Product Design Process Research Articles

Sustainable and environmental friendly production practices among the Indian apparel designers

This study’s goal is to ascertain the methods used by various fashion designer’s about environmental friendly, sustainability and incorporates it into their design and production practices, as apparel industry is the world’s second most polluted industry(WEF, Jan 2020).The following research questions serve as a framework for the study: (1) Is there a substantial difference between environmentally friendly, sustainability and production practices in apparel industry and to propose an environment friendly strategic framework for the apparel industry,(2)what is the extent of current designer’s environmental friendly and sustainability knowledge? (3) How effectively are designers implementing their sustainability knowledge in their design and production practice? The present study linked the 63 designers in Delhi and NCR ,sustainable design concerns, to the product lifecycle and design processes, to acquire a better picture of their expertise towards fashion sustainability.

MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION-BASED METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ASSISTANCE TOOLS FOR PRODUCT DESIGN IN THE METAL-MECHANICS INDUSTRY. APPLICATION TO THE DESIGN OF EXTRUSION DIES.

There are still some product design and development processes in the metal-mechanics industry that continue to be based principally on similar experiences and on the designer's own experience. These designs are, in later phases, generally checked and analysed by means of FEM (Finite Element Method) simulations or other methods in order to verify whether they are optimal. The creation of tools with which to assist design in the initial phase is, therefore, a major step forward as regards facilitating the attainment of good results in the shortest possible time and with the least possible number of design-simulation-redesign iterations. The objective of this paper is to provide a detailed description of a methodology based on mathematical formulation for the creation of tools to assist in the design of moulds or dies in the metal-mechanical sector. The strategy is based on the value analysis of a multitude of variables from a large number of proven optimal designs. The result is an assistancea tool that, by means of a mathematical formulation, attempts to concentrate the experience and know-how accumulated in many previous designs. This tool can be quickly and easily applied in order to check and attempt to adjust a new first design to the criteria of the accumulated experience. An example of the application of the methodology by means of an assistance tool with which to design aluminium extrusion porthole dies is, therefore, shown. Several lines of research, however, remain open as regards other applications of the methodology and its improvement through the introduction of artificial intelligence. Keywords: design methodology; tool development; mathematical formulation; die design; porthole die; FEM

Challenges for The Circular Economy in Manufacturing

The introduction of the circular economy (CE) in production, minimizing waste, maximizing resource use, reducing environmental impact, conservation, and safety for society. The main objective is to choose appropriate methods that influence product design, process design, service design, and production design. 1.5 °C Supply chain leaders have taken the initiative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions throughout the value chain, halving them by 2030 and reducing emissions to zero by 2050. Achieving a circular economy requires the integration of the three critical elements of products, processes, and systems across the three dimensions of environment, economy and social. CE has become a major paradigm shift in the way companies interact with society and the environment. The implementation of CE initiatives aims to conserve scarce resources, close energy, and material loops, and enable sustainable development at various levels of business processes. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target 12.5 aims to significantly reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse by 2030, which will require actions and strategies from various stakeholders to achieve the goals. It may take time to see the impact on the organization and society, but the timeline has already begun.

Metoda za izgradnju generalizovane tabele parametara u inženjerskom projektovanju tehničkih sistema - struktura rešetke kao studija slučaja

Design parameters are a crucial element of the product design process. However, design parameter models are often used to solve specific design problems. Generalizing design parameters is an approach to tackle more design problems. This study contributes to resolving certain limitations associated with modeling and representing the design parameters. This paper presents a generalized table of parameters (GTP) for modeling system parameters. This table is linked to a contextual database based on data and information collected from scientific databases, experts' interviews, and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Finite Element Modeling (FEM) software analysis and usage. The proposed representative table shows the robustness of integrating multiple sources of information to present a holistic and generalized view of the design system. The quality of the provided data in the table is assessed by applying certain evaluating dimensions and indicators. A case study will be presented on the lattice structure within a specific context in the mechanical field.

Research on design elements of household medical products for rhinitis based on AHP.

To improve the scientificity of household medical product design for rhinitis patients, this study used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to provide guidance for household medical product design strategy. In the process of design decision-making, the identification of user needs and the evaluation of the scheme depend heavily on the designer's experience and knowledge. The main contribution of this paper is to evaluate the design elements through the AHP method and apply it to the actual design work. This work can greatly reduce the risk in design decisions. First, the AHP model and evaluation matrix of design elements were established and sorted out by semantic analysis of users' research results. Second, an expert group was invited to score using the 1-9 scale method. Then, the geometric mean method was used to calculate the weight shares of different indicators so as to rank them. Finally, the strategy was proposed based on ranking indicator weights, and product design was carried out. The application of AHP can make the product design process more objective and rigorous. The design scheme of this study can provide references and ideas to promote the vigorous development of household medical products for rhinitis patients.

Semiotic Approach in Lighting Product Design

Today, in addition to the basic functions of saving from darkness, it is also important for the lighting products to carry aesthetic values. In the designs, it is aimed to show the spaces different than they are, even to highlight them, to present successful, creative, artistic images and to create visual effects.
 Lighting products are design products that contain aesthetic elements in terms of being selectable and attracting attention. Industrial products carry meaning in respect to their cultural and communal reality. Therefore, these products are means of communication, and signs are one of the important tools for establishing this communication. In terms of designers, it is important to use the signs conveniently to convey the product to the target group.
 The aim of this study is to reveal how the semiotic approach can contribute to the design process. It is foreseen that the designs that are created by the designers with the inspiration of semiotic approach can easily find response in terms of marketability and perceptibility in the target audience. 
 In the study, as a method some home lighting products were selected from various sources and the examples were analyzed by using Peirce's triple semiotic classification of icon, index, and symbol. As a result of this semiotic analysis, it has been determined that using the visual elements in lighting product design is a frequently used method in design to make the products to be adopted by the target group. In the product design process, it has been seen that the semiotic elements guide the designers with deliberative placements, give them a creative perspective and inspire them.

Integrated Production and Distribution Planning using Mathematical Model for Maximizing Profit

In three-dimensional concurrent engineering context, product, process, and supply chain designs are approached by the imperative of concurrency principle. The imperative of concurrency proposes product architecture and supply chain architecture conducted simultaneously. The detailed product design and production process design are conducted simultaneously. While manufacturing system design is conducted simultaneously with logistic system design. This study concerns on integrating production planning with distribution planning in a new plastic bags plant. Since the plant is relatively new, the number of orders is still scarce. Therefore, production planning becomes critical. Producing more products than required creates inventories while producing as many as the order required creates an intermittent production schedule. A mathematical is developed to simultaneously schedule production and distribution to maximize profit. The model provides solutions on the number of materials to be delivered, the number of products produced and delivered within its period for the planning horizon.

Selected Determinants of Machines and Devices Standardization in Designing Automated Production Processes in Industry 4.0

The study presents a practical application of multi-criteria standardization of machines and devices in the design of the automated production processes in industry 4.0 and its direct impact on the economic aspects of an enterprise, along with a comparison of the state before and after the implementation of the proposed changes. The solutions recommended in the article also fit into the assumptions of low-carbon development by implementing solutions that reduce energy consumption. The research carried out and presented in the text confirmed the effectiveness of the described solution. The study also presents examples confirming the correctness of implementing standardization, synergy and coherence in the design of production processes. Additionally, a new advanced eLean application was presented to support production processes in the field of Lean Management. The Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) module currently implemented in the industry is concerned with ensuring the maximum efficiency of machines and devices.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE INTERNAL FORM OF SHOES USING MODERN PROGRESSIVE TECHNOLOGIES

In this work we investigate the improvement of comfort of modern shoes due to the improvement of its internal shape, according to the anatomy of the foot. For this purpose, we offer the new method for the development of an ergonomic anthropometrically justified form of the last based on the 3d scanning results of the customer’s foot and it`s plaster cast. The reverse engineering method and progressive software was used for that aim. An increased level of shoe comfort is achieved through the use of individual anthropometric insoles, which are designed based on the relief of the plantar surface of the foot obtained by 3D scanning of its plaster cast. An increased level of footwear comfort is achieved, among other things, through the use of individual anthropometric insoles designed on the basis of the relief of the plantar surface of the foot, obtained by 3D scanning of its plaster cast. To create the most comfortable anatomical insoles, the main requirements for their design were analyzed. When designing the shape of the insole, the recommendations of the orthopedist were taken into account. In the development of the last and insoles, progressive software was used: Foot3D for foot 3d scanning, Delcam Crispin LastMaker and PowerShape for shoe last modeling and modifications, and ArtCAM for designing insoles and preparing them for CNC- milling. The manufacturing process of shoe last and anatomical insoles is implemented with the help of only one 3-ways CNC-machine, which ensures a consistent and complex making process without the need for additional equipment. The development of the main elements of the form in the environment of universal progressive programs (PowerShape) provides a further logical converting 3d model to a flat pattern, which contributes to a closed cycle of automation of all design production processes.

Post-refolding stability considerations for optimization of in-vitro refolding: L-asparaginase as a case study.

L-Asparaginase is an essential enzyme for the food and biopharmaceutical industry. The stability, however, of L-asparaginase is widely known to be an issue. Commercial manufacturing of any biopharmaceutical involves hold-ups during processing, and can result in product loss if stability is an issue, as is the case with L-asparaginase. This interplay of product intermediate stability and process design is the focus of this investigation. In this study, we propose a strategy to simultaneously increase the refolding yield and stability of refolded L-asparaginase so as to improve overall process yield. Using one variable at a time (OVAT) experiments, urea (6M), solubilized inclusion bodies (15mg/ml), refolding method (step dilution), and pH (8.6) were identified as significant process parameters. A design of experiment (DOE)-based optimization was then performed for the refolding step. The net outcome was more than a three-fold increase in enzyme recovery (i.e., 4.90IU/ml) compared to unoptimized conditions (i.e., 1.26IU/ml). Further, the L-asparaginase process intermediate was found to be stable for more than a week at room temperature and 2-8°C, while the unoptimized sample was stable at 2-8°C but did not show any activity at room temperature after 72h. The current study elucidates how process intermediate stability needs to be given due consideration during process optimization, particularly for products such as L-asparaginase which are labile.

Research on product process design and optimisation model based on IoT intelligent computing

Abstract In this article, some complex parameters of the product and design processes, how to match and optimise the sub-parts of related industrial products and how to improve the quality of the corresponding products and the competitiveness of the product in the international market are discussed in this article. We also build an algorithm based on the particle swarm and XGBoost algorithms, combined with the intelligent computing of the Internet of Things (IoT). We transform some uncertain factors in the process of the industrial product design process through the fuzzy matrix, select the optimal design through the optimised intelligent computing of the IoT scheme and compare the influence of the scheme before and after optimisation on production efficiency. The results show that the method proposed in this article can reduce the time-consumption of optimal solution selection by 42.85%–52.94%. In addition, selecting the optimal solution for each field in a targeted manner can increase the overall production efficiency of the product by about 5%, reaching between 93.6% and 96.5%, which may save raw materials and create more economic value.

Process design and environmental analysis for catalytic production of gamma-valerolactone from Kenaf

Previous studies have suggested to report the effectiveness in an economically viable insight of generation of gamma-valerolactone (GVL) from non-food biomass resources, but the environmental performance has less been conducted. When a new biorefinery process is presented for production of GVL from non-food biomass resources, environmental performances including carbon dioxide emission will be improved compared to the conventional production approaches. This study designs the more environmentally-friendly GVL process and expands to a LCA framework for the use of non-food biomass derived GVL as a product and solvent. To examine Kenaf utilization as a non-food biomass on GVL prodcution, this study focuses on process design and life cycle assessment (LCA) to indentify the global warming potentials (GWP) and fossil resource scarcity (FRS) of GVL production. The GWP and FRS results of Kenaf-based GVL were estimated to −1.326 kg CO2 eq. and −0.513 kg oil eq. of pure GVL. The LCA has been conducted in consideration of Kenaf growth farmland and biorefinery construction site located in Jeollabuk-do in South Korea.

Integrating generative design and topology optimisation with product design values

Advances in computer technology and software increasingly encourage the usage of CAD tools for designing forms that algorithmically manipulate ‘structural’ and ‘surface’ features. These sophisticated new computational processes, broadly known as ‘generative design’ and ‘topology optimisation’, are very likely to become a regular part of the product design process for many types of products. A core value of design practice is the development of intuition and iterative skills to explore the technical and experiential performance of design concepts through sketching, model making, and prototyping. Identifying ways to integrate ‘generative design’ and ‘topology optimisation’ CAD processes with ‘making’ as a core value in product design concept development is a significant challenge - particularly for design education. A related concern is that ‘topology optimisation’ can generate structurally optimised parts for the amount and type of material used, which essentially determines the fabrication method. Often these parts in their raw form can only be made using 3D printing technologies, though they can (and often need to) be ‘styled’ or modified. Therefore, the relationship to 3D printing and its limitations as an end-part manufacturing technology must be critically tested as part of the design process. The practice-led research presented includes a case study of the design of a mountain bike (MTB) crank arm developed using an integrated design process that incorporates a series of ‘topology optimisation’ simulations. The authors undertook the project to inform the design of a new ‘generative design’ and ‘topology optimisation’ studio-based subject to be offered to second and third-year product design students at the University of Technology Sydney. The research proposes a form of integrated design practice that values ‘making’ iteratively, and the advancing CAD-based ‘generative design’ and ‘topology optimisation’ tools to responsibly support experiential learning in product design, manufacturing and engineering.

Bioreactor and process design for 2G ethanol production from xylose using industrial S. cerevisiae and commercial xylose isomerase

Second-generation ethanol has gained attention since the increase in demand for renewable fuels, but some issues still impair its feasibility, such as the conversion of xylose from biomass. Many routes can be explored for this purpose, but Simultaneous Isomerization and Fermentation (SIF) stand out due to the possibility of working with robust, non-genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. This work addresses bioreactor and process designs for SIF, using high enzyme and yeast load in their commercial forms, that can be introduced in the current ethanol-sugar industry. Characterization of two xylose isomerases (IGI-HF and Sweetzyme) in SIF conditions showed that both are suitable for the process. Between two industrial yeast strains evaluated, S. cerevisiae “Itaiquara” (baker’s yeast) was selected due to its superior xylulose assimilation. Problems with mass transfer and cell damage due to the presence of enzyme particles at high loads were faced, and different strategies were evaluated. Promising ethanol productivity (0.87 gEtOH/L/h, for 50 gDCW/L and 53,000 IU/L) was achieved using an enzyme-multiple-packed bed reactor. In addition, it allowed easy enzyme recovery and reuse, enabling its application in repeated batch operations integrated into the 1G ethanol process.

The Role of Green Entrepreneurship and Green Variables in Sustainable Development in the Culinary Sector in Indonesia: Early Days of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The UN Sustainable Development Goals are among the crucial missions of countries worldwide, including Indonesia. Nevertheless, application of a production system does not guarantee sustainability, and the Indonesian government’s support for sustainability in the entrepreneurial sector is nonoptimal. This study investigates green entrepreneurship in Indonesia’s culinary sector in relation to sustainable development and green variables. Using a culinary sector survey based on the UNWTO and the Ministry of Tourism, this study references primary questionnaire data, applying a random sampling technique and structural equation modeling covariance with a sample of 270 respondents. The results indicate that the provision of green products affects sustainable development, regardless of respondents’ green entrepreneurship. While green products may affect sustainable development, directly or through green entrepreneurship, green design does not appear to affect sustainable development, and green entrepreneurship does not appear to support sustainable conditions. Environmentally friendly product design and production processes have generated multiple recyclable products; however, the culinary sector must be made aware of the entrepreneurial ecosystem surrounding culinary business governance and the concerns and practices of sustainable development. This study was conducted at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and represents the conditions of the culinary sector during the pandemic.

The Influence of Hand Tracking and Haptic Feedback for Virtual Prototype Evaluation in the Product Design Process

Abstract Product evaluation throughout the design process is a fundamental task for product success, which also helps to reduce design-related costs. Physical prototyping is a common method to assess design alternatives, but often requires significant amounts of time and money. Extended reality (XR) technologies are changing how products are presented to the user, making virtual prototyping an effective tool for product evaluation. However, it is generally assumed that our perceptual and emotional responses to a product viewed in an XR modality are comparable to those elicited by the physical product. This paper reports the results of a study where a group of participants evaluated three designs of a product (i.e., umbrella stands) when viewed in a real setting, virtual reality (VR), and VR with passive haptics. Our goal was to observe the influence of visual media in product perception, and how the use of a complementary item (i.e., a physical umbrella) for interaction as well as user design expertise influence product assessment. Results show that the Jordan’s psycho-pleasure category of assessment was the most affected by the presentation medium, whereas the ideo-pleasure category was the only category not influenced by the medium. We also highlight that the use of VR with passive haptics could be an effective tool for product evaluation, as illustrated by the study of umbrella stands and young consumers. Our study also shows that the user’s background does not influence the level of confidence in their responses, but it can influence the assessment of certain product features. Finally, the use of a complementary item for interaction may have a significant effect on product perception.

Big Data Technology Fusion Back Propagation Neural Network in Product Innovation Design Method

With the rapid development of science and technology, the big data market has emerged. In addition to the influence of the modern market environment, more and more enterprises pursue great profits, which requires enterprises to have higher standards for their products. Therefore, product innovation is an inevitable trend. However, product innovation is a comprehensive problem, involving a wide range. Both the characteristics of the product and the consumer should be taken into account. In the design method, it is necessary to pay attention to the interrelation with big data. Firstly, the theory of big data technology is expounded, including the framework and the principle of big data technology, and the classification of data analysis. Secondly, this research explains the process and method of product design, as well as the market-based research process, and proposes the route of using big data technology for product innovation. Finally, the Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Context (MS-COCO) data set is taken as the research object, and ten groups of data are selected. Through the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) model and neural style transfer (NTS) model, the results of the product innovation design method of big data technology are predicted. Two experiments were carried out, namely, the comparison analysis of the prediction accuracy of BPNN and NTS model; the error analysis of BPNN prediction and NTS model, and the final quality assessment of the two products. The final results reveal that: (1) the prediction accuracy of the BPNN is around 95.71%, and the prediction accuracy of the NTS model is about 85.7%. Therefore, the prediction accuracy of the BPNN is obviously higher than that of the NTS model in the product innovation design method. (2) The mean absolute error (MAE) of the prediction of the BPNN model is about 0.08, and the MAE of the prediction of the NTS model is about 0.11. Thus, the error of the BPNN model in the product innovation design method for product prediction is small. Furthermore, based on the BPNN model, the quality assessment of the two products is finally carried out, and the error rate is 0.11% and 0.12% respectively, which is very small. Thereby, the BPNN model has higher accuracy in predicting the product innovation design methods. The big data technology studied here is of great significance to the product innovation design method and has certain research significance for the intelligent and systematic design of products. Combined with the BPNN model, the accuracy of the prediction ability of product innovation can be guaranteed to a certain extent. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The problematics of financialization – On the important (but neglected) horizontal axis of organizational action

Abstract This study traces the financialization of the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson from 1990 to 2000. Previous research has explained financialization in terms of the influence of actors (e.g., fund managers and financial analysts) and accounting technologies (e.g., increased use of stock options and financially oriented incentive systems) associated with what Hopwood (1983) labelled the vertical axis of organizational action. Our case, however, shows that the horizontal axis of organizational action (Ericsson’s inter-firm relationship with the lead firm Vodafone) played a pivotal role. This horizontal axis is theorized by drawing on accounting literature relating to inter-firm relations and more general literature concerning two types of supplier adaptations in global value chains: first, the design and exchange of products; and second, production processes and organizational structure. Horizontal pressure from Vodafone compelled Ericsson to adapt its product design and development processes, which in turn created conditions for vertical pressures to accrete. We found that actors (an Ericsson supply chain manager and Vodafone’s purchasing director) and accounting technologies (a global price list) informing the horizontal axis of organizational action played vital roles in supplier adaptations. Such actors and accounting technologies are viewed as ‘purely operational’ in prior work, but our findings suggest they initiated and sustained a financialization process with far-reaching and long-lasting effects within Ericsson. Indeed, both actors and accounting technologies which, at first glance, may seem to have little connection to financialization processes, played a central role through the constitution of a horizontal axis of organizational action.

Product design activity as a process to develop a therapeutic toys for self-managed depression among adolescents

Adolescent mental health issues are on the rise, with rates rising from one in ten in 2011 to one in five in 2016. This issue was predicted to be one of the top causes of global disability by 2020. Hence, with the aim to develop a therapeutic toy for self-managed depression, this paper intends to elucidate the product design process based on the criteria of therapies practiced by patients to manage mild and moderate depression. Semi-structured inter-views were conducted with a clinical psychologist, three licensed counsellors, and six young depressive disorder patients as a methodology for gathering empirical data, which was then followed by the design process. The result of the interview indicates a multitude of design needs in self-managed depresssion. Therefore, a few design criteria have been proposed and a set of the non-working models of the therapeutic toys was successfully developed as a proposal for potential future development and production. It is hoped that the outcome of the study exhibits the synchronization of the design thinking process inside the ergonomics ergo system framework in order to generate the design for the patient.

RADIAL EXTRUSION OF A PIPE BILLET WITH INTERNAL LEDGE. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THEORETICAL FORMULAS DURING EXTRUSION WITH HARDENING OF STEELS 10, 12KH18N9T AND BRASS L63

A continuation of the experimental verification of theoretical results, begun in previous articles, is outlined.Studies of extrusion of hardening materials were carried out: steels 10, 12KH18N9T and brass L63. The method of taking into account hardening in technological calculations is shown in detail. The high accuracy of the obtained calculation formulas and the suitability of the developed methods for designing production processes have been confirmed.