Product Failure Research Articles

Neuroprotective Effect of Apigenin on Depressive-Like Behavior: Mechanistic Approach.

Apigenin, as a natural flavonoid present in several plants is characterized with potential anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies proposed that apigenin affects depression disorder through unknown mechanistic pathways. The effects of apigenin's anti-depressive properties on streptozocin-mediated depression have been investigated through the evaluation of behavioral tests, oxidative stress, cellular energy homeostasis and inflammatory responses. The results demonstrated anti-depressive properties of apigenin in behavioral test including forced swimming and splash tests and oxidative stress biomarkers such as reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant power and coenzyme Q10 levels. Apigenin, also, demonstrated its regulatory potency in cellular energy homeostasis and immune system gene expression through inhibiting Nlrp3 and Tlr4 overexpression. Furthermore, failure in energy production as the key factor in various psychiatric disorders was reversed by apigenin modulating effect on AMPK gene expression. Overall, 20mg/kg of apigenin was recognized as the dose suitable for minimizing the undesirable adverse effects in the STZ-mediated depression model proposed in this study. Our data suggested that apigenin could be able to adjust behavioral dysfunction, biochemical biomarkers and recovered cellular antioxidant level in depressed animals. The surprising results were achieved by raise in COQ10 level, which could regulate the overexpression of the AMPK gene in stressful conditions. The regulatory effect of apigenin in inflammatory signaling pathways such as Nlrp3, and Tlr4 gene expression was studied at the surface part of the hippocampus.

High-resolution monitoring of VFA dynamics reveals process failure and exponential decrease of biogas production

The future of biogas production will be characterized by on-demand provision to compensate the unpredictability of solar and wind power. Such biogas production through feedstock management is a promising possibility but requires close monitoring. The dynamics of volatile fatty acid (VFA) formation and further degradation to methane production are of special interest when providing high portions of fast degradable carbohydrates. Their fast degradability can impair process stability. The correlation of VFA loading and the biogas process was tested in four anaerobic continuously stirred tank reactors supplied with maize silage hourly and with sugar beet silage twice a day at a 12-h interval. The reactors differed in the amount of sugar beet silage and thus in total organic loading rate from 2.0 to 3.5 kgVS m−3 day−1. The VFA concentrations increased immediately after each input of sugar beet silage but levelled down until the next feeding period. At the highest organic loading rate, successive VFA accumulation escalated after 25 days (50 feeding periods) at 3.5 kgVS m−3 day−1, causing process failure with propionic acid concentrations exceeding 3500 mg L−1. The data revealed a strong negative exponential relationship between VFA concentrations and biogas and methane yields, respectively. High-resolution monitoring showed the instant dynamics of VFA production after intermittent sugar beet silage supply and the cumulative impact during increasing process disturbance.

Perancangan Blanking Compound Dies pada Mesin Press Sinao Kapasitas 250 kN untuk Proses Pembuatan Ring M20

In this design, the product we want to make is a die for the M 20 ring because the die we designed is helpful for student learning (practicum) at the Mechanical Technology Laboratory. The ring manufacturing process is carried out using one blanking compound dies. The blanking and piercing processes are carried out in one operation, thus saving time and money. This dies planning includes the process of designing dimensions and other supporting tools using the SolidWorks 2017 application. This design aims to produce blanking compound dies designs on press machines for the M20 ring manufacturing process with little or no defects and estimate the cost of making blanking compound dies. The method of analysis using Solidworks 2017 software includes displacement, von misses stress, safety factor. The results obtained from the 2017 SolidWorks analysis are to estimate the wear life of the punch and die to anticipate product failures. The material used in this ring is SAPH440 as defined in JIS 3113, starting from 2 mm to 14 mm. At the same time, the one we use for the M20 ring has a thickness of 2 mm. Based on the dies design calculations and data analysis that has been carried out, it is concluded that the use of blanking compound dies can reduce product defects due to dimensional accuracy in the dies and accelerate the production process of ring making.

Productive Failures: From Class Requirement to Fostering a Support Group

Mistakes occur frequently in mathematics. Reframing mistakes into positive moments can be psychologically important in a student’s educational journey. We investigated two tertiary math classes that explicitly valued mistakes through a pedagogical requirement called “productive failure”. For a percentage of their grade, students demonstrated how they made mistakes in their problem solving and, most importantly, how they overcame those mistakes. Through interviews, video-stimulated recalls, and evaluations of the course all from students, we initially looked for affectual responses to the pedagogical allowance and student-led demonstration. Many of the responses, both benefits and drawbacks of the productive failure, were interpreted by the research group to resemble the psychology literature on peer-led support groups. Descriptions of both productive failure and support groups, as well as quotes from the students, aim to shed light on psychological benefits of valuing mistakes. Finally, we believe that productive failures benefitted many students because it made the human aspect of mathematics more explicit.

Experimental verification of new features of bearing operation under combined loading conditions

Bearing units of lifting machines, products of construction, road, aviation, space and other branches of technology are very important structural elements, since the failure of even one bearing can cause the failure of the entire product. The results of experimental verification of the theoretical model of bearing operation under combined loading conditions are presented. The behavior under load of bearing units in the most general case can be represented by a sequence of five design schemes, expressed in the form of five statically indeterminate beams. The purpose of the experiments was to test this model under real loading conditions. The experiments were based on the analysis of the geometric shape of the curved elastic line, which the shaft of the bearing assembly acquires under load. The experimental results confirmed the validity of the model and showed that the previously generally accepted model of a two-support beam is not implemented. The conclusion is confirmed that in responsible lifting machines, as well as in responsible products of construction, road, aviation, space and other branches of technology, it is impractical to calculate bearings according to the traditional method, since an erroneous value of bearing durability can be obtained, overestimated from 28.37 to 26.663.9 times.

Material efficiency through wear protection – The contribution of tribology for reducing CO2 emissions

In the future, humanity will be under great ecological pressure to efficiently use resources and reduce energy and resource consumption. Tribology is not a directly visible consequence of human activities and is divided into energy consumption due to friction losses and additional resource consumption through wear and failures of machine elements and products. Based on the material streams allocated to applications with tribosystems or those depending on tribosystems, the contribution of increased longevity to reduce CO2 emissions is refined. Depending from the absolute amount of material stream considered, its portions allocated to tribology and assuming doubling the service life result in average in savings of 1.06–3.70 gigatons in mass of resources per year or of embedded 1.68–6.77 gigatons CO2eq.per year.

The "Inherent Vices" of Policy Design: Uncertainty, Maliciousness, and Noncompliance.

Policy designs must not only "work" in the sense of accomplishing their goals but must also work in their intended fashion. Most research to date has focused on the former topic and dwells on the technical aspects of how various tools and instruments could be utilized to achieve the aims and goals of policymakers. This branch of research tends to underemphasize the difficulties inherent to policy making including policy contexts that are often highly uncertain, policymakers who fall short of an idealized version of high capacity, well-intentioned decisionmakers grappling with relevant public problems, and policy-takers who fail to comply with government wishes. These "inherent vices" of policy making are factors which contribute to policy volatility or the risk of policy failure. The paper stresses the need for improved risk management and mitigation strategies in policy formulation and policy designs to take these risks into account. It sets out and develops an approach borrowed from product failure management (in manufacturing) and portfolio management (in finance) to help better assess and manage these risks.

Extreme Rare Events Identification Through Jaynes Inferential Approach.

The identification of extreme rare events is a challenge that appears in several real-world contexts, from screening for solo perpetrators to the prediction of failures in industrial production. In this article, we explain the challenge and present a new methodology for addressing it, a methodology that may be considered in terms of features engineering. This methodology, which is based on Jaynes inferential approach, is tested on a dataset dealing with failures in production in the pulp-and-paper industry. The results are discussed in the context of the benefits of using the approach for features engineering in practical contexts involving measurable risks.

An improving failure mode and effect analysis method for pallet exchange rack risk analysis

In order to enhance quality and reliability of mechanical and electrical products, the methods of taking corresponding corrective measures to eliminate or alleviate product failure in advance have been widely concerned. Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is a typical prevention reliability analysis method. However, there are some drawbacks in traditional FMEA method. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a hybrid risk evaluation method, which combines picture fuzzy sets (PFSs), the PF-linear programming model (PF-LPM) method and the PF-weighted aggregated sum product assessment (PF-WASPAS) method. We adopt PFSs to evaluate risks of products. In order to overcome drawback of the traditional distance between PFSs, some new distance measures between PFSs based on the Dice similarity and the Jaccard similarity are proposed by us. The PF-LPM method which considers the subjective weights of risk factors and calculates synthetical deviation with the Dice similarity-based distance is utilized to calculate the weights of risk factors. Moreover, the PFWA operator and the PFWG operator are used by us to fuse experts’ evaluation information. Then, the PF-WASPAS method is utilized to rank failure modes. Finally, an illustrative example with respect to pallet exchange rack is introduced, and the rationality, effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method are verified by a discussion and comparison.

Consumer cynicism in service failures

AbstractDespite growing corporate commitments to being customer‐centric, many customers perceive firms as self‐driven and caring only about their own business interests. This sentiment is projected in consumer cynicism, or negative consumer attitudes based on the disbelief in the sincerity of firms' motives and actions. We argue that consumer cynicism emerges in response to negative marketplace situations, such as service and product failures. Across four scenario‐based experiments and one video‐based experiment, our research examines cynicism as a key mediator, transmitting the effect of double deviation (i.e., a failure in delivery and in subsequent recovery) on negative electronic word‐of‐mouth and repurchase intention. We further demonstrate that consumer cynicism can be minimized when the provider uses cocreated recovery (i.e., engages consumers in recovery) even if the recovery fails and when the provider offers a strong empathetic apology (either before or after recovery failure). Our research contributes to consumer and service recovery research by highlighting an important but overlooked role of consumer cynicism in the context of double deviation. We also offer managerial insights into cocreation and empathetic apologies as cost‐effective recovery strategies to minimize cynicism.

Analysis of Production Control, Quality Control, and Total Quality Management Against Product Failure

Product quality and productivity are the keys to success for various production systems in the manufacturing world. The phenomenon that occurs in the production process at a manufacturing company located in the Jababeka I Cikarang industrial area is product failure because it does not comply with the standards set by the company. Continuous improvement needs to be done in both production control and quality control, and the implementation of Total Quality Management to reduce the number of product failures and the delivery of OK products to the next process is timely. This study aims to determine how much influence production control and quality control have on the quantity of failed products and how much influence the implementation of total quality management has on Product Failure in the Machining Department. The type of research used is quantitative, and research data were obtained from a sample of 150 respondents. Employees are selected randomly and proportionally in the production department. Data collection includes observation, distributing questionnaires, and literature study. Data processing using the Equation Modeling (SEM) program using the AMOS V.24 program. This study found that Production Control, Quality Control, Total Quality Management have a significant effect on Product Failure. The analysis of the full model shows the study results that the full model meets the goodness of fit. The results of the CR and VE tests showed that the value of (CR & VE) 1st CFA of the Production Control variable (1.0 & 0.9); 1st CFA Quality Control Variable (0.8 & 0.6); 1nd CFA variable Total Quality Management (0.9 & 0.7) and 1nd CFA variable Product Failure (0.7 & 0.6). Hypothesis testing shows results by following under theoretical studies that Production Control, Quality Control, Total Quality Management have a significant effect on Product Failure.

COMMON VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH GROUP 1 PULMONARY HYPERTENSION TREATED WITH INHALED PROSTACYCLINS

TOPIC: Pulmonary Vascular Disease TYPE: Fellow Case Reports INTRODUCTION: Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a disorder that is occasionally complicated by a rare form of interstitial lung disease: granulomatous lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD). Progression of GLILD may result in Group 3 pulmonary hypertension (PH). Group 1 PH is rare in CVID. We present a patient with CVID with group 1 PH treated with inhaled prostacyclin. CASE PRESENTATION: A 39-year-old woman with medical history of CVID treated with long-term intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy, immune mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) and chronic respiratory failure on 2 liters of supplemental oxygen presented with acute right ventricular (RV) failure and for evaluation of heart and lung transplant. She had worsening dyspnea. She was treated for pneumonia with sepsis. Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) chest showed pulmonary artery dilation, septal thickening, bilateral reticulation and mild bilateral lower lobe traction bronchiectasis, with scattered pulmonary nodules. This was suggestive of GLILD. Echocardiogram showed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 60%, pulmonary arterial pressure of 78 mmHg, with trivial pericardial effusion and severe RV dysfunction. Right heart catheterization demonstrated, in mmHg, right atrial pressure of 2, mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 42, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 2, cardiac output and index of 2.83 and 1.71 respectively with pulmonary vascular resistance of 14 wood units, consistent with severe PAH. Pulmonary function tests showed severe restrictive disease. The degree of PVR elevation was higher than what was expected in the setting of diffuse parenchymal lung disease, suggesting a vasculopathic component beyond that attributable to group 3 disease. There was concern of potentially worsening ventilation perfusion (VQ) mismatch if treated with pulmonary vasodilators. The patient was deemed a poor transplant candidate due to ITP and was started on inhaled Treprostinil, and discharged home on tapering dose of steroids and supplemental oxygen. She was seen in PH clinic where she is was showing improved New York Heart Association functional class and was tolerating inhaled treprostinil with no worsening in hypoxia. DISCUSSION: CVID is a severe immunodeficiency that is caused by failure of antibody production. GLILD is the usual primary pulmonary parenchymal disease associated with CVID. Progression of GLILD can be further complicated by the development of PH which is usually classified as Group 3. Until recently, these patients did poorly. CONCLUSIONS: Group 3 PH is not treated with pulmonary vasodilator therapy. Our patient did well on inhaled prostacyclin, in the setting of parenchymal lung disease. This is attributed to a pulmonary vascular phenotype, similar to those with PAH. Treatment of Group 1 PH in this setting with inhaled prostacyclin could represent a novel frontier in the treatment of pulmonary vascular phenotype. REFERENCE #1: Huston J, Johnson J, Hemnes A, Pugh M. Evidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension in two patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Pulm Circ. 2020 May 1;10(2):2045894020922792. doi: 10.1177/2045894020922792. PMID: 32426112; PMCID: PMC7218961. REFERENCE #2: P501 Pulmonary hypertension rates in common variable immunodeficiency J. Farmer M, Ong S, Barmettler, J. WalterDOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2017.09.067 REFERENCE #3: Pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung diseaseJ. Behr, J. H. RyuEuropean Respiratory Journal Jun 2008, 31 (6) 1357-1367; DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00171307 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by ALAA ABU SAYF, source=Web Response No relevant relationships by Sara Hegab, source=Web Response Speaker/Speaker's Bureau relationship with Bayer Please note: 11/20/20-4/2021 Added 04/29/2021 by Reem Ismail, source=Web Response, value=Consulting fee No relevant relationships by Rajaninder Sharma, source=Web Response

Micro crack imaging of silicon solar cells with SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy)

Both monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon based solar cells are proven to be widely used in the photovoltaic industry compared to other solar cell material such as titanium oxide or germanium due to abundant materials and economical production processes, however the problem occurs due to internal (crack) defects in the silicon wafers. The cracks of silicon solar cells occur due to the manufacturing process or when applying them to the field in a relatively short time. Research was also carried out to determine the cause of the cracks and how much damage had occurred that affected the performance of silicon solar cells. By using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) we will prove that, is it clear that the damage caused by production failure of external influences causes defects (micro cracks), holes, burns and so on. The advanced technology owned by SEM is expected to be reliable to find the location of the damage quickly and precisely because the result displayed are very accurate so that it is expected to be an evaluation for the solar cell production process in the future.

Leading change for creativity in schools: mobilizing creative risk-taking and productive failure

ABSTRACT Emerging research points to the importance of developing the capacities of teachers to help their students to be creative risk takers and to learn from productive failure. Facilitating this creative risk taking in learners has been shown to require expertise and a degree of risk taking on the part of both teachers and educational leaders. This article explores perspectives about leadership for creativity and risk taking, using Kurt Lewin’s theory of change, especially his idea of ‘unfreezing’. It is based on a case study of a school principal and six year 8 teachers at a private school in Melbourne, Australia. Using qualitative interview data, the principal’s perspective about change is explored and compared to how teacher participants enacted change in their practice as reported in a focus group. Examples from classrooms are reported from the perspective of teachers. The findings suggest that enacting creative risk and productive failure as pedagogical principles is a complex area of change, embedded with tensions between the realization and idealization of a leadership vision and critically involves the disposition of students. Meaningful enactment requires support from leadership and a willingness from teachers to be open to such ideas in the multidimensional space of classrooms.

Development of NR/SBR Based Rubber Compounds with Low Hysteresis and High Durability for Transmission V-Belts Applications

Power transmission by the belts is defined as, the transmission of power by a moving pulley to one or more driven machines through a flexible non-metallic member. There are different types of V-belts available,and Transmission Belts are one of them. Transmission V-Belt is the first invented non-metallic belts. Nowadays V-belts are used in various conditions, especially high-power transmission. These V-belts are finding their importance in many heavy industries. One of the good features of this type belt is no slippage occurs during the run. NR and SBR have used elastomers and can act as a base rubber material for this purpose. This study includes the compounding improvement for transmission V-Belts with NR and SBR rubber blends. There were so many numbers of failures in different ways during the initial research. Product failure methods and effect analysis (PFMA) have done by testing the belts multiple times and it has found that the major factors for the failure and less durability were excessive heat build-up (HBU) and poor fatigue resistance, poor crack initiation and growth, the resistance of the materials. So, initially reduction of HBU has successfully made in many steps by studying the properties of various compounds with a different type of fillers combinations, rubber combinations, curing systems variations etc. We have also improved the adhesion strength with cord and fabrics. Initially, we have taken one compound showing better properties in all aspects and have taken Belt Trial. And after some more improvement, we have found a compound showing better properties in all the cases than first trial and regular trials.By using that compound, we have developed Belts and showing better durability than earlier experiments and regular production.

Quality Control of Ink Bottles in Efforts to Control Defect Products in Candi Plastik Home Industry

Quality is one of the most important things in terms of competition between companies. Products that are not of quality will be rejected. Many home industries lose competitiveness in terms of quality, it could be due to inaccurate machining. This causes a lot of product defects. A dozen years this home industry was established, but has not yet met the minimum target defect target of products set by consumers. Quite a lot of products have to be replaced and reworked. So we need a tool to control quality and detect the causes of product defects and then repair the cause. Seven tools are the seven basic tools that are able to solve the quality problems faced by production. Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a tool to detect the causes of production failures. The application of these two tools is expected to be able to control quality, meet the minimum specifications of consumers, detect the causes and correct the causes, increase productivity, reduce losses, and increase consumer confidence. The results of this study are seven tools and FMEA able to control product defects, the percentage of product defects produced by 22.5%, the cause of product defects is caused by 4 factors namely machinery, humans, methods, and raw materials. Whereas based on FMEA analysis, the main cause of product defects is the machine, and proposed control settings of the machine.

Exploring creative risk-taking and productive failure in classroom practice. A case study of the perceived self-efficacy and agency of teachers at one school

There is an emerging body of research about the importance of creative risk-taking and productive failure in classroom teaching across discipline areas. However, teachers’ confidence in engaging with these pedagogical ideas in their classrooms can be inhibited by perceived barriers, such as assessment demands, expectations by administrators, and the orchestration of technologies in a meaningful way. This article reports a case study in a private school in Melbourne, Australia. Six teachers experimented with risk-taking and productive failure through digital technologies in their Year 8 classes across different discipline areas. This paper examines the beliefs of these teachers about their creative capacity to enact these pedagogical ideas with technology. Using Albert Bandura's ideas of self-efficacy beliefs, mastery experiences and self-appraisal and adaptations, this study investigates the sense of agency that teachers experienced in exploring these ideas in their classrooms. Findings indicate that teachers believed that risk-taking and productive failure are important, but they experienced internal and external barriers to implementing these ideas, especially in regard to the use of digital technologies, managing student apprehension and designing learning that includes risk-taking and productive failure.

Investigating students\u2019 perceived authenticity of learning activities in an out-of-school lab for social sciences: a replication study

Out-of-school labs (OSLs) aim to foster students’ interest in and knowledge about scientific ways of thinking and working by engaging them in authentic activities that emulate processes of scientific inquiry. However, research has not yet focused on investigating whether students perceive those activities as authentic and whether students’ perceived authenticity is related to further motivational (e.g. situational interest) or cognitive (e.g. achievement) learning outcomes. An authentic learning activity that emulates scientific inquiry processes is Productive Failure (PF). In PF, students are asked to explore solutions to a complex problem before they have to falsify their solutions during instruction. The present study, which aims to replicate the findings of a previous study, investigates whether PF has an impact on students’ perceived authenticity and their situational interest in an OSL for social sciences. We further examined whether students’ perceived authenticity is associated with their situational interest and knowledge acquisition. For this purpose, we conducted a quasi-experimental study with 152 10th graders and compared PF to Direct Instruction (DI). DI can be characterized as less authentic, as it promotes the conceptualization of scientific inquiry being nothing else but an application of instructions. The results mostly replicate the findings of the previous study, showing that the authenticity level of the learning activity did neither affect students’ perceived authenticity nor their situational interest. Furthermore, students’ perceived authenticity correlated with their situational interest but not with their knowledge acquisition. We discuss the results in light of previous research on the effectiveness of authentic learning settings.

To outsource or not to outsource? Warranty service provision strategies considering competition, costs and reliability

Warranty services play an important role in protecting customers against product failure and signaling manufacturers' product quality. In this paper, we study two warranty service provision strategies, i.e., outsourcing to third-party service providers or not outsourcing, for two competing manufacturers by considering the competition intensity, service costs and product reliability. The results show that manufacturers will be more willing to outsource when a service provider's cost advantage is high or the competition is more intense. The results also show that both manufacturers' profits are nonmonotonic in competition intensity, service costs and product reliability in equilibrium. This leads to counterintuitive results that more intense competition, higher service costs or lower product reliability may increase both manufacturers' profitability depending on their warranty service outsourcing decisions. Next, by investigating the customer surplus and social welfare, we show that there exists a “triple-win” region in which warranty service outsourcing benefits manufacturers' profits, customer surplus and social welfare at the same time only if service providers' cost advantage and the competition intensity are both high. Finally, to test the robustness of the main results and gain additional managerial insights, several important extensions that consider product complementarity, cost asymmetry, failure probability ambiguity, customer risk aversion and warranty lengths are discussed.

Application of MADM Methods for the Synthesis of Alumina/Lanthanum Hexa-aluminate Powders by Chemical Precipitation and Filtration Method

In product design, the selection of apt material plays a vital role as each material has individual uniqueness that add numerous aspects to suit the specific application. Picking of wrong material selection promotes product failure and also high-cost contribution. Consequently, it becomes hard to pick a specific one among the different materials available. For the choice of content, a better methodology is increasingly appreciated. MADM methods are the most looming concepts in today’s world which facilitate the decision maker to select best strategies among the different variable alternatives. Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) strategies based on mathematical models include a ranking of the various alternatives, making it easier to make decisions. As a thermal barrier coating (TBC), Lanthanum Hexa-aluminate (LHA) with a magneto plumbite structure is a promising competitor to yitria partially stabilized zirconia (Y-PSZ) and is synthesized via a chemical precipitation and filtration process.LHA is proved to be an efficient material however the correct composition reflecting better mechanical properties is a challenging task. Therefore, this paper presents the selection of best composition of Lanthanum Hexa-aluminate ceramic powder using AHP and TOPSIS methods and also the impact of weighting factors has been addressed as well.