oil products. For the parameters of colour, hedonic test values and score tests showed good results; panellists did not mind the pure and mixed Cratoxylum formosum essential oil colours. However, for fragrance parameters, the hedonic test showed a dislike score. Most panellists disliked the strong "scent of leaves" of pure C. formosum oil. The score test showed satisfactory values, the panellists accept the fragrance of Cratoxylum formosum essential oil, but it is necessary to add a more preferred scent mixture to reduce the strong original fragrance of the oil. The cost of production of Cratoxylum essential oil is Rp.7,259.23 (USD 0.48)/mL or Rp.72,592.30 (USD 4.84) for every 10 mL. Based on the cost ofproduction, the appropriate selling value for every 10 mL of Cratoxylum essential oil is a minimum of USD 4.84.

The Influence of Reference Group on Purchase Decision of Iphone Products With Lifestyle as A Moderating Variable (Case Study: Iphone Product Users In Indonesia)

Indonesia is one of the countries with a significant market share. Based on data, it shows that Iphone market share in Indonesia is not among the top 5 biggest sales, especially with the current pandemic conditions. This problem occurs because other brands in the top rank also have variants of products that have similar to or the same prices as Iphone products. This research aims to determine the influence of reference groups on Iphone product purchasing decisions, the influence of lifestyle on Iphone product purchasing decisions, and the moderating effect of lifestyle on the relationship between reference groups and Iphone product purchasing decisions. The population of this research is Iphone users in big cities in Indonesia, namely Jakarta, Bandung, Bali, Medan, Pontianak, Makassar, Palembang, Lampung, and Ambon. The sampling technique used was cluster random sampling with a total sample of 150 respondents. The data collection method is a survey with an online questionnaire. The multivariate analysis was used in this research, namely structural equation modelling. The results of the study indicate that the reference group has a significant influence on Iphone product purchasing decisions, lifestyle has a significant influence on Iphone product purchase decisions, and lifestyle can moderate the positive relationship between reference groups and purchasing decisions. In future research, other sampling techniques and a more varied number of samples are expected to be used to obtain more comprehensive results.
 Keywords— Reference Group; Lifestyle; Purchase decision; Structural Equation Modelling.

THE INFLUENCE OF PRICE AND PRODUCT VARIETY ON PURCHASING DECISIONS FOR MOUNTEA

The aim of this study was to examine how Mountea's purchase decisions were affected by product prices and product variants. Quantitative primary data were employed in the analysis in this study, and the following tests were run: validity test, reliability test, normality test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, multiple linear regression test, T test, F test, and coefficient of determination. The study's valid data were gathered by 100 participants in the form of a Google Form, which was utilized to administer the questionnaire. Non-probability sampling using the purposive sample technique was the sampling strategy used in this investigation. SPSS version 26 was used as the testing software. The findings indicated that Mountea's purchase decisions were partially influenced by the results of the variable pricing and product variety. Purchase decisions on Mountea are influenced simultaneously by product variety and price changes.

Optimalisasi Pemanfaatan Limbah Bonggol Jamur Tiram Dalam Upaya Peningkatan Varian Produk Unggulan Pada AJJ Jamur Jepara

Utilization of oyster mushroom weevil waste is an effort to add superior product variants, processed mushrooms are intended as an effort to increase sales turnover at AJJ Mushrooms Jepara. For the waste to be useful again, it is necessary to optimize it through the utilization of oyster mushroom waste into processed mushroom sticks. This assistance needs to be carried out to reuse oyster mushroom hump waste which was previously only used for additional animal feed and increase the selling value of processed waste. The method used in this community service is the Assed Based Community Development ABCD method through the activities of providing assistance and training through outreach, practice, and demonstrations to partners starting from the preparation of materials in the form of mushroom cob waste, other supporting materials, equipment, resource persons whom are some expert in processing food ingredients followed by outreach activities, practice, and direct assistance to partners. The result of mentoring the utilization of oyster mushroom weevil waste is in the form of mushroom sticks that are crispy and delicious to events that they can increase product variants selling processed mushrooms and increase the number of sales turnover at AJJ Jepara Oyster Mushrooms.

Evolutionary System Design with Answer Set Programming

We address the problem of evolutionary system design (ESD) by means of answer set programming modulo difference constraints (AMT). The goal of this design approach is to synthesize new product variants or generations from existing products. We start by formalizing the underlying system synthesis problem and design space exploration process, which consists of finding the Pareto front with respect to latency, cost, energy, and similarity measures between the two designs. We then present AMT-based encodings to capture all of these aspects. The idea is to use plain ASP for conflict detection and resolution and for routing and to use difference constraints for scheduling. Moreover, we propose a new approach for expressing the similarity that we use at three alternative levels of AMT-based design space exploration, namely, at the strategic, heuristic, and objective levels, which is performed to guide the exploration towards designs of high interest. Last but not least, we systematically evaluate the emerging techniques empirically and identify the most promising AMT techniques.