Sector Productivity Research Articles

The Power of Substitution: The Great German Gas Debate in Retrospect

ABSTRACT: The Russian attack on Ukraine in February 2022 laid bare Germany's dependence on Russian energy imports and ignited a heated debate on the costs of a cutoff from Russian gas. While one side predicted economic collapse, the other side (ours) predicted "substantial but manageable" economic costs due to households and firms adapting to the shock. Using the empirical evidence now at hand, this paper studies the adjustment of the German economy after Russia weaponized gas exports by cutting Germany off from gas supplies in the summer of 2022. We document two key margins of adjustment. First, Germany was able to replace substantial amounts of Russian gas with imports from third countries, underscoring the insurance provided by openness to international trade. Second, the German economy reduced gas consumption by about 20 percent, driven mostly by industry (26 percent) and households (17 percent). The economic costs of demand reduction were manageable with the economy as a whole only experiencing a mild one-quarter contraction in the winter of 2022–2023 and then stagnating. Overall industrial production decoupled from production in energy-intensive sectors (which did see large drops) and declined only slightly. We draw a number of key lessons from this important case study about the insurance offered by access to global markets and the power of substitution, specifically that supply shocks have dramatically smaller costs when elasticities of substitution are very low (but nonzero) compared to a truly zero elasticity.

The Economic Impacts of Subway Introduction on Products of Different Industry Sectors within Suburban Area

The Economic Impacts of Subway Introduction on Products of Different Industry Sectors within Suburban Area

Industrial policy and labour productivity growth in Africa: does the technology choice matter?

The persistent gaps in African sectoral labour productivity and the disappointing growth in the manufacturing and service sectors have revived interest among academics and policymakers. In search of ways to boost labour productivity, this study explores how the technology choice as a proxy for industrial policy can affect labour productivity growth. First, I identify the different sources of growth with the decomposition method of shift–share analysis and a recent dataset from 1960 to 2017 of nine sectors. Then I investigate the impact of comparative advantage development strategy on growth components (within effects and structural effects). The shift and share decomposition analysis results suggest a changing role of growth components. While the structural change effect is driven by the “static gains” which still plays an important role, the within effect has been more prevalent during the MDGs and SDGs period. The empirical results indicate that defying comparative advantage hinders the within effect component mitigated by a weak and positive dynamic effect component. The evidence emphasises the design of industrial development based on the comparative advantage in SSA, complemented with policies and strategies aiming at increasing labour productivity in the agriculture sector due to its large employment share.

Study of the Effect GMAW and SMAW Welding Combination with WAAM Method

The development of technology and science is multiplying, so it affects the industrial sector in Indonesia, namely the industry that manufactures machine elements, especially in the automotive sector, which commonly uses metal as raw material. The manufacturing sector's production in the automotive industry tends to increase annually. The need for metal as raw material is constantly increasing. The WAAM welding method be utilized as one of the innovations in the industrial world that potentially reduces the use of raw metal materials by replacing them with the results of the WAAM process. In this study, a combination of GMAW and SMAW welding using the WAAM method was carried out by adding material in layers and switching between the two types of welding. The welding process is carried out by varying the current (high, medium, and low). Then, a tensile test was carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the combination results. Based on the tensile test results, it is known that the high current variation gives the best results, the increasing current lead to an enhancement of the mechanical properties. Finally, using high currents will give the best result for application in the engineering and automotive sector.

Does TQM affect Indonesian food sector production efficiently?

Globalisation Parahadi helps each nation adjust its economic policy. Every Haruus destroyer may see the future orientation, and Haru Flexic data in any applicable Kamilan data is a mandate. An integrated quality management system like Total Quality Management (TQM) must be justified to generate high-quality products and services. This study uses qualitative methods literature studies on operational method management to investigate how Total Quality Management (TQM) affects food sector production efficiency in Indonesia. Qualitative and library research approaches to creating scientific articles delays. Google Scholar's literary section or related literary review section over the last ten years 2013-2023 discusses a collection of libraries. It will then bandage prior results or discoveries from Sebi Sebiman's Law on Results or Discoveries. Harzing publishes or finishes all quoted scientific articles from data search data. The delay affects production efficiency and product quality prices. TQM improves manufacturing cost efficiency, especially in food production. This article will explain how operational management uses TQM to cut gift production costs.

Beyond distance: The spatial relationships of European regional economic growth

We analyze the spatial relationships of economic output dynamics in European regions from 2000 to 2019 using dynamic spatial autoregressive growth models. In contrast to previous studies that rely on exogenous spatial weight matrices based solely on geographical proximity, we use a novel Bayesian approach to fully estimate the spatial weight matrix. Our results show that economic and sectoral characteristics (e.g. sectoral production structure, education, etc.) significantly influence the degree of regional interdependence. The approach thus allows to study the complex dynamics of regional economic development beyond mere distance.

Construction of a Small-Scale Tugboat

Support vessels for other ships emerged to provide specialized assistance in port logistics. Among these support vessels are tugboats. In this logistics, a tugboat that has an ineffective propulsive system will cause poor support, bringing losses to the sector's production chain. The problem addressed in the work aims precisely to present the construction process of tugboats as complex and dynamic, but at the same time allows to achieve very favorable results in terms of teamwork and the use of computer simulation in the process of projecting parts and components. This work presents the process of building a tugboat on a reduced scale, the elements mentioned here are valid for the construction of tugboats at any scale, which reaffirms the importance and topicality of the theme addressed. The procedures for the construction of the 2017 naumodel were described. Hull designed in DELFTship. The construction of the tug was made by cuts in welded 3mm aluminum sheets. The propellers designed using 3 software: NavCad, PropCad and SOLIDWORKS, cast through 3D molds printed on ABS molds. Magnification box designed, using parameters from NavCad results, in Autodesk Inventor, model 1:1.2. Axis and alignment of the motors carried out in order to reduce the maximum losses.Palavras chaves: rebocador, projeto mecânico.

Economic and environmental effects of financing subsidies for non-conventional renewable energies with a carbon tax – A comparison of intersectoral models

Non-conventional renewable energy (NCRE) subsidies have been introduced in various countries to help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, other social priorities limit the allocation of fiscal resources to this climate policy in Chile. This study analyzes the option of financing NCRE subsidies through carbon taxes in the thermoelectric sector. Specifically, two intersectoral models (the Leontief price model and the SAM price model) are used to simulate the impact of this mix of climate policies on prices, production, employment, and emissions of global and local air pollutants. The results of both models show that CO2 emissions would be reduced slightly in the short term, which is explained by the low current tax rate, the inelasticity of energy demand, and the indirect stimulus of subsidies on production in other sectors of the economy. In addition, it is concluded that the Leontief price model overestimates the impacts since it omits the falls in labor income and household consumption that the SAM price model captures. So, it is recommended to use models based on a social accounting matrix to evaluate energy policies when more sophisticated intersectoral models with endogenous prices and quantities (computable general equilibrium models) are unavailable.

Recycled and non-recycled exhaustible resource: an optimal control strategy for input allocation

The United Nations aim to perform a transition toward a sustainable environment where people can live by decoupling economic growth from resource use. Through the definition of the Agenda 2030 and the corresponding sustainable development goals, this transition asks for a lower dependence on non-renewable resources and for the use of recycled materials in a finite term perspective. In this respect, we provide an optimal control model which searches for an efficient allocation of labor between non-recycling and recycling sectors exploiting a given non-renewable resource. The optimization process is carried out over a finite time horizon in accordance with the need of rapidly achieving the targets imposed by the ecological transition. By employing the classical tools of optimal control theory, a complete theoretical analysis of the model well-posedness is developed under the assumption of linear production in both sectors. The approach is applied in order to simulate a hypothetical test case.

Ensemble machine learning-based recommendation system for effective prediction of suitable agricultural crop cultivation.

Agriculture is the most critical sector for food supply on the earth, and it is also responsible for supplying raw materials for other industrial productions. Currently, the growth in agricultural production is not sufficient to keep up with the growing population, which may result in a food shortfall for the world's inhabitants. As a result, increasing food production is crucial for developing nations with limited land and resources. It is essential to select a suitable crop for a specific region to increase its production rate. Effective crop production forecasting in that area based on historical data, including environmental and cultivation areas, and crop production amount, is required. However, the data for such forecasting are not publicly available. As such, in this paper, we take a case study of a developing country, Bangladesh, whose economy relies on agriculture. We first gather and preprocess the data from the relevant research institutions of Bangladesh and then propose an ensemble machine learning approach, called K-nearest Neighbor Random Forest Ridge Regression (KRR), to effectively predict the production of the major crops (three different kinds of rice, potato, and wheat). KRR is designed after investigating five existing traditional machine learning (Support Vector Regression, Naïve Bayes, and Ridge Regression) and ensemble learning (Random Forest and CatBoost) algorithms. We consider four classical evaluation metrics, i.e., mean absolute error, mean square error (MSE), root MSE, and R 2, to evaluate the performance of the proposed KRR over the other machine learning models. It shows 0.009 MSE, 99% R 2 for Aus; 0.92 MSE, 90% R 2 for Aman; 0.246 MSE, 99% R 2 for Boro; 0.062 MSE, 99% R 2 for wheat; and 0.016 MSE, 99% R 2 for potato production prediction. The Diebold-Mariano test is conducted to check the robustness of the proposed ensemble model, KRR. In most cases, it shows 1% and 5% significance compared to the benchmark ML models. Lastly, we design a recommender system that suggests suitable crops for a specific land area for cultivation in the next season. We believe that the proposed paradigm will help the farmers and personnel in the agricultural sector leverage proper crop cultivation and production.

Reinforcement of 3D printable earth-based mortar with natural textile material

Earth-based building materials, used in the construction industry for centuries, have gained renewed interest due to the increasing environmental threats posed by cement-based materials. These earth-based materials offer many advantageous features such as affordability, easy accessibility, recyclability resulting in zero waste, indoor climate control, and breathability, making them indispensable for sustainable development. The emergence of 3D printing technology has brought revolutionary benefits to the construction sector, enabling rapid, cost-effective, and eco-friendly production while offering almost unlimited design possibilities. However, the challenge of reinforcement remains a critical issue that requires solutions in 3D printed technology in construction. Mainly, the complexities of 3D-printed geometries make traditional construction reinforcement methods more challenging to apply. This study proposes a technique to address the reinforcement challenges of 3D printing technology using natural materials. Earth-based samples produced through 3D printing were reinforced with textiles, specifically natural jute fabric. The effectiveness of this approach was investigated, focusing on beam-shaped samples designed for experimental studies. The samples comprised a 3D printable mixture containing only clay, earth, and sand, reinforced with natural jute fabric textile. The findings of this research emphasise the positive impact of reinforcing 3D printable earth-based composites with natural jute fabric textiles, resulting in a structural material with enhanced compressive strength, good tensile strength, and ductile behaviour.

Intimate Partner Violence Against Women and Workplace Productivity in the Financial Sector of Two Latin American Societies.

This research determines the prevalence of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) and its impact on labor productivity in the financial sector of two Latin American countries. Nine financial institutions participated in this study with surveys of 892 female employees in Bolivia and 393 in Paraguay. The results revealed that 40.1% in Bolivia and 18.7% in Paraguay experienced IPVAW. In Bolivia, this resulted in 6.686 lost workdays per year due to absenteeism and 7.640 workdays per year due to presenteeism (present but distracted). In Paraguay, 12.035 days were lost to absenteeism and 12.037 to presenteeism. This pioneering research highlights the significant influence of IPVAW on financial sector productivity and its broader economic implications.

How are Russia’s industries adapting to Western economic pressure? The case of gold

ABSTRACT In this article the author draws on materials including government policies, corporate and media reports, and analysis of industry trends, to describe the development of Russia’s gold industry since 2000. The growth of the sector exemplifies the Putin administration’s determination to increase production and exports in the natural resource sectors, and offers further evidence of how Russia’s ‘limited access’ system of political economy functions. The author then examines how the industry has responded to Western pressure since the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. This provides insight in to how the sector is faring, how it is re-orienting to non-European markets, and the practical measures corporations have taken to evade sanctions and find new suppliers. The author argues that if this industry, and other metals and mining industries, can succeed in these efforts, they will provide a boost to Russia’s effort to sure up essential export revenues.

The Role of Appropriate Technology in Enhancing Efficiency and Production in Livestock and Agriculture Sectors: A Systematic Review in Indonesia

Indonesia's agricultural sector significantly contributes to the country's foreign exchange earnings through agricultural product exports, including livestock, plantations, and ornamental plants. However, addressing the weaknesses in free-range chickens and other livestock is crucial to sustain population levels and meet organoleptic needs. This systematic review aims to explore appropriate technology development in the livestock and agriculture sectors, focusing on feed processing, animal husbandry management, and increased production. The review includes articles from journals, books, and theses, with data sourced from Google Scholar and Pop8win using specific keywords. The results highlight the effectiveness of appropriate technology in improving feed efficiency, labor efficiency, and production in livestock and agriculture. Consequently, further research is recommended to enhance the application of appropriate technology, contributing to the sustainable development of the agriculture sector in Indonesia. Highlights: The systematic review reveals that appropriate technology positively affects feed efficiency, labor efficiency, and production in Indonesia's livestock and agriculture sectors. The application of appropriate technology in feed processing and animal husbandry management leads to significant improvements in productivity. Addressing weaknesses through appropriate technology can contribute to the sustainable development of the agriculture sector in Indonesia.

Azerbaycan'da Elektronik Ticaretin Oluşumunda Bilgi Toplumunun Rolü

Today, information and communication technologies are recognized as a suitable tool for ensuring the sustainable development of the country, increasing the intellectual potential, developing business, reducing unemployment and improving people's economic situation. Information and communication technologies that create new values in public administration, education, health, economy and other fields are an important part of economic relations. The development of the internet media, the spread of electronic newspapers and magazines, the widespread use of domestic and foreign social networks are the contributions of information and communication technologies to society.
 While factors of production or resources are land, labor, capital and entrepreneurial power in industry-based economic sectors, knowledge is the source and factor of production in knowledge-based economic sectors. For this reason, managing, maintaining and sharing an economy based on information society is considered one of the most important functions of the economy. Information technology plays an important role in the formation and development of the information society. The most important benefit of innovation in information technology is direct communication between sellers and buyers through a data and data-driven channel.
 As the components of the information society developed in Azerbaijan, the volume of e-commerce also increased. The annual 35-40% increase in e-commerce, especially due to the Covid-19 pandemic, is a sign of great potential in this direction.
 The aim of this study is to examine the role of the information society in the formation of e-commerce in Azerbaijan.

Exploration of Land-Use Change and Drivers In Qixia City Based on Multi-Temporal Landsat8 Remote Sensing Image

The research results on land use and cover change (LUCC) are constantly updated, which is of great significance to correctly handle the relationship between human activities and ecological environment. In this article, Landsat8 remote sensing images, DEM data and statistical yearbook data of Qixia city in Shandong province are selected in 2013, 2018 and 2021 to explore the changes in this city’s land use. Through supervised classification, land use dynamic degree (LUDD) and land use transfer matrix, LUCC has been analyzed, and through the CORREL and DEM slope analysis, the main driving force has been investigated. The results indicate that the area of orchards in Qixia city is showing an increasing trend and the area of farmland, water and residential land shows a decreasing trend. Single land use dynamic degree of industrial land is the largest. The main driving forces of the industrial land and the orchard area are the social economic factors, which are mainly manifested as the influence of the regional GDP, the gross product of primary and tertiary sectors as well as the gross value of agricultural produce. In addition, the population is what is causing changes in the amount of farmland and residential land, and the terrain slope also impact on the variation of land-use classification significantly.

Prospects and Performance of Milk Production in India: An Analysis

India is the world’s largest milk producer. Livestock has been playing a major role in the agro -based industries and dairy products are fully produced from the inputs of cattle. The livestock has contributed highest in the production of milk with 209.96 million tonnes in the year 2020 - 2021 and stands first in the world production when compared to their other yields like meat, eggs, wool, leather etc. Over 50% of the dairy industry's revenue comes from the liquid milk segment, where growth is expected to be consistent (6-7%). Additionally, this industry offers prospects for self-employment, notably to women and economically underprivileged populations. Continued investment, innovation, and support from all stakeholders will be vital in further enhancing the sector's productivity, sustainability, and contribution to the overall development of India's economy and rural livelihoods.

Effect of Money Market Operations on Industrial Productivity in Nigeria

Nigeria's industrial zone is often seen as an instrument of economic development, and the financial sector is frequently seen as the fuel that accelerates the growth of that sector. These two areas are bound to interact in a way that benefits both. To that end, this study evaluated the impact of money market activities on industrial production in Nigeria. Quantitative data (time series data) was sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria's statistics bulletin in 2021. The findings discovered that the interest rate was a highly predictive and negative factor for industrial sector production in Nigeria, but had little to no influence on production directly. But there exists a strong positive correlation amid the money supply and industrial production in Nigeria. Findings suggest that money market interest rates should be decreased and maintained by regulatory bodies at current levels. It is the job of the central bank to make sure there is always enough cash on hand for productive endeavours.

Digitalization and Productivity: Evidence from EU Manufacturing Sector

Manufacturing sector productivity is one of main driver for economy grow in Europe. In the context of manufacturing sector digitalization, importance of influencing factors for productivity increase plays a key role. This paper aims to evaluate digitalization impact on EU manufacturing sector productivity, considering variables as relative size measures for the period of 2012-2020. There are strong believe that digitalization is an engine of innovation and competitiveness in manufacturing sector. Changing processes and integration of digital technologies leads manufacturing sector towards productivity increase. We perform OLS regression on sample of 5013 records covering 27 EU countries and 642 manufacturing firms over the years 2012-2020. Analysis consists of such factors as operating revenue, number of employees per company, tangible fixed assets, intangible fixed assets, profit and loss, investment to digitalization. We study ratio of digital investment to total assets as dependent variable to understand how investment decision of company can be evaluated with independent variables, identified in literature review. We build 3 models for regression analysis. Highest value of R-Square calculated for operating revenue as dependent variable is 0.299 and significance level is sufficient. Our results indicate that R-Square is 0.366 for relationship between digital investment and independent variables in analysis. Moreover, intangible assets impact is not significant considering digital investment outlay, which contradict believe stated in literature for direct intangible impact on digitalization. The main variable is number of employees per company with identified significant negative route.

Вплив ПІІ на структурні зміни економіки у контексті перспектив повоєнного відновлення України

The recovery of the national economy, which is undergoing great destruction as a result of full-scale Russian aggression in Ukraine, will require attracting not only domestic but also foreign investments. The post-war experience of various countries shows that the inflow of foreign capital contributed to meeting the needs for investment resources for the reconstruction of the economy and its structural modernization. The recent history of the rapid rise of newly industrialized countries also demonstrates that foreign investments enable the transformation of the structure of the host economy, and its progress towards higher levels of industrial development. The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis of the accumulation and sectoral distribution of FDI in the Ukrainian economy, to assess the effects of FDI to change the structure and dynamics of economic growth, and to identify approaches to attracting foreign investment in the context of prospects for post-war recovery and economic restructuring. The article examines the accumulation of FDI in the Ukrainian economy in historical retrospect, analyzes the distribution of their reserves among the sectors and subsectors, as well as their geographical origin. The author assesses the depth of penetration of the FDI into the economy in general and into the technological sectors within the processing industry, in particular, and reveals various contradictory effects created by foreign investments for the development of the national economy, technological progress, and economic security. Using regression modeling, the article investigates the FDI as a factor capable of contributing to the transformation of Ukraine’s economy, and changing the structural distribution of added value and employment between sectors. The simulation results confirm that the accumulation of FDI really affects the dynamics of GVA production and employment in economic sectors, that is, it causes structural shifts in the economy. At the same time, sectoral assessments reveal the mixed effectiveness of this factor in terms of the strength and direction of changes in the structure of the economy.