Product Design Phase Research Articles

The role of product design in designer-buyer-supplier interface

This paper advocates early supplier involvement in the early phases of product design and development in a concurrent engineering environment. A concurrent engineering environment and the benefits of such involvement are explained in detail. The paper then focuses on facilitating an interface and collaboration among designer, supplier, and buyer at three planning horizons: strategic, intermediate, and tactical with respect to product design and development. A set of propositions and corollaries for each area of interface at each level of planning are proposed. These propositions and corollaries are intended to effectively accomplish the design-based sourcing and early supplier involvement. Then, each proposition is evaluated in practice and the extent of difference from theory to practice is discussed. Finally, concluding remarks and an assessment are presented.

Achieving quality through supportability

In the current drive to improve product quality through its reliability, maintainability and supportability characteristics, supportability has emerged as the key area in which customers can have an impact, the other two aspects being increasingly integrated into the product design phase. Previous work on supportability has indicated that product or system owners can be most influential in the areas of spares estimation and shared capital investment equipment provision. The effect of spares provisioning has previously been considered at some length. Presents the development of a mathematical model for estimating the impact of the level of shared capital investment equipment provided on the supportability. Such a model would then allow engineering practitioners to assess the implications of their decisions regarding resource allocation, in terms of the overall system availability.

The role of logistics in concurrent engineering

This paper supports early logistics involvement in the early phases of product design and development in a con- current engineering environment. A concurrent engineering environment and the benefits of such involvement are explained in detail. The paper then focuses on facilitating an interface and collaboration between the designer and the logistician. Four areas of interface are considered: 1. (a) logistics engineering, 2. (b) manufacturing logistics, 3. (c) design for packaging, and 4. (d) design for transportability. A set of prescriptive design rules and suggestions for each area of inter- face are proposed. These rules and suggestions are intended to effectively accomplish the design for logistics concerns. The design rules and suggestions are meant to be comprehensive and generic in order to allow designers and logisti- cians to meet their own particular case. In conclusion, a set of concluding remarks and assessments are provided.

Reliability Prediction in Early Phases of Product Design

Summary Computer support of design and development procedures is becoming more and more diversified, sophisticated and efficient. Can it be expected that the design and development process will, in the future, be fully controlled by highly sophisticated computer support, analytical modeling and simulation? The paper explains some drawbacks of the design evaluation method by which dimensional suitability is evaluated using the criterion or 'sufficient safety’, and points to the advantages of 'design for reliability’ enabling simultaneous evaluation of the functional and dimensional suitability of solutions. Research has shown that even the most complete computer-supported analytical methods do not enable the designer to predict reliability during operation with sufficiently low statistical risk. Even the implementation of partial, yet relevant tests results into the analytical reliability evaluation process does not essentially improve its efficiency. It is only model or prototype testing that makes it possibk to predict reliability with sufficiently low risk. A new method was developed to predict the probability of stress state occurrences during operation. It probably need not be mentioned that this kind of reliability prediction requires maximum computer support. So to meet these needs, a computer-supported system for this kind of analysis has been developed.

Safety engineering to be performed during the product design phase

Safety engineering to be performed during the product design phase

Ergonomics application in the N250 aircraft design process, approach, analysis, and assessment model.

In the decade of the 1990's the human aspect has once again taken center stage in the design and operation of commercial aircraft. As occupation health and safety has gained importance in society in general, it has gained even more importance in the design an operation of commercial aircraft. In aircraft design today, the man-machine interface is considered in every task of the human workload. The discipline of ergonomics truly impacts each phase of product or tool design. At IPTN, the ergonomics effort is principally being applied to the design of the cockpit, cabin and cargo compartment of the N250. The ergonomists at IPTN are keenly aware that there would be a conflict between the user and his working environment without proper attention to the human considerations in the design is left for ergonomists and innovative programs like IPTN's participatory approach, to ensure that the human aspect is optimized in the man-machine interface.

Green Product Manufacturing

This paper describes tools, systems, and specific programs put in place within AT&T to achieve end-to-end environmentally responsible, or green, manufacturing. Together, these incorporate design for environment (DFE) criteria in product and process design phases, monitor and control manufacturing processes to minimize waste and use of materials, conserve water through reuse, and reduce volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions through process and solvent replacement.

Design support based on projection of information across the product-development life cycle by means of case-based reasoning

Information that originates during the late stages of the product development life cycle can provide important advice in subsequent designs regarding potential 'good' and 'poor' outcomes during product development and manufacturing activities. It is possible to provide information system solutions that project such information into the product design phase. Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a method that has been found to provide design support during the product prototyping stages. CBR methods are based on the ability to characterise cases so that a degree of similarity can be found between the problem case and the potential advice cases. Similar cases can then be used to influence the problem case thus drawing on experience. The CBR system reported is used to support the design of a product with a high probability of being fit for its purpose. The reasoning is therefore based on the customer requirement specification as well as design data and historically observed functional characteristics of standard assemblies, parts and form features. The system was tested and evaluated in an automotive manufacturing enterprise with positive results.

A morphological approach to product design in a concurrent engineering environment

The development of product design in a concurrent engineering environment requires the consideration and inclusion of life cycle factors early in the design process. This paper proposes a product design framework where these factors are considered. The phases of product design in a concurrent engineering environment include: design requirements, design functions, design alternatives, design attributes, and design environments. A five-step algorithm is proposed by which the optimal design alternative, among all the feasible alternatives, is selected. In order to illustrate the proposed framework, the design of a braking system is presented in each phase. A morphological approach to product design is proposed that consists of two related morphologies. Morphology 1 addresses the innovative aspect of product design. Morphology 2 considers the computational and optimisation aspect of product design. In conclusion, an integrated approach which reconciles both morphologies is suggested.

Analysing Materials Handling Needs in Concurrent/Simultaneous Engineering

In simultaneous/concurrent engineering (SE/CE), many functions are performed concurrently; however, manufacturing logistics design is seldom considered. Presents an integrated methodology for the design of manufacturing logistics and links it with early phases of product design. The concept of “adaptability factor” is proposed, linking choice of manufacturing technology to handling operations performed.

Transit packaging—a global view

AbstractIn any large multinational Corporation responsible for the movement of finished equipment on a global basis, the logistics problems created can be daunting. This paper outlines how we endeavour to minimize the risk of in‐transit damage by the use of laboratory test facilities during the design phase of a new product—this could be 3 years prior to launch.First, however, we have to examine the current logistic patterns of our equipment movements. This paper illustrates some of the problems and pitfalls presented to the packaging designers of a large corporation. The challenges are nearly always fun to overcome, and with the ever‐changing distribution patterns and the introduction of new technologies we can never afford to be complacent.

Relating product specifications and performance data with a neural network model for design improvement

This paper presents research resulting in a neural network model relating product design specifications and performance testing results using data from a sanitary ware manufacturer. The main constraint of the work was the limited availability of actual data for neural network training and testing, a situation often found in real situations where a priori product knowledge is limited during the product design phase. The authors used two training techniques, the standard hold-back and the leave-k-out, for the neural network model to leverage the sparseness of the data. Neural network results are compared and contrasted to statistical models relating product design and performance. This work is an exploration of the value of neural network models to assist with interactive product design.

Managing quality costs with the help of activity-based costing

Journal of Electronics ManufacturingVol. 02, No. 04, pp. 153-160 (1992) PAPERSNo AccessManaging quality costs with the help of activity-based costingDANIEL M. JORGENSON and E. MICHAEL ENKERLINDANIEL M. JORGENSONHewlett Packard Company, Networked Computer Manufacturing Operation, 8000 Foothills, Blvd, Roseville, CA 95678, USA Search for more papers by this author and E. MICHAEL ENKERLINHewlett Packard Company, Networked Computer Manufacturing Operation, 8000 Foothills, Blvd, Roseville, CA 95678, USA Search for more papers by this author https://doi.org/10.1142/S0960313192000182Cited by:9 PreviousNext AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsRecommend to Library ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail AbstractAs computer products mature, gain widespread user acceptance, and become more commodity-like due to industry standardization, product cost becomes an overriding aspect of success in the marketplace. Many computer companies are not inherently more expensive than their competitors. They have allowed excessive non-value added costs, i.e. cost of quality, to inflate the cost of their products. Examples of these costs include product testing, rework, and scrap. This paper describes how a Hewlett-Packard manufacturing operation utilized its activity-based cost (ABC) accounting system to identify, quantify, and allocate quality costs among its products. Having this information will allow product teams to simulate and reduce quality costs earlier in the product design phase. The key points of this paper are the following. (1) Activity-based costing provides an effective tool for measuring, analyzing, and communicating the cost of quality to product and process designers. Note: The HP cost driver accounting system that plays a prominent role in this paper was recently described in the Harvard Business Review, January-February, 1990, article entitled ‘How Hewlett-Packard gets numbers it can trust’. (2) Having a cost accounting system that provides accurate and timely cost information is not enough in today’s competitive environment. Implementing a total quality management program does not assure continuous quality improvement if you don’t have a quality measurement system. The accounting system and quality program must work together to support management efforts to increase the quality of manufacturing through better product design, and continuous improvement.This paper originally appeared in Proceedings Manufacturing Measure ments — 21st Century Metrics, Sixth Conference with Industry, 5–6 May 1992, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, pp. 47–55.Keywords:Quality costsactivity based costingproduct costingtotal quality management FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By 9New Quality Cost Framework (QCF) Based on the Hybrid Fuzzy MCDM ApproachQiong Wu, Jing Xuan, Fuli Zhou, Yuanfei Mei and Jiafu Su et al.28 Mar 2022 | Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Vol. 2022Understanding the components and magnitude of the cost of quality in building constructionSahil Garg and Sudhir Misra3 February 2021 | Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Vol. 29, No. 1Managing SME with an innovative hybrid cost of quality modelMarcin Czajkowski20 Nov 2017 | Measuring Business Excellence, Vol. 21, No. 4Models for Optimization of Supply Chain Network Design Integrating the Cost of Quality: A Literature ReviewLamiae Douiri, Abdelouahhab Jabri and Abdellah El Barkany1 Jan 2016 | American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, Vol. 06, No. 08Assessing self-selection and endogeneity issues in the relation between activity-based costing and performanceAdam S. Maiga1 Dec 2014 | Advances in Accounting, Vol. 30, No. 2An improved model for the cost of qualityMohamed Khaled Omar and Sharmeeni Murgan1 Apr 2014 | International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Vol. 31, No. 4A review of research on cost of quality models and best practicesAndrea Schiffauerova and Vince Thomson1 Jul 2006 | International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Vol. 23, No. 6An integrated multidimensional process improvement methodology for manufacturing systemsK.K. Chan and T.A. Spedding1 Apr 2003 | Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 44, No. 4Application of discrete event simulation to the activity based costing of manufacturing systemsT.A. Spedding and G.Q. Sun1 Jan 1999 | International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 58, No. 3 Recommended Vol. 02, No. 04 Metrics History Received 1 May 1992 Accepted 1 July 1992 KeywordsQuality costsactivity based costingproduct costingtotal quality managementPDF download

The mechanical design process

1 Why Study the Design Process? 2 Describing Mechanical Design Problems and Process 3 Designers and Design Teams 4 The Design Process 5 Project Definition and Planning 6 Understanding the Problem and the Development of Engineering Specifications 7 Concept Generation 8 Concept Evaluation 9 The Product Design Phase 10 Product Generation 11 Product Evaluation for Performance and the Effects of Variation 12 Product Evaluation for Cost, Manufacture, Assembly, and other Measures 13 Launching and Supporting the Product Appendixes A Properties of 25 Materials Most Commonly Used in Mechanical Design B Normal Probability C The Factor of Safety as a Design Variable D Human Factors in Design E TRIZ F Belief Map Masters

Tolerance Synthesis to Support Concurrent Engineering

Summary Geometric tolerances are critical in many phases of product and process design, linking design goals and manufacturing capabilities. With an appropriate representation. geometric tolerances can provide flexibility in concurrent engineering so that, when complete information about geometry and tolerances is available, several different fabrication strategies can Se considered and fairly compared. This paper presents a framework and computer implementation that provides automated methods for geometric tolerance synthesis. This approach directly supports design synthesis since design details can he inferred from the tolerance relationships which must hold for particular requirements. Automated analysis of completed designs and design checking is also possible with this approach.

Concurrent engineering: making it work calls for input from everyone

The elements necessary to the successful application of concurrent engineering (CE) are examined. Implementing CE takes commitment by the entire organization, from top to bottom. It takes education at all levels so that everyone speaks a common language. It takes repetition: managers and engineers must constantly impress upon their peers, and those above and below them, their commitment to CE. The CE organization must integrate the expertise from all the functions with the product design phase. The members of the team should be located near each other to encourage ongoing communications. It helps to provide workspaces for everyone connected with the team, even for people in ancillary disciplines who spend only part of their time on the project. Alternatively, or sometimes in addition, the product development team may accompany the product as it moves through its design and development phases. This will teach all team members the consequences of their earlier decisions. Getting closer to both customers and suppliers during the development process is also important.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Assembly of Large Products

The need for a method of estimating assembly times for large products during the product design phase is discussed. An approach to the development of a database of part acquisition and handling times is described and some preliminary results are presented. Comments and conclusions are made regarding the feasibility of the proposed approach.