Product Formulation Research Articles

Биотехнологические параметры полутвердого сыра с высокой температурой второго нагревания

The State Strategy for Improving Food Quality through 2030 promotes the principles of healthy diet. Cheese is a high-value dairy product with a wide variety of beneficial biological activities. Its unique diversity makes it inherent part of many healthy eating patterns. Expanding the range of cheeses is an urgent task that the domestic food industry has to tackle in order to meet the goals set by the State Strategy, i. e., improving food quality and safety. The research involved raw milk (State Standard GOST 52054-2003), milk-and-protein mix developed by Milkmix Universal (St. Peterburg, Russia), and starter-culture mix purchased from LACTOFERM (Italy), which served as the main biotechnological component to improve cheese quality, safety, and shelf-life. The work was carried out on the premises of the Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies (Barnaul, Russia). The experimental data underwent mathematical and statistical processing to reveal the optimal technological production parameters for a new sort of semi-hard cheese with a high curd scalding temperature. The article introduces the new formulation, chemical composition, nutritional profile, and energy value of the new dairy product. The technology was patented (RF No. 2800825).

On improving the climate change impact of surfactant-based cleaning products: Were you aware of the potential impact of fragrances?

Life cycle assessments of home and personal care consumer products, carried out in the last 20 years, have provided insights and disclosed blind spots that prompted product developers to make significant changes in product format, formulation, and packaging, leading to more sustainable consumer products. However, fragrances are often overlooked in terms of interconnectedness with key environmental footprint parameters of consumer products. In this article we show that fragrance ingredients could be relevant for reducing the climate change impact of the full consumer product, defined as Global Warming Potential at 100 years (GWP100), and at the same time drive olfactory differentiation. To illustrate this, a comparison was drawn between the GWP100 for typical surfactants commonly used in the European market and the GWP100 for fragrance ingredient proxies, using in both cases GWP100 data extracted from the literature. Fragrance proxies were synthesized using two methods: a continuous flow process (scenario 1) and batch-type processes (scenario 2), representing optimal and non-optimal synthesis approaches, respectively. The findings revealed that fragrance ingredients synthesized through less efficient processes could approach the environmental impact of surfactants. The article delves as well into the complexities posed by fragrance concentration, solubilization, and fragrance delivery in the development of novel sustainable formulations.

GenX uptake by wheat and rice in flooded and non-flooded soils: a greenhouse experiment

GenX (hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid) belongs to the group of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) compounds introduced to replace perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which has been phased out in industrial and consumer product formulations. While GenX has been investigated in lab animals, there is limited information available regarding its uptake and translocation in wheat and rice. This study reports on a greenhouse experiment in which wheat and rice grown under flooded and non-flooded conditions were exposed to two GenX concentrations in the soil (0.4 mg kg−1 and 2 mg kg−1). GenX was analysed in the soil, porewater and shoots using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Extractable organic fluorine (EOF) was determined using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-GFMAS) instrument. Results showed that different species took up different amounts of GenX. The GenX concentration in rice shoots was found to be 2.34 (± 0.45) and 4.11 (± 0.87) μg g−1 under flooded and non-flooded conditions, respectively, at a low exposure level. At high exposure, the GenX concentrations in flooded and non-flooded rice shoots increased threefold to 10.4 (± 0.41) and 13.4 (± 0.72) μg g−1, respectively. Wheat shoots showed similar concentrations and increases between low- and high-level exposure. The translocation factor was significantly higher (P = 0.013) in non-flooded rice compared to flooded rice. The GenX bioaccumulation behaviours under the same culture conditions (e.g. temperature, humidity, light, same GenX concentration in the soil) were significantly different in non-flooded and flooded rice (P < 0.001). Non-flooded rice plants displayed a higher level of GenX bioaccumulation than flooded ones. Following exposure to GenX, flooded rice plants showed a reduction in biomass (25%) compared to the control plants (P < 0.014). Our findings indicate that GenX is a bioaccumulative compound, the presence of which likely inhibits the growth of plants.

Towards low-impact food products through reverse engineering: A functionality-driven approach

Currently, food products are formulated by a resource-intensive separation of agro-materials into pure components (isolates). These ingredients are subsequently combined again in food products. Alternatively, impure mildly refined ingredients require fewer resources but are difficult to use in product formulation. Machine learning can predict the properties of these impure ingredients, which facilitates their selection process. This study aims to formulate sustainable ingredient formulations based on predicted techno-functional properties instead of purity (composition). Extensively and mildly refined ingredients from yellow peas and lupine seeds are matched to a product portfolio based on gelation, viscosity, emulsifying stability, and foaming capacity. Formulations based on techno-functional properties include more milder refined ingredients and result in up to 70% reduced global warming potential, water usage, and raw materials compared to formulations based on composition and isolates only. This approach contributes to reducing the environmental impact of the food chain and should be extended to other ingredients or properties.

Practical experiences in the use of a combination of calcined clay and limestone as clinker substitute in cement

AbstractThe acceleration of the impact of climate change prompts the cement industry for swift and effective solutions to reduce a large part of the carbon dioxide associated with cement manufacture. The use of Supplementary Cementitious Materials, SCM, such as fly ash and slag have enabled so far, the possibility of partially replacing clinker, the most energy intensive and main responsible component in cement for carbon emissions. However, reserves of both SCM are declining and their price is increasing, and replacing more than 30% clinker with these SCM can compromise early strength. In recent years a global team of scientists from Switzerland, Cuba and India have proven the possibility of dropping clinker content in cement down to 50% or even less through the combined use of calcined kaolinitic clays and limestone, both cheap and abundant materials, to produce a new cement called “LC3”. The resulting cement matches the properties of a CEM I (EN‐197) at all ages, and carbon emission reduction is reportedly around 25‐40%, depending on the cement to compare with. This paper presents the accumulated experience in the investigation of the new cementitious system and the introduction at the industrial level. Issues like the choice of the right clay, calcination technology, product formulation, standardization and economic feasibility will be discussed. The information in this paper is intended to encourage industrial partners to invest in the new technology.

Physicochemical and compositional properties of blended beef patties formulated with pea and faba bean protein isolates and texturized pea protein

AbstractThis study investigated the physicochemical characteristics of blended beef patties formulated with pea and faba bean protein isolates (PPI and FPI, respectively) and hydrated texturized pea protein (HTPP, 1 part TPP: 2 parts water). Minced beef was combined with nothing (control) or 4.25% PPI/FPI and 0%, 8.5%, 21.3%, or 42.5% HTPP. The pH, Warner‐Bratzler shear force (WBSF), texture profile analysis (TPA), compression juiciness, cooking loss, color, and chemical composition were determined. In general, plant proteins increased pH values and ash content, and decreased cooking loss and fat content of blended meat patties. The addition of PPI/FPI did not lead to substantial changes in texture or color but resulted in lower cooking loss. HTPP resulted in decreased WBSF, hardness, and other TPA attributes. The combination of PPI/FPI as binders/gelling agents and HTPP as a meat extender resulted in a softer texture than conventional beef patties. This study provides an indication of PPI, FPI, and HTPP functionality in blended meat product formulation.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE WITHDRAWAL PERIOD OF AMOXICILLIN FROM VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS USED IN FOOD-PRODUCING ANIMALS

The withdrawal period of active substance residues from the animal’s body which products are intended for human consumption is an important criterion for the safety of veterinary medicinal products. This products cannot be authorized without establishing this important parameter. There are a number of veterinary medicinal products on the market of Ukraine and EU member states, which have the same active substance in the same concentration and pharmaceutical formulation, but the withdrawal period can differ significantly.&#x0D; The goal of our study was to determine the influence of various factors on the withdrawal period of amoxicillin from single-component oral (powders) and injectable (suspensions, long acting suspensions) dosage forms, which are included in the State Register of Veterinary Medicines of Ukraine and EU product database (UPD).&#x0D; As is known, amoxicillin is widely used for the treatment of infectious diseases in humans and animals, in particular food-producing ones, which are a source of food products intended for human consumption. From the point of the hazard of development acquired antimicrobial resistance when consuming products of animal origin contaminated with residues, the duration of the established withdrawal period is a question of great importance.&#x0D; As shown in the study results, the pharmacokinetic parameters of veterinary medicinal products, in particular bioavailability, as well as clinical characteristics of the disease, have a significant impact on the duration of the withdrawal period. Usually, the withdrawal period depends on the type of dosage form, and the amount and nature of excipients, because oral and injectable pharmaceutical formulations of the same veterinary medicinal product differ in terms of bioavailability from the systemic circulation and the site of injection. It was also defined that the duration of the withdrawal period depends on the amount of the administered dose of the veterinary medicinal product, the treatment duration, the target animal species, fasting conditions (before or after feeding), and the substrates used for feeding (dissolving in water or mixing with feed), analytical methods used to determine active substances or their metabolites, methods of the statistical processing results and differences between individual values established in a group of animals involved in the study.&#x0D; The importance of approving the withdrawal period for generic veterinary medicinal products manufactured by different companies is confirmed by studies carried out by the European Medicines Agency order at the request of the Competent authorities of individual EU countries in connection with the detection of the overestimated residue level compared with the established maximum limits over time, defined as the withdrawal period specified during product authorization.&#x0D; In two cases, changes were made to the Summary of Product Characteristics and package leaflets, regarding the extension of the withdrawal period of amoxicillin from certain tissues and for different target animal species. Marketing authorization holders are recommended to harmonize the withdrawal period for generic products with the established value for the reference veterinary medicinal products.

The effect of whey source on heat-induced aggregation of casein and whey protein mixtures of relevance to infant nutritional product formulation

Sweet and, to a lesser extent, acid whey protein ingredients can be used for the formulation of infant nutritional products. Unlike acid whey, sweet whey contains caseinomacropeptide (CMP), a heat-stable peptide liberated from κ-casein during cheese and rennet casein manufacture. Four protein systems-sweet whey (SW) and acid whey (AW), with or without standardization for CMP protein content-were added to skim milk (50/50, wt/wt) and unheated or heated to 85 or 110°C. These 12 samples were assessed for physicochemical stability in the presence of added calcium at pH 6.8. The effect of CMP content on the physicochemical properties of the protein systems was also assessed. Without preheat treatment, mixtures of AW and skim milk (SM) were more heat stable than SW and SM, demonstrating the effect of whey protein type on heat stability. Preheat treatment of the SW in the presence of SM significantly improved the heat stability of the resultant protein systems on subsequent heating. All of the protein systems had significantly lower heat stability with the addition of Ca, although the reduction was significantly smaller for the heated protein systems than the unheated controls. The findings can help identify heating parameters and ingredients for optimizing processing stability and physicochemical characteristics of nutritional beverages such as infant formulations.

Bystander preference for naloxone products: a field experiment

BackgroundBystander administration of naloxone is a critical strategy to mitigate opioid overdose mortality. To ensure bystanders’ willingness to carry and administer naloxone in response to a suspected overdose, it is critical to select products for community distribution with the highest likelihood of being utilized. This study examines bystanders’ preference for and willingness to administer three naloxone products approved by the FDA for bystander use and identify product features driving preference.MethodsThe population was a convenience sample of individuals who attended the Kentucky State Fair, August 18–28, 2022, in Louisville, Kentucky. Participants (n = 503) watched a standardized overdose education and naloxone training video, rated their willingness to administer each of three products (i.e., higher-dose nasal spray, lower-dose nasal spray, intramuscular injection), selected a product to take home, and rated factors affecting choice.ResultsAfter training, 44.4% chose the higher-dose nasal spray, 30.1% chose the intramuscular injection, and 25.5% chose the lower-dose nasal spray. Factors most influencing choice on a 10-point Likert scale were ease of use (9 [7–10]), naloxone dose (8 [5–10]), and product familiarity (5 [5–9]).ConclusionsBystanders expressed high willingness to administer all studied formulations of naloxone products. Product choice preference varied as a function of product features. As the number and variety of available products continue to increase, continuous evaluation of formulation acceptability, in addition to including individuals with lived experience who are receiving and administering overdose reversal agents, is critical to support adoption and save lives.

Evaluation of the type and frequency of extemporaneous formulations dispensed in hospital and community pharmacies

BackgroundExtemporaneous compounding is practiced globally by pharmacists to allow for dispensing of personalised doses of medicinal products not commercially available. Extemporaneous compounding must result in a product which is safe and effective. However, data on formulation and expiry of extemporaneous products may not be readily available. Pharmacists access various resources including compounding databases to obtain information on composition, preparation, and expiry of extemporaneous preparations. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the type and frequency of extemporaneous compounding in hospital and community pharmacies in the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and to obtain contemporary information on compounding practices and resources used. MethodsAll community and hospital pharmacists registered with the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland, were invited to participate in an on-line survey. The study was approved by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) research ethics committee. ResultsA total of 202 pharmacists responded to the survey, of which 145 were community-based, 52 hospital-based, and 5 practicing in both. On average, hospital and community pharmacists (n = 138) dispensed <2–10 prescriptions for extemporaneous products per month. Pharmacists reported compounding 13 different types of extemporaneous preparations. Of these, dermatological preparations and oral liquid formulations (OLFs) were most commonly compounded. Extemp.ie, an Irish compounding database, was the most frequently used resource for compounding guidance and product expiry. ConclusionsThe results of this study show that extemporaneous compounding is still practiced in hospital and community pharmacies in the ROI. The limited response of 4.6% obtained may reflect that extemporaneous compounding is concentrated in a relatively small number of pharmacies. There remains a clinical need for extemporaneous products in the ROI and extemporaneous compounding continues to be an invaluable skillset for pharmacists.

Accelerator production, radiochemical separation and nanoradiopharmaceutical formulation using 69Ge: A next generation PET probe

Positron emission tomography (PET) has revolutionized the field of molecular imaging of cancer. The driving forces in the latest resurgence of PET are the advances in nano-oncology and availability of newer radioisotopes with attractive nuclear decay characteristics. Germanium-69 (69Ge; T½ = 39 h, 21 % β+, Emax = 1205 keV) is one such radioisotope whose potential is yet to be fully explored for PET imaging. The adequately long half-life of 69Ge, makes it an ideal choice for PET imaging using radiolabeled nanoformulations, which are expected to circulate for a relatively longer time in the biological system. In this study, we report the production of 69Ge via 69Ga (p, n) 69Ge reaction using natural Ga2O3 target. A facile radiochemical separation method based on selective precipitation of Ga at pH ∼7 was developed for isolating no-carrier-added (NCA) 69Ge from the irradiated target in a form suitable for in vivo animal studies. A chelator-free approach was optimized for radiolabeling superparamagnetic arginine grafted iron oxide nanoparticles (AMNPs) with 69Ge for potential use in dual modality PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic hyperthermia therapy of cancer. The radiolabeling yield of 69Ge-AMNPs was >95 % and the radiolabeled nanoformulation was stable even after 72 h. As a proof of concept, the suitability of the radiolabeled nanoformulation for in vivo PET imaging was demonstrated in Wistar rats. Overall, this strategy of production, radiochemical separation and radiopharmaceutical formulation might aid towards development of potent agents for cancer theranostics.

Development of a low pollution medium for the cultivation of lactic acid bacteria

Protein rich culture media are employed in the production of lactic acid bacteria (LAB); however, production costs are high. In this work media formulation and evaluation for LAB production were conducted considering physiological properties of lactic acid bacteria. Consumption efficiency (E), yield production (Y) and specific substrate consumption rate (qS) values as response variables were used. Four culture media were used: (1) Man Rogosa Sharp (MRS); (2) cabbage liquor (MC); (3) a new balanced culture medium (MX); and (4) MX supplemented with cabbage liquor (MXC). The culture media were evaluated using two strains: Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 10241. The EGLU for L. plantarum was 100 % in the three media and YX/S value was 0.02 ± 0.003 in MRS and MX, while YLAC/S was 0.57 ± 0.03 in MRS and 0.51 ± 0.02 in MX. In MXC, the value obtained for YX/S was 0.07 ± 0.002 while YLAC/S was 0.47 ± 0.04. Specific glucose consumption and lactate formation rates for L. plantarum in MRS and MX media did not show significant differences. These results suggest that MX and MXC can be used for efficient production of the LAB at low cost.

Improved production of lactiplantibacillus plantarum RO30 exopolysaccharide (REPS) by optimization of process parameters through statistical experimental designs

BackgroundIn investigating of (exopolysaccharide) EPS from unconventional sources, lactic acid bacteria have a vital role due to their generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. EPSs have diverse applications such as drug delivery, antimicrobial activity, surgical implants, and many more in many sectors. Despite being important, the main hindrance to the commercial application of these significant biopolymers is low productivity. Therefore, this study primarily focuses on optimizing physio-chemical conditions to maximize the previously produced EPS from probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RO30 (L. plantarum RO30) using one factor at a time (OFAT) and method Response Surface Methodology (RSM).ResultsThe EPS obtained from L. plantarum RO30 named REPS. The medium formulation for REPS production using the OFAT method revealed that sucrose (20 g/L, beef extract (25 g/L), and ammonium sulfate at 4 g/L concentration were the optimum carbon, organic and inorganic nitrogen sources, and REPS yield was increased up to 9.11 ± 0.51 g/L. RSM experiments revealed that, a greatly significant quadratic polynomial attained from the Central Composite Design (CCD) model was fruitful for specifying the most favorable cultural conditions that have significant consequences on REPS yield. The maximal amount of REPS (10.32 g/L) was formed by: sucrose (40 g/L), beef extract (25 g/L), pH (5.5), incubation temperature (30 °C), and incubation period (72 h). A high closeness was obtained between the predicted and experimental values and it displayed the efficiency of the RSM.ConclusionThis study was conducted to reinforce REPS production in the probiotic LAB L. plantarum RO30 by utilizing various experimental parameters. The maximum REPS yield of 10.32 g/L was attained under the circumstances optimized in the study.

Factors influencing consumer motivations for protein choice.

This study evaluated the factors that motivate US consumers (18-65 years) to choose protein products derived from specific protein sources. An online survey was conducted. Participants who purchased protein products (n=673) were shown agree/disagree questions, along with maximum difference (MaxDiff), constant sum, and Kano questions on factors surrounding protein choice. Last, follow-up qualitative interviews were conducted with 51 survey participants to further investigate consumer motivations behind protein choice. Survey participants conceptually desired a protein product or protein-fortified food that was a good source of protein, tasted great, and was healthy. Three clusters of consumers with distinct motivations for protein purchases were identified. Cluster 1 (C1) consumers (n=176) desired plant-based, environmentally friendly products and valued sustainability label claims more than flavor/taste. Cluster 2 (C2) consumers (n=271) were nutritionally conscious and desired high-protein healthy products that were also high in vitamins/minerals. Cluster 3 (C3) consumers (n=226) showed the most loyalty to the products they currently purchased and were also most willing to try new products based on the recommendations. Cluster 1 consumers placed importance on protein sources, while C2 valued price most and C3 gave the highest value to flavor. In side-by-side protein comparisons, plant-based proteins were considered superior to dairy proteins in sustainability, health, ethics, and digestibility, while both protein types were at parity for naturalness, satiety, and taste across all consumers, but differences were documented among consumer clusters. Results from this study demonstrate that there are many different motivations for consumers to purchase protein products. These motivations can be applied to consumer education as well as the strategic positioning of protein products. Practical Application: This study investigated consumer perception of different protein types and the drivers of choice for protein types among distinct consumer groups. Further application of findings from this study may help guide the development and formulation of new products with a diverse range of protein sources.

Stability of binary colloidal mixtures of Au noble metal and ZnS semiconductor nanoparticles

Controlling the stability of colloidal nanoparticles in multicomponent systems, i.e., mixtures of colloids, is of vital importance for product formulations and separation processes of nanoparticles. However, very few studies are currently found in literature regarding the generation of binary colloids by mixing of colloidal nanoparticles, particularly small nanoparticles (< 20 nm). In this study, we report on the development of a stable binary colloid made of nanoparticles of different sizes and compositions. As a model system for this study, we mixed aqueous dispersions of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and ZnS quantum dots (QDs). We investigated the stability of Au NPs with three different surface ligands after mixing them with ZnS QDs, both before and after functionalization of the Au NPs with bis(p-sulfonatophenyl) phenylphosphine (BSPP). We used UV–visible spectroscopy as the primary method to monitor stability of nanoparticles in the binary mixture over time. We found out that the released thioglycerol and acetate from the surface of ZnS QDs to the binary mixture induces agglomeration in Au NPs. The surface chemistry and the purification process of Au NPs after their synthesis and surface treatment were identified as key parameters to regulate the stability in the mixture. Thus, we successfully achieved a stable mixture of BSPP-functionalized Au NPs with ZnS QDs as a model of a stable binary mixture. We believe that this study is important to stimulate research directed towards real-world multicomponent formulations including their characterization and the understanding of surface interactions.

Curcuma longa essential oils: toxicity and repellency against imported fire ants (Formicidae: Hymenoptera).

Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberales: Zingiberaceae) leaf and rhizome essential oils were evaluated for their toxicity and repellency against invasive fire ants: red imported fire ants (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren, black imported fire ants (BIFA), Solenopsis richteri Forel, and a reproductively functional hybrid (HIFA). Ar-turmerone was the major constituent of leaf (42.4%) and rhizome (40.4%) essential oils. A range of concentrations starting from 156 µg/g until the failure of treatment were used. Removal of treated sand in digging bioassay was used as a criterion for repellency. Leaf essential oil showed significantly higher repellency at concentrations of 19.5, 9.8, and 4.9 µg/g against RIFA, BIFA, and HIFA workers, respectively, as compared with control whereas rhizome essential oil was active at 39, 19.5, and 4.9 µg/g against BIFA, RIFA, and HIFA, respectively. Ar-turmerone exhibited repellency at 19.5 µg/g against HIFA workers whereas DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) failed at 39 µg/g. Leaf essential oil showed LC50 values of 85.8, 97.7, and 182.7µg/g against RIFA, BIFA and HIFA workers, whereas the rhizome essential oil had LC50 values of 127, 109.9, and 151.2 µg/g against these species, respectively. Ar-turmerone, tested only against HIFA, with LC50 value of 57.2 was the most active compound. Bifenthrin, a commonly used pyrethroid, with LC50 of 0.03, 0.32, and 0.018 µg/g was toxic against RIFA, BIFA, and HIFA workers, respectively. Both the essential oils and ar-turmerone showed toxicity and repellency against imported fire ants. Different formulations of these natural products will be tested to explore the use potential of these natural products under field conditions.

Analisis Efektivitas Bisnis Kosmetika dan Healthy Food hingga Triwulan Kedua sebagai Strategi Diversifikasi Bio Farma Group Berdasarkan RKAP Tahun 2023

In the increasingly competitive and dynamic market landscape, companies must continuously adapt and devise strategies to sustain their business. Bio Farma Group, one of the large companies in Indonesia and a world-class player in the life sciences industry with global competitiveness (Bio Farma Group, n.d.), needs to maintain its success by enhancing its value and crafting a growth strategy to ensure its continued existence and not rest on its past laurels (Herdian, 2023). One way the Bio Farma Group is safeguarding its future is by laying out both short and long-term strategies. A notable strategic initiative by the Bio Farma Group involves venturing into the cosmetics and healthy food business, a diversification move detailed in their RKAP. This strategy is undertaken by their subsidiary, PT Kimia Farma, which has two operational goals: achieving a revenue of Rp XX M for the beauty clinic and Rp X M for stem cells in 2023. Upon analyzing the effectiveness, it was concluded that one of the two operational goals, specifically the beauty clinic's revenue, was deemed less effective due to missing the target for the second quarter of 2023. On the other hand, the stem cell initiative is classified as effective. Some recommendations for these two operational goals include maximizing digital marketing efforts, intensive training for employees in selling and communication skills, raising public awareness, collaborating with R&amp;D for product formulation, and introducing stem cell treatments at Marvee Clinic.

Investigation of production mechanism, structure, and formulation of Se-methyl methaneselenoate and its halogen derivatives by density functional theory (DFT)

In this study, the production mechanism of Se-methyl methaneselenoate in the presence of carbon monoxide against copper oxide nanoparticles simulation and investigated its most stable structure have been. Configurational properties of Se-methyl methaneselenoate and its halogen derivatives are evaluated and investigated using density function theory (DFT).The calculation method results of LC-WPBE/6–311 + G** show that the stereoisomerism cis form of these compounds is more stable than their trans form. IRC calculations are used to determine the path of the reaction. The frequency calculations, thermodynamic and structure parameters, force and equilibrium constants are calculated for confirm the transition state and the most stability configuration. The anomeric property and electron transfer increase with the replacement of halogen instead of 5H. The highest amount of E(2)/kcal.mol−1 is for [Lp(2) O1 → π*(C2-Se3)] of cis form, in its halogenated compounds, it increases with the reduction in the electronegativity and increasing in the atomic radius of the halogen.

Utilization of self-assembled soy protein nanoparticles as carriers for natural pigments: Examining non-interaction mechanisms and stability

In this study, we made self-assembled soy protein nanoparticles (SPN) by partially hydrolyzing soy protein isolate (SPI) using Flavourzyme at different hydrolysis times (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 h). Compared with SPI, SPN (hydrolysis time, 1.5 h) was spherical with smaller particle size, better dispersion, and higher surface hydrophobicity. The interaction and stability of SPN loaded with different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mmol/L) of lutein (Lut), β-carotene (β-Car), and curcumin (Cur) were then characterized. The encapsulation efficiency, load capacity, and X-ray diffraction measurements showed that natural pigments were successfully encapsulated by SPN in amorphous form, with the highest encapsulation efficiency observed at 0.05 mmol/L with 94.3%, 88.7%, and 96.0% for Lut, β-Car, and Cur, respectively. Fluorescence, ultraviolet, and infrared spectroscopy revealed that natural pigments were loaded into SPN mainly by hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonding was also involved in the loading process of Lut and Cur. Moreover, the outcomes of the isothermal titration calorimetry measurement validated the spontaneous and entropy-driven binding process between SPN and natural pigments. Due to its low molecular weight, a high number of phenolic hydroxyl groups, and low spatial resistance, Cur was most encapsulated in SPN, while the strongest interactions were observed. Lut, β-Car, and Cur were encapsulated by SPN with significantly better thermal and light stability, especially Cur. This study may open a new avenue for the use of SPN as product formulations to extend lipophilic natural edible pigments in food products.

Safety Assessment of Ginkgo biloba-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 10 Ginkgo biloba-derived ingredients, which are most frequently reported to function in cosmetics as skin conditioning agents or antioxidants. The Panel reviewed the available data to determine the safety of these ingredients. Because final product formulations may contain multiple botanicals, each containing the same constituents of concern, formulators are advised to be aware of these constituents and to avoid reaching levels that may be hazardous to consumers. The Panel was concerned about the presence of ginkgolic acid in cosmetics. Industry should use good manufacturing practices to limit impurities. The Panel concluded that 5 Ginkgo biloba leaf-derived ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment when formulated to be non-sensitizing; data are insufficient to determine the safety of the remaining 5 ingredients under the intended conditions of use in cosmetic formulations.