Product Channels Research Articles

The Influential Factors on Maybach Sales

The vehicle market suffered as a result of COVID-19. Most vehicle companies' sales decreased year after year; however, Maybach's sales climbed year after year. Based on this fact, the following issue is posed in this paper: Why can Maybach improve annual sales in a falling car market? This study examines Maybach's product strategy, pricing strategy, and channel strategy, combining a theoretical understanding of marketing mix theory with relevant studies based on marketing mix theory. Finally, it is determined that Maybach's product strategy is the cause of their increased sales, and it is suggested that Maybach extend its product line. Maybach's price strategy is the reason for their increased sales, and it is suggested that Maybach offer specific price concessions to loyal and repeat customers. Maybach's channel strategy is responsible for the company's increased sales, and it is advised that Maybach develop an official social media account. This report makes precise recommendations for Maybach in order to earn more loyal customers in the future.

Experimental and kinetic modeling study of C5 cyclic hydrocarbons pyrolysis at elevated pressures: Effect of unsaturation on the reactivity and PAH formation

To further explore the decomposition behaviors of C5 cyclic hydrocarbons, important components in the transportation fuels and pivotal intermediates in high-density liquid fuels, the pyrolysis of cyclopentane, cyclopentene and cyclopentadiene with different unsaturation degrees were investigated. The experiments of cyclopentane and cyclopentene were performed at 1.0, 30.0 atm and 773–1173 K in a flow tube reactor. The mole fraction profiles of pyrolysis species, involving C1-C5 small hydrocarbons and monocyclic, bicyclic as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs, BAHs and PAHs), were provided. A universal kinetic model for three C5 cyclic fuels pyrolysis chemistry was proposed and reasonably predicted the speciation profiles newly reported in this work and literature, where rate coefficients of the crucial reactions were compared and upgraded. The differences among three fuels specific pathways were evaluated and the effects of unsaturation on the pyrolysis characteristics of intrinsic reactivity and aromatics formation were revealed. Cyclopentene has the highest pyrolysis reactivity, followed by cyclopentane and cyclopentadiene. Simultaneously formed fuel radicals and key intermediates in three C5 cyclic fuels influence the formation channels of small products, MAHs and BAHs. The saturated cyclopentane is easily occur the ring-opening reaction to generate more C2 and C3 species, whereas the increase in unsaturation promotes MAHs and BAHs formation in cyclopentene and cyclopentadiene pyrolysis, especially the toluene, styrene, indene and naphthalene. The rate of production analysis shows the formations of these MAHs and BAHs are strongly dependent on the concentration levels of cyclopentadienyl resonance stabilized radical (RSR). Differently, the dominated growth pathways of three- and four-ring PAHs are barely influenced by the specific fuel chemistry and indenyl plays a crucial role via the typical RSR chain reactions at high pressures.

Details of exit channel dynamics of the ozonolysis of catechol in condensed phase: Product channels and product energy partitioning

Direct dynamics simulations on the ozonolysis reaction of catechol is performed in a vacuum and in an N2 bath to study the various aspects of the exit channel dynamics of the reaction. The simulations were conducted at 20 and 324 kg/m3 densities, with 200 and 293 N2 molecules in the bath, respectively. It is a post-transition state (TS) direct dynamics simulation, where the TS of the catechol+O3 system is taken as the reactant. High combustion temperatures of 800, 1000, and 1500 K are considered for the reactant excitation. In contrast, the bath is taken at 300 K. CO, H2O, CO2, O2, and small carboxylic acid (SCA) are the major channels observed for this reaction. Explicit study of the product channels along with rate constants of all the product channels are obtained. The rate constants are in the order of ns−1. The partitioning of the product's internal energy into its various modes and how the energy transfer occurs in the formation of the products is an exciting aspect of the study. Also reported in this work is the branching ratio of the products and comparison with the experimentally reported data. The energy partitioning study reveals that the dissociation dynamics of the catechol-O3 TS is not statistical. In contrast, the bath dynamics, which correspond to the energy transfer from the TS to the bath, is statistical in nature.

Impact of polβ/XRCC1 Interaction Variants on the Efficiency of Nick Sealing by DNA Ligase IIIα in the Base Excision Repair Pathway

Base excision repair (BER) requires a coordination from gap filling by DNA polymerase (pol) β to subsequent nick sealing by DNA ligase (LIG) IIIα at downstream steps of the repair pathway. X-ray cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1), a non-enzymatic scaffolding protein, forms repair complexes with polβ and LIGIIIα. Yet, the impact of the polβ mutations that affect XRCC1 interaction and protein stability on the repair pathway coordination during nick sealing by LIGIIIα remains unknown. Our results show that the polβ colon cancer-associated variant T304 exhibits a reduced interaction with XRCC1 and the mutations in the interaction interface of V303 loop (L301R/V303R/V306R) and at the lysine residues (K206A/K244A) that prevent ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the protein exhibit a diminished repair protein complex formation with XRCC1. Furthermore, we demonstrate no significant effect on gap and nick DNA binding affinity of wild-type polβ by these mutations. Finally, our results reveal that XRCC1 leads to an efficient channeling of nick repair products after nucleotide incorporation by polβ variants to LIGIIIα, which is compromised by the L301R/V303R/V306R and K206A/K244A mutations. Overall, our findings provide insight into how the mutations in the polβ/XRCC1 interface and the regions affecting protein stability could dictate accurate BER pathway coordination at the downstream steps involving nick sealing by LIGIIIα.

Emerging Opportunities for Restructuring Livestock Products and Supply Chains in Post-COVID-19 in India: A Review

The outbreak of COVID-19 has vividly tested the resilience of the livestock sector in India. During this process, a volume of current and potential opportunities has also arisen to redesign livestock products and supply chains. The study reviewed systematic observations to enhance productivity, product quality, and traceability in the livestock sector of India. The study explored the nature of recent digitization and remote monitoring through sensors, food development, and supply chain remodelling to assess post-pandemic acceleration toward modern production and marketing channels. An extensive review of the studies revealed that the emergence of organized micro-delivery channels had created a vast market scope to modernize distribution supply chains, where real-time production chains provided seamless transmission of information among all the stakeholders. The study revealed that the Government should encourage agri-tech startups, which can play a crucial role in propagating organized and hybrid supply chains. Further, livestock value-added product development through large-scale food fortification (LSFF) can help to reduce nutritional deficiency. Therefore, the study concluded that redesigning supply chains and value-added product development in the livestock sector are crucial to inclusive and sustainable agricultural development.

Insights into Molten Salts Induced Structural Defects in Graphitic Carbon Nitrides for Piezo‐Photocatalysis with Multiple H2O2 Production Channels

AbstractElucidating the impact of heteroatoms in graphitic carbon nitrides (g‐C3N4) is of utmost importance to rationalize materials. Hence, in this study, oxygen‐doped g‐C3N4 containing trace amounts of halogen in the structures for piezo‐photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxides (H2O2) is fabricated. The findings reveal that oxygen atoms may be inserted into g‐C3N4 in‐plane structures, while halogen atoms tend to become intercalated between g‐C3N4 layers. Furthermore, the presence of ammonium molten salts (NH4X) during the synthesis alters the concentration of mono and cluster vacancies of carbon and nitrogen in the materials, certifying by positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). These defective contributions will be meaningfully accelerate catalytic performance by providing trapping states. Additionally, the decomposition of generated H2O2 can produce highly oxidative hydroxyl radicals, inducing degradations on the catalyst's structures and unexpectedly decreasing catalytic outcomes. From the mechanistic view, different reduction and oxidation channels will be play a pivotal role in generating H2O2. Moreover, the influence of ultrasound and light is also carefully investigated in the work to gain more insights into how the catalysts are triggered to improve catalytic performance. Thus, this study highlights the importance of carefully characterizing structures of g‐C3N4 to precisely understand the catalytic properties, benefiting catalytic design and development.

Dual-channel call center model with exchange of requests and repeat calls

Computer simulation of stationary distribution of states in a call center for a two-channel RQ system with exchange of requests is presented. Such systems are becoming increasingly relevant due to the parallel use of both human dispatchers and voice intelligent bots for servicing calls. The simulation is based on solving the system of stationary Chapman-Kolmogorov equations for the Markov process describing the RQ-system. The system of equations proposed in the work differs from previous models by the presence of an exchange of requests between service channels in accordance with customer preferences. It takes into account the possibility of random repeated calls within a given average time. Service time in channels and delay time of requests in orbits have exponential distribution laws. Requests in orbit have the property of impatience, i.e. leave the system after some random time. To find the stationary distribution of states in orbits, the iterative numerical Gauss-Seidel method is used, which ensures fast convergence of calculations. Each channel has its own orbit of requests. The accuracy of the solution is controlled by increasing the maximum number of requests in orbit until the result stabilizes. The model demonstrates the sensitivity of system performance to the asymmetry of customer preferences when changing channels. Numerical simulation was carried out for the call center of the housing management company "StroyTekhnika" in the city of Voronezh. Application flows and repeat call parameters were calculated based on data from the company website and social network analysis. Accounting for repeat calls reduces system throughput compared to the option of completely impatient customers who do not use repeat calls. The case of completely impatient customers describes the limit state of a service system. At the same time, redistributing calls in favor of a more productive channel improves the overall performance of the system. The results obtained show the feasibility of using high-performance multi-channel voice bots while simultaneously stimulating a shift in customer preferences in favor of intelligent automata.

Insight into the reactions of n-, iso-, sec- and tert-Butylperoxy radicals with hydroperoxyl radical in the Atmosphere: Reaction Mechanism, thermodynamic analysis and kinetics

Butylperoxy radical (C4H9O2) is recognized today as an important atmospheric intermediate which formed by the oxidation of butane (C4H10), playing a crucial role in the cycling of carbon. This work gives a theoretical investigation of the reaction mechanism, thermodynamic analysis and kinetics of the reactions between HO2 and four isomers (n-, iso-, sec- and tert-Butylperoxy radicals) of C4H9O2, which has been computed using the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVDZ//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. As a result, the above four reactions proceed on both singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces have been demonstrated. Additionally, the formation of alkylhydroperoxides and 3O2via triplet hydrogen abstraction from the four reactions are the major reaction channels while other singlet product channels are negligibly small. Besides, rate coefficients for the title reactions were estimated using the transition state theory (TST) over the temperature range 258 – 378 K, and these results exhibit a negative temperature dependence.

Invisible dark matter decays of a non-Standard Model like CP-even scalar boson

We investigate two extensions of the standard model that include particle dark matter candidates: the Next-to-Two Higgs Doublet Model and the Next-to-minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. These models feature a non-Standard Model like CP-even scalar with a sub-TeV mass, denoted by H2, among other particles. At a 13 TeV proton–proton collider, the primary production channel for such scalars is via the fusion of a pair of gluons. Subsequently, these scalars can decay invisibly into a pair of dark matter candidates, which can be dominant. In the supersymmetric model, it is possible for the Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (LSP) and Next-to Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (NLSP) to be mass degenerate, leading to quasi-invisible H2 decays to LSP+NLSP and NLSP+NLSP. We present the predictions of both models for this challenging scenario while ensuring compatibility with recent experimental constraints.

The Impact of Localized Co-branding on Consumers Purchase Intention

With the rapid expansion of local beauty firms in China, multinational makeup brands face an increasing threat. To attract more consumers, certain global beauty firms operating in China have adjusted their business models, deciding to form alliances with competitive local Chinese brands. Based on this market phenomenon, this paper decided to use Shiseido as an example to explore how cross-border co-branding cooperation between international cosmetics brands affects consumers purchase intentions. This paper utilized qualitative research methods to conduct a SWOT analysis of aromatherapy products jointly launched by Shiseido and To Summer from the perspective of marketing mix theory. The conclusion was that the cross-border cooperation of international cosmetics brands has a positive effect on the purchase intention of consumers, and from a product point of view, Shiseidos strict control of product quality accelerates consumers purchase of fragrance. In addition, Shiseidos diversified marketing strategy on media platforms has an incentive effect on consumers purchasing power. Conversely, Shiseidos higher product pricing than local brands and lack of distribution channels for aromatherapy products will reduce consumers purchasing power.

Analyzing the Marketing Strategy Model for L'Occitane

People are paying more attention to body skin care as the economy and society develop, and the demand for body care products is increasing. At the same time, with the continuous progress of Internet technology, China ushered in the "traffic era". Various social platforms play an important role in users' use of the Internet, so the traffic-guided marketing strategy has huge value in the market. This paper applied Marketing Mix theory and SWOT analysis, combined with the actual situation of the L'Occitane brand, through the analysis of the brand's marketing status and existing problems from four aspects: product strategy, price strategy, channel strategy, and promotion strategy, to analyze the shortcomings of L 'Occitane traditional marketing model. The new marketing strategy of L'Occitane and its similar skin care products in the age of traffic is proposed. This paper put forward specific measures for L'Occitane and similar skin care products to cope with the new marketing model in the traffic era from the aspects of paying attention to the traffic promotion on social media platforms and expanding the scope of skin care products publicity.

To fight or not? product introduction and channel selection in the presence of a platform’s private label

Platform retailers’ private labels have recently flourished, threatening the business of traditional national brand (NB) sellers. To fight against these platforms, some NB sellers introduce new products as low-quality substitutes through marketplace channels or exclusive channels. This raises a question: Considering the existence of a platform’s private label, how does an NB seller’s fight/no-fight strategy affect the co-opetition relationship between the two players? In this paper, we construct a game-theoretic model to explore the optimal response strategy of the NB seller. Our study shows that the interaction between the expansion effect and the cannibalization effect can lead to outcomes in which the no-fight strategy benefits the NB seller and the fight strategy benefits the platform. We find that for the NB seller, introducing a new low-quality product through a marketplace channel may be more profitable than doing so through an exclusive channel, particularly when the expansion effect is large and the quality difference is small. We also find that new product introduction as a fight strategy may cause a win–win situation for the NB seller and the platform when done through a marketplace channel with a large expansion effect. An intriguing result of the extension is that the NB seller may switch from the marketplace channel to the exclusive channel as the operating cost in the exclusive channel increases. This work provides valuable managerial insights for NB sellers in response to strategic competition with platforms’ private labels.

Effective Factors in Selecting Purchasing Channels for Cosmetic Products in Iran

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the key effective factors in selecting purchasing channels for cosmetic products. The purpose of this research is to investigate customer perceptions of cosmetics shopping. By synthesizing insights from prior research, this research develops a conceptual model by integrating innovations diffusion theory and theory of perceived risk to apply in preference to online shopping. 435 questionnaires were gathered, and data were analysed with the partial least squared structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) method. The results show that online channels are the most popular purchasing channels for cosmetics and clarify the most significant factors that lead to cosmetic online shopping.

New evidence of multiple channels for the origin of gamma-ray bursts with extended emission

ABSTRACT Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most intense explosions in the Universe. GRBs with extended emission (GRBs EE) constitute a small subclass of GRBs. GRBs EE are divided into EE-I GRBs and EE-II GRBs, according to the Amati empirical relationship rather than duration. We test here if these two types of GRB have different origins based on their luminosity function (and formation rate). Therefore, we use Lynden-Bell’s c− method to investigate the luminosity function and formation rate of GRBs with EE without any assumption. We calculate the formation rate of two types of GRBs. For EE-I GRBs, the fitting function can be written as ρ(z) ∝ (1 + z)−0.34 ± 0.04 for z < 2.39 and ρ(z) ∝ (1 + z)−2.34 ± 0.24 for z > 2.39. The formation rate of EE-II can describe as ρ(z) ∝ (1 + z)−1.05 ± 1.10 for z < 0.43 and ρ(z) ∝ (1 + z)−8.44 ± 1.10 for z > 0.43. The local formation rate is $\rho (0) = 0.03\, {\rm Gpc}^{-3} \, {\rm yr}^{-1}$ for some EE-I GRBs and $\rho (0) = 0.32 \, {\rm Gpc}^{-3} \, {\rm yr}^{-1}$ for EE-II GRBs. Based on these results, we provide new evidence that the origins of EE-I GRBs are different from EE-II GRBs from the perspective of event rate. The EE-I GRB could be produced from the death of the massive star, but EE-II GRB may come from other processes that are unrelated to the star formation rate. Our findings indicate that the GRBs with EE could have multiple production channels.

Implications of Refurbishing Authorization Strategy and Distribution Channel Choice in a Closed-Loop Supply Chain

This study examines the optimal authorization strategy for an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), the optimal distribution channel choice for a platform, and their interactions. We developed four models based on the OEM’s two strategy choices — authorization and non-authorization strategies, and the platform having two distribution channels for refurbished products: reselling and agency selling channels. Our results indicate that the authorization strategy is optimal for the OEM when consumer’s preference for refurbished products is not sufficiently high. Unlike conventional research, an increase in the production cost of a new product leads to different choices for the OEM. Specifically, the OEM prefers a non-authorization strategy in the reselling channel and an authorization strategy in the agency selling channel. Moreover, under the OEM’s authorization strategy, the platform always adopts a reselling channel for refurbished products. However, under the OEM’s non-authorization strategy, the platform’s choice is determined by the commission fee and the production cost of the new product.

ANALISA PENGGUNAAN LAMPU SPOT LIGHT PADA PAGELARAN SENDRATARI MAHABRATA GUGURNYA BISMA DI OPEN STAGE, ART CENTRE, WERDI BUDAYA, DENPASAR, BALI

ABSTRACT:
 The series of Bali Arts Festival (PKB) activities are activities that the Balinese people have been waiting for, one of which is the Sendatari Performance which takes place on the open stage, Werdi Budaya, Art Center, Denpasar, Bali. The Mahabrata Ballet episode of the Fall of Bhishma which takes place on the open stage at the Art Center can be watched by the public directly at the location and broadcast live by the local television broadcaster TVRI Bali Station. The performance takes place at night so lighting is a very important factor in supporting the performance. With the correct placement of the lights, a clear image will be produced so that it can be viewed comfortably by viewers at home. The aim of the research is to analyze the types of lights and their placement in ballet performances. This research uses a qualitative research method by analyzing the data descriptively. The analysis was carried out via YouTube media on the Nurai Production Channel link with the content of the Mahabrata Ballet episode, The Fall of Bhishma, specifically regarding the use of lighting, including the types of lights used in the performance. The results of this research were that the lighting used utilized several types of spot lights, with 16 tungsten light units. The lights are directed to several areas, including the ballet area in the middle of the open stage as the main area, the area for traditional musical instruments and stringers, the audience and VIP areas as well as the building part of the open stage
 

Environmental Sustainable Development: Study on the Value Realization Mechanism and Diversified Realization Path of Ecological Products under the Background of "Double Carbon"

Under the background of carbon neutrality and common prosperity, the importance of carbon sinks is constantly highlighted. Realizing the value of carbon sink ecological products is not only conducive to the realization of the goal of carbon neutrality, but also an effective way to promote the endogenous development of rural areas and promote common prosperity. Broadening the value transformation channel of carbon sink ecological products and realizing the sustainable transformation from "green water and green hills" to "Jinshan and Yinshan" provide a new way to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality and common prosperity. Based on the theoretical analysis of the traditional connotation, formation mechanism and value of carbon sink ecological products, this paper summarizes the main ways and existing problems of realizing carbon sink ecological value in China, systematically analyzes the two-way promotion relationship between the double carbon target and the realization of carbon sink ecological product value, and emphasizes the important role of carbon sink ecological value realization and participation in carbon market transactions in carbon emission reduction. It also summarizes the experience of international typical cases. Finally, suggestions and reflections were put forward for redistributing the supply of ecological products based on carbon sinks, improving the basic system for calculating the value of ecological products, strengthening the government's guiding role, improving the ecological rights trading market, and innovating financial models, providing reference for optimizing the innovative mechanism and path for realizing the value of ecological products in China under the "dual carbon" goal.

Methane Activation by [AlFeO3]+: the Hidden Spin Selectivity.

The performance of heteronuclear cluster [AlFeO3]+in activating methane has been explored by a combination of high-level quantum chemical calculations with gas-phase experiments. At room temperature, [AlFeO3]+is a mixture of7[AlFeO3]+and5[AlFeO3]+, in which two states lead to different reactivity and chemoselectivity for methane activation. While hydrogen abstraction from methane is the only product channel for the7[AlFeO3]+/CH4couple,5[AlFeO3]+is able to convert this substrate to formaldehyde. In addition, the introduction of an external electric field may regulate the reactivity and product selectivity. The interesting doping effect of Fe and the associated electronic origins are discussed, which may guide one on the design of Fe-involved catalyst for methane conversion.

Ab initio selection of zeolite topology for biomass conversion to para-xylene based on transition state selectivity

Recent reports have pointed out a sustainable and highly selective formation route via the Diels–Alder (DA) cycloaddition between biomass-derived 2, 5-dimethylfuran (DMF) and ethene over zeolitic catalysts to produce para-xylene (p-xylene). Here, a systematic multi-scale simulation was carried out to identify candidate zeolite frameworks with potentially better catalytic activities than previously reported catalysts, through a combination of “ab initio” synthesis, thermodynamic and kinetic analysis, and adsorption/diffusion simulations. We first screened representative zeolites based on the limiting dimensions of their voids (windows, cages, channels) for reactants and products, the extent of stabilization of the key transition states by organic structure directing agents, and the synthesis difficulty informed by literature knowledge. Subsequently, the intrinsic and apparent free energy barriers of the rate-determining step (i.e., cycloaddition) obtained from density functional theory calculations were used to predict reaction kinetics of the potentially useful zeolites. Finally, three final candidates (MOR, MOZ, and IFR) and two experimentally validated zeolites (FAU and BEA) were employed to compare the adsorption and diffusion performance of DMF and p-xylene as the final criterion by grand canonical Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations. In summary, MOR shows the fastest diffusion, IFR shows the lowest apparent energy barrier, and MOZ shows the lowest intrinsic energy barrier. Altogether, this study not only predicts MOR, IFR, and MOZ zeolites to have a good catalytic performance for the DA-dehydration process of DMF and ethene to p-xylene but also illustrates the potential of ab initio selection, through combined theoretical assessments of adsorption, reaction and diffusion, for the rational selection and design of optimal catalysts for targeted catalytic transformations.

Цифровізація банківського сервісу як стратегічний напрям розвитку для ощадних банків

Introduction. Digital means of expanding access to financial services are currently one of the promising tools for solving important socio-economic problems and stimulating economic development. The coronavirus pandemic gave a powerful impetus to the spread of digital banking. After the decline in morbidity and the relaxation of the quarantine, activity in the use of digital channels by customers of almost all segments has remained. Problem Statement. The relevance of the study is due to the global trend to replace the branch network with a remote service in order to reduce operating costs (increase operational efficiency) provided that customers' needs for reliable, fast and cheap services are met. The purpose is to determine the potential of digitalization of the delivery channels of banking products and services for savings banks in the conditions of the latest technologies and systemic stresses. Methods. The methodology of comparative analysis, system analysis, correlation of historical data, scientific synthesis was used. The research was conducted using the methods of statistical analysis of series dynamics and factor analysis of data. Content analysis was used in the review of scientific publications and reports. Results. In Ukraine, the introduction of digital financial technologies to expand access to banking services within the framework of remote banking technologies has both a number of achievements and many problems, the solution of which requires appropriate measures taken by state authorities. A positive thing is the rapid development of computer programs for the introduction of remote banking and their implementation in the work of state banks. The still relatively low share of remote service coverage for corporate and retail customers can be singled out as bottlenecks. Other significant problems include the slow implementation of legislative and regulatory initiatives in this area, in particular those defined in the framework of the Strategy for the Development of the Financial Sector. Conclusions. The analysis showed that Ukrainian banks differ significantly in the development of remote banking services (RBS), there is a gap between leaders and outsiders in the quality and scope of remote banking services. The leading positions of PrivatBank and Sens-Bank (in certain aspects) are largely due to the legacy of the period when they were in private ownership, but since then other commercial banks have made significant progress. In working out a development strategy, banks need to provide for regular surveys of the clientele and marketing analysis of situations and the latest trends in order to predict the behavior of customers and respond adequately to their needs and behavior patterns. At the same time, banks are already able to act proactively, educating and encouraging customers to use RBS channels. International and Ukrainian experience sometimes demonstrates failures in the implementation of RBS projects. Therefore, it is advisable to implement the concept of balanced development of all product delivery channels in the savings bank with an emphasis on remote customer service, introduce user training programs, and adapt application interfaces.