Product Structure Research Articles

Fe‐Catalyzed α‐C(sp3)−H Amination of N‐Heterocycles

AbstractNitrogen‐heterocycles are privileged structures in both marketed drugs and natural products. On the other hand, C−H amination reactions furnish unconventional and straightforward approaches for the construction of C−N bonds. Yet, most of the known methods rely on precious metal catalysts. Herein we report a site‐selective intermolecular C(sp3)−H amination of N‐heterocycles, catalyzed by inexpensive FeCl2, which allows the functionalization of a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant cyclic amines. The C−H amination occurs site‐selectively in α‐position to the nitrogen atom, even when weaker C−H bonds are present, and furnishes Troc‐protected aminals or amidines. The method employs the N‐heterocycle as limiting reagent and is applicable to the late‐stage functionalization of complex molecules. Its synthetic potential was further illustrated through the derivatization of α‐aminated products and the application to a concise total synthesis of the reported structure for senobtusin. Mechanistic studies allowed to propose a plausible reaction mechanism involving a turnover‐limiting Fe‐nitrene generation followed by fast H atom transfer and radical rebound.

Modeling and application of maintenance activities in a multi-site company

In an environment where competition is increasingly fierce, companies are constantly looking for new solutions to keep their market share, meet their increasingly demanding customers, and meet the needs of their staff. Companies must develop new innovative products not only of good quality and minimum cost, but also they must meet new constraints, particularly those related to respect for the environment and health / safety. This work is part of the implementation of a maintenance structure in a multi-site production company, with fixed complex homogeneous machines. These machines require, for level 4 and 5 maintenance activities, very expensive mobile specific tools and maintenance characterized by activities with a great variability of tasks in nature, specificity and duration, thus affecting the five maintenance levels. This involves the intervention of technicians of various qualifications and skills, resulting in various hourly labor costs. It is then a question of dimensioning the resources by balancing the loads, by assigning to each level of maintenance a corresponding level of competence. This article concerns the modeling of the activities of this type of maintenance, by proposing a Local Maintenance Workshop (LMW) equipped with a set of mobile tools. The goal is to minimize the cost of maintenance and improve availability.

Comparison of Different Additives and Ages on Mechanical and Acoustic Behavior of Coal Gangue Cemented Composite

Cemented backfill represents a significant trend in mine filling methods; however, it often exhibits high brittleness and limited resistance to failure, which can restrict its practical application. This study investigates the mechanical properties and damage evolution of fiber-reinforced coal gangue cemented materials (CGCMs) at various curing times using uniaxial compressive tests, acoustic emission (AE) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Specimens were created with different fillers, including carbon fibers (CFs), steel fibers (SFs), and carbon black (CB), and subjected to uniaxial compression until failure. Control specimens without fillers were also tested for comparison. The microstructure of the specimens was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings indicate that (1) the compressive strength of filler-reinforced CGCMs increases between 7 and 14 days of curing but decreases thereafter, with CB significantly improving early-age strength; (2) specimens reinforced with CFs and SFs exhibit significantly enhanced toughness in their post-cracking response; (3) AE events during specific stages can effectively identify the reinforcing effects of CFs and SFs; (4) the presence of fillers improves resistance to shear cracks, with CFs and SFs being more effective than CB; and (5) adding CB results in a denser and more stable hydration product structure, while CFs and SFs lead to a more porous structure with increased cracking.

The Role of Productization in End-To-End Traceability

End-to-end traceability offers significant opportunities for product lifecycle visibility, sustainability enhancement, and regulatory compliance in product management. However, it faces challenges in data integration and management, supplier collaboration, cost and complexity, and the sharing of information across the supply chain. Productization refers to the representation of a product and connects commercial and technical aspects to the systemic perspective of product management. This includes a focus on the engineering lifecycle with inherent linkages to product data. The product management perspective, specifically in relation to the connection between end-to-end traceability and the productization concept, has not been extensively studied. This study explores the role of both productization and traceability in the context of end-to-end traceability. It combines an extensive literature review and an empirical example of applying productization logic across company borders to support end-to-end traceability. The key findings indicate that productization logic with a product structure focus can support end-to-end traceability in product management by providing consistency and a foundation for tracking both technical and operational data across the engineering lifecycle of a product. By focusing on productization, companies can overcome traceability challenges and unlock the benefits of end-to-end traceability.

Development of a model-based modular building kit for sensor-integrating machine elements—Theory and application

AbstractIn the Priority Program 2305 of the German Research Foundation, so-called Sensor-integrating Machine Elements (SiME) are to be developed. These are essentially highly standardized components with integrated microelectronics. The present article presents the development of a model-based construction kit to support the design of integrated sensor systems for these new machine elements. A methodical procedure for collecting the development data required for modeling the modular building kit for SiME is presented and applied to four different cases within the project. Use cases, product structure and module diagrams were recorded and modeled for the machine elements screw, gear, coupling and feather key. These are then linked in SysML models to enable sensor systems for SiME to be configured in line with requirements. The modeling of the system architectures deepens the understanding of the underlying mechatronic system architecture and supports the identification of differentiation features as well as synergy potentials.

Quality Properties of Bakery Products and Pasta Containing Spent Coffee Grounds (SCGs): A Review

Coffee is one of the most consumed and popular beverages worldwide, and it produces a significant quantity of waste. Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are one of the major waste products that can be used as an ingredient for creating novel foods. Therefore, the effect of incorporating varying percentages of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) on the quality properties of bakery products and pasta is reviewed. Chemically, SCGs alter protein, fat, fiber, ash, and bioactive compound levels in bakery and pasta products, improving nutritional value and promoting health benefits. The impact of SCGs on the physical characteristics of baked goods depends on factors like SCG concentration and processing methods, which influence product texture and structure. Sensory properties are vital for consumer acceptance. SCGs can add unique flavors and colors to baked goods, but more attention is needed to optimize the SCGs’ incorporation concentration for a better consumer appeal. In conclusion, integrating SCGs into bakery products and pasta offers nutritional enhancement, sustainability, and sensory improvement opportunities. Optimizing product quality allows manufacturers to leverage SCGs’ potential in the food industry.

Tailoring Carbon Nanostructure for Selective Guar Gum Conversion: Unveiling the Interplay between Structure and Surface Functionalities in Galactose and Mannose Production

Tailoring Carbon Nanostructure for Selective Guar Gum Conversion: Unveiling the Interplay between Structure and Surface Functionalities in Galactose and Mannose Production

INVESTIGATION OF FLUORESCENCE EFFECTS OF EU(TTA)3(H2O)2 AND EU(TTA)3(PHEN) COMPLEXES IN THE PRESENCE OF OTHER LANTHANIDE METAL IONS

In this study, we explore the fluorescence behavior of Eu(TTA)3(H2O)2 and Eu(TTA)3(Phen) complexes in the presence of various other lanthanide metal ions, with the objective of ensuring diversity in the raw material sources for military purposes. The fluorescence properties of these complexes are investigated to understand their potential interactions with other lanthanide ions and their effects on fluorescence emission. Spectroscopic analysis is conducted to examine how the presence of different lanthanide ions influences the fluorescence emission of Eu(TTA)3(H2O)2 and Eu(TTA)3(Phen) complexes. Product structure characteristics are determined by IR, UV-Vis, and EDX spectroscopy. The optical properties of the complex are studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The results indicate that the structure EuxM1-x(TTA)Phen (M: Tb, Nd, Pr; x = 0.1; 0.5; 0.9; 1.0) gives stronger luminescence at ignited wavelengths λex = 385 nm.

PEMBIAYAAN DAN AKAD-AKAD PADA PERBANKAN SYARIAH (STUDI KASUS PADA BCA SYARIAH TAHUN 2017)

This study aims to analyze the types of contracts and Sharia-compliant financing products applied at BCA Syariah, focusing on the implementation of Sharia principles in its financing mechanisms. The research uses a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach to describe the application of mudharabah, musyarakah, ijarah, and murabahah contracts in productive and consumptive financing at BCA Syariah in 2017. Data were collected from annual reports, scientific journals, and relevant literature. The results indicate that BCA Syariah has successfully implemented principles of fairness and transparency through Sharia-compliant contracts tailored to customers' needs. Additionally, the flexibility in terms and payment structures in Sharia-compliant financing products offers financial benefits to customers without imposing a financial burden while supporting community welfare. In conclusion, BCA Syariah plays an essential role in facilitating the growth of Sharia economics in Indonesia by providing access to fair and Sharia-compliant banking services.

Application of whey protein microparticulates in the production of ice cream and other dairy products

The aim of this paper is to systemize data on the use of whey protein microparticulates (WPMP) in production of ice cream and other dairy products. Information about the essence of the microparticulation process and methods for WPMP production is given. Data on the composition and physico-chemical properties of liquid and dry WPMP are presented. An effect of sizes of WPMP particles on quality characteristics of products made with their use is described. The majority of the analyzed studies indicate that the diameter of particles is 1.0–2.5 µm. However, contradictory data were obtained for this indicator — if the results of all studies are taken into consideration, a size of conglomerates can be 0.5 to 12 µm. These sizes are comparable with parameters of fat globules, which allow receptors of the human oral cavity to perceive them identically. Due to this, WPMP can be used as an imitator of milk fat. It is noted that the microparticulation process enables producing WPMP with targeted functional properties, namely, with particular characteristics by indicators “solubility”, “water holding capacity”, “gel formation”, “emulsifying and foam forming properties”. Information about the specific features of using and dosing WPMP in fermented milk products, such yogurt, kefir, curd cheese and cheese, is given. A special attention is paid to the results of the investigation of using WPMP in ice cream. It is noted that most often scientists used WPMP to make up for the sensation of fatness in defatted and nonfat dairy products. The ability of WPMP to increase the biological value of food products is highlighted. It has been concluded that WPMP enables formation of soft and elastic structure in low-fat dairy products, intensification of milky color and restriction of ice crystal growth in frozen desserts by binding and equally distributing moisture. The data were obtained about the clinical investigation of an effect of ice cream with WPMP on the health of children and adults. The negative effect of WPMP on the indicators of clinical analyses of humans and their health was not revealed.

Integrated Design Methods for Sustainable Public Seating in Urban Communities—A Shanghai Case Study

In the context of sustainable regeneration of urban communities, the sustainable construction of community urban furniture has gradually been emphasized. This study focuses on the existing problems of experience, culture, environmental protection, function, and other aspects of community urban furniture; starts from the user’s perspective to screen the user’s sustainable design needs for community public seating; and combines the scientific method to quantify and transform them into design factors to form a reasonable community sustainable public seating design program. Taking the public seating in Gumei Community Park in Shanghai as an example, the study adopts the qualitative research method to obtain demand indicators of users. It utilizes the integrated design framework of “AHP-QFD-FBS” to quantify the user needs and maps them into the product structure to identify the ten factors affecting the sustainability of public seating. A community co-creation workshop was conducted to complete a sustainability assessment with the help of life cycle assessment and scales. From the perspective of residents’ needs, it emphasizes the scientific process of demand transformation and ultimately produces sustainable design factors and serialized products for public seating. This approach introduces new ideas for the sustainable renewal of urban furniture and enhances the quality of urban residents’ leisure time.

Structure Analysis and Forecast of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Exports to Australia Under the Perspective of Product Segmentation

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as a precious treasure of China has played an indispensable role in combating the COVID-19 epidemic, and receiving widespread attention and high regard. The Chinese pharmaceutical industry is gradually on the Road of Revival. However, there are still many bottlenecks restricting internationalization of TCM. How to specifically expand the international market, optimize product structure, and enhance the competitiveness of TCM exports are key and difficult issues. In light of this, this article selects "Australia" as a typical region with a solid foundation for the development of TCM, and innovatively classifies TCM products into four major categories based on its market access policies. By applying STATA to construct an ARIMA model, this study analyzes and forecasts the total export volume of TCM to Australia, the export structure of each category, and the export value for the Q3 2024-Q2 2026 based on data from 2016 to Q2 2024. The results reveal that there is significant potential in the Australian market for the export of TCM. However, the export structure is heavily skewed towards primary products, with the growth rate of high-value-added products being relatively slow. Consequently, it is recommended to increase investment in the research and development of TCM, enhance consumer education to address cultural differences, promote the export of high-value-added products, strengthen the docking of international standards and export certification of products, reinforce brand building and bolster government guidance and talent cultivation to enhance the international competitiveness of the TCM.

Systemic Risks in the Derivatives Market: Origins, Impacts, and Mitigation Strategies

Derivative markets play an indispensable role in the contemporary financial system. The global financial markets have been repeatedly riddled with turbulence instigated by derivative trading in recent years, underscoring the urgency and necessity for in-depth study in this field. The subject matter of this paper is to delve into systemic risk in the derivative markets, including its genesis, impact, and mitigation strategies. This paper aims to proffer valuable insights and recommendations to policymakers and financial practitioners through comprehensive analysis. To achieve this objective, this study utilizes research methodologies such as literature review, analysis of historical cases, and empirical analysis. The findings suggest that the systemic risk in the derivative markets primarily stems from high leverage operations, market information asymmetry, and complex financial product structures. These risks became particularly prominent during the financial crisis, leading to an upsurge in market volatility, liquidity crises, and a domino collapse of financial institutions. Based on these findings, the paper proposes a gamut of strategies to mitigate systemic risk, including enhancing market transparency, optimizing risk models, augmenting capital requirements, and fostering international regulatory cooperation. Additionally, technological innovations such as blockchain and big data analysis are considered to hold significant potential in enhancing market transparency and improving the accuracy of risk prediction.

Fe-Catalyzed α-C(sp3)-H Amination of N-Heterocycles.

Nitrogen-heterocycles are privileged structures in both marketed drugs and natural products. On the other hand, C-H amination reactions furnish unconventional and straightforward approaches for the construction of C-N bonds. Yet, most of the known methods rely on precious metal catalysts. Herein we report a site-selective intermolecular C(sp3)-H amination of N-heterocycles, catalyzed by inexpensive FeCl2,which allows the functionalization of a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant cyclic amines. The C-H amination occurs site-selectively in α-position to the nitrogen atom, even when weaker C-H bonds are present, and furnishes Troc-protected aminals or amidines. The method employs the N-heterocycle as limiting reagent and is applicable to the late-stage functionalization of complex molecules. Its synthetic potential was further illustrated through the derivatization of α-aminated products and the application to a concise total synthesis of the reported structure for senobtusin. Mechanistic studies allowed to propose a plausible reaction mechanism involving a turnover-limiting Fe-nitrene generation followed by fast H atom transfer and radical rebound.

Automorphism Groups of Deformations and Quantizations of Kleinian Singularities

AbstractIt is known that, for the algebra of functions on a Kleinian singularity, the parameter space of deformations and the parameter space of quantizations coincide. We prove that, for a Kleinian singularity of type $$\textbf{A}$$ A or $$\textbf{D}$$ D , isomorphisms between the quantizations are essentially the same as Poisson isomorphisms between deformations. In particular, the group of automorphisms of the deformation and the quantization corresponding to the same deformation parameter are isomorphic. We additionally describe the groups of automorphisms as abstract groups: for type $$\textbf{A}$$ A they have an amalgamated free product structure, for type $$\textbf{D}$$ D they are subgroups of the groups of Dynkin diagram automorphisms. For type $$\textbf{D}$$ D we also compute all the possible affine isomorphisms between deformations; this was not known before.

Synthesis of N2-Substituted 1,2,3-Triazoles.

We present a novel synthetic approach for the synthesis of the 1,2,3-triazole core, with a particular focus on the direct and regioselective synthesis of the synthetically more challenging triazoles having additional substituents at the N2 nitrogen atom. Through treatment of readily accessible geminal diazides with organic hydrazines under mild thermolysis conditions, a broad spectrum of N2-alkyl- and N2-aryl-1,2,3-triazoles are easily generated. For example, geminal diazides derived from ketoesters, ketoamides, and ketones were converted under the reaction conditions. The product structures were confirmed via NMR as well as single-crystal structure analysis.

Expanding the “Terpenome”: Applications of Unspecific Peroxygenases (UPOs) in Oxidations of Unnatural Terpenoids

AbstractAn unnatural tricyclic oxaterpenoid, obtained by treatment of the sesquiterpene synthase presilphiperfolan‐8β‐ol synthase (BcBOT2) with an unnatural farnesyl pyrophosphate ether derivative, itself obtained by chemical synthesis, was converted in oxidation studies as part of a broad screening program by selected unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs). Product analysis revealed that Agrocybe aegerita UPO, its mutant PaDa‐I, and two commercial ones, UPO54 and UPO49, provided new oxidation products with sufficient efficiency for subsequent upscaling that allowed product isolation and structure elucidation. As such new terpene‐based oxiranes and hemiacetals were formed by UPO‐mediated epoxidations and CH‐activation. The structure elucidation was further supported by comparison with products generated by chemical oxidation.

Shifted Yangians and Polynomial $R$-Matrices

We study the category \mathcal{O}^{\mathrm{sh}} of representations over a shifted Yangian. This category has a tensor product structure and contains distinguished modules, the positive prefundamental modules and the negative prefundamental modules. Motivated by the representation theory of the Borel subalgebra of a quantum affine algebra and by the relevance of quantum integrable systems in this context, we prove that tensor products of prefundamental modules with irreducible modules are either cyclic or cocyclic. This implies the existence and uniqueness of morphisms, the R -matrices, for such tensor products. We prove the R -matrices are polynomial in the spectral parameter, and we establish functional relations for the R -matrices. As applications, we prove the Jordan–Hölder property in the category \mathcal{O}^{\mathrm{sh}} . We also obtain a proof, uniform for any finite type, that any irreducible module factorizes through a truncated shifted Yangian.

Improving the joint strength of thermoplastic composites joined by press joining using laser-based surface treatment

Fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites (TPC) provide an automated and cost-effective solution for their use in lightweight structures in series production. The combination of different material configurations allows the design of highly stress tolerant components. Previous studies demonstrated that the combination of TPC sheets, TPC hollow profiles and injection moulding compounds is even suitable for crash-relevant automotive parts. All three components are combined during the injection moulding process. To prevent collapse, the part must remain in a consolidated state and cannot be preheated. However, this results in poor adhesion between the hollow profile, the bulk material, and the TPC sheet. Previous studies have shown that the bonding strength between the hollow profile and the injection moulding compound can be increased by surface pre-treatment using laser structuring and plasma technology. In this work, laser structuring is employed to enhance the bonding strength between the hollow profile and the TPC sheet. Microscopy analysis is used to investigate the resulting surface morphology. Subsequently, single-lap-shear (SLS) specimens are produced by pressing the TPC sheets onto the flat part. The resulting bonding strengths are then evaluated by tensile shear tests. The study analyses the impact of various pre-treatment parameters on the bonding strength. Furthermore, it investigates the effect of sheet temperature on the bonding strength, including specimens without pre-treatment. Finally, the results of the surface treatment of hollow composite profiles are discussed.

Bridging Theory and Practice: Application of Outcome-Based Education in Product Structure Design Courses

Bridging Theory and Practice: Application of Outcome-Based Education in Product Structure Design Courses