Product Channels Research Articles

A New Evolutionary Algorithm for Optimizing the Search of a Rare Higgs Boson Production Channel

A New Evolutionary Algorithm for Optimizing the Search of a Rare Higgs Boson Production Channel

Production Pathways of Television Programs Based on New Media Technology

In the context of the new media era, new media technology has become a key technology in the production of television programs. This technology transforms traditional television production methods and channels, making television programs more impactful, with superior picture quality, thereby truly achieving innovation in program production and increasing their attractiveness. This paper analyzes and studies the production pathways of television programs using new media technology. It first examines the advantages of new media technology in television program production and then explores its specific application pathways in television program production through a case study of a particular program. Additionally, it provides a forecast for the development of new media and television program production technology, aiming to promote the development of television program production.

Composite dark matter and neutrino masses from a light hidden sector

We study a class of models in which the particle that constitutes dark matter arises as a composite state of a strongly coupled hidden sector. The hidden sector interacts with the Standard Model through the neutrino portal, allowing the relic abundance of dark matter to be set by annihilation into final states containing neutrinos. The coupling to the hidden sector also leads to the generation of neutrino masses through the inverse seesaw mechanism, with composite hidden sector states playing the role of the singlet neutrinos. We focus on the scenario in which the hidden sector is conformal in the ultraviolet, and the compositeness scale lies at or below the weak scale. We construct a holographic realization of this framework based on the Randall-Sundrum setup and explore the implications for experiments. We determine the current constraints on this scenario from direct and indirect detection, lepton flavor violation and collider experiments and explore the reach of future searches. We show that in the near future, direct detection experiments and searches for μ → e conversion will be able to probe new parameter space. At colliders, dark matter can be produced in association with composite singlet neutrinos via Drell Yan processes or in weak decays of hadrons. We show that current searches at the Large Hadron Collider have only limited sensitivity to this new production channel and we comment on how the reconstruction of the singlet neutrinos can potentially expand the reach.

Revealing new pathways for the reaction of Criegee intermediate CH2OO with SO2

Criegee intermediates play an important role in the tropospheric oxidation models through their reactions with atmospheric trace chemicals. We develop a global full-dimensional potential energy surface for the CH2OO + SO2 system and reveal how the reaction happens step by step by quasi-classical trajectory simulations. A new pathway forming the main products (CH2O + SO3) and a new product channel (CO2 + H2 + SO2) are predicted in our simulations. The new pathway appears at collision energies greater than 10 kcal/mol whose behavior demonstrates a typical barrier-controlled reaction. This threshold is also consistent with the ab initio transition state barrier height. For the minor products, a loose complex OCH2O ∙ ∙ ∙ SO2 is formed first, and then in most cases it soon turns into HCOOH + SO2, in a few cases it decomposes into CO2 + H2 + SO2 which is a new product channel, and rarely it remains as ∙OCH2O ∙ + SO2.

The Nexus between Remittance and Economic Growth in Nepal

Background: Remittance has been a pivotal source of financing economic activities in lower-income nations, including Nepal and could significantly boost the economy.The key objective of the study is to inspect the link between remittance inflow and economic growth in Nepal. Methodology: This study uses the Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration. The Bounds test has been carried out to explore the existence of a long-run association between variables. Results: The empirical outcomes indicated a positive and significant long-run relationship between remittance inflow and economic growth in Nepal. Similarly, capital spending and consumption expenditure have also positively and significantly contributed to the economy. Conclusion: The study concludes that remittance inflow has been supporting economic growth episodes in Nepal, and an increased flow of remittance can boost the economy permanently if it is utilized in productive and capital formation channels. Implications: The study implies that real economic growth in Nepal can be enlarged if the policymakers focus on the productive linkage of remittance income in the country. Originality: This paper is original and has not been published in other publications. Similarly, no financial support has been received while working on this paper. Paper Type: Research paper

How Do the Position and Number of Methyl Substituents Affect the Photochemical Process of Criegee Intermediate? Trajectory Surface-Hopping Dynamics of Four-Carbon CIs.

Electronic-structure calculations combined with nonadiabatic trajectory surface-hopping (TSH) dynamic simulations were carried out on two alkenyl-substituted Criegee intermediates (CIs), i.e., propenyl-substituted CI (PCI) and 1-methyl-propenyl substituted CI (MPCI), in order to investigate the influence of the position and number of substituents on the photochemical process of CI in S1 states. It is found that they play critical roles in the reactivity, dominant product channel, and mechanism of the CIs. More specifically, introducing a methyl group on either C1 (α-C) or C3 (γ-C) position of a vinyl-substituted CI (VCI) skeleton facilitates the rotation of the C1═O1 bond and leads to the formation of a three-membered dioxirane ring; meanwhile, it evidently enhances the reactively of the S1-state molecule. Meanwhile, methyl substitution on the vinyl moiety [i.e., C2 (β-C) and C3 (γ-C) positions] is beneficial for the rotation of the C2═C3 bond and thus facilitates the formation of the five-membered 1,2-dioxole ring, and the substitution on C2 site decreases the reactivity. The cosubstitution of C2 and C3 atoms by methyl groups well balances the features of VCI in the sense of high reactivity, consistently predominant channel, and possible dioxole side-product. The findings here not only deepen the knowledge on the photochemical processes of the CI but also inspire the rethinking of the "old" concept of substitution effect.

Cardioprotective and antispasmodic effects of Humulus lupulus (Hops) in an oral subacute treatment in rats

Hops (Humulus lupulus) was used to treat menopausal symptoms because it contains phytoestrogens. Since these compounds prevent cardiac ischemic diseases, it was evaluated whether oral administration of an ethanol extract (Hops-T) to rats during a week could reduce cardiac post-ischemic dysfunction. Moreover, its effects on visceral peristaltism and the mechanisms of action were studied. Rat isolated hearts were perfused inside a calorimeter, left intraventricular pressure and calorimetrical signals were recorded during ischemia/reperfusion. The NO-synthases and mKATP channels roles were evaluated by respectively blocking them with L-NAME and 5-HD before ischemia. After the experiment, western-blots for cellular pathways (p-AKT, p-PKCϵ, GSK3b and BCL-2) were done. In isolated intestinal, bladder and uterine rat tissues, contractile carbachol concentration-response curves (CCh-CRCs) were performed. The HPLC-DAD mainly showed prenylated flavonoids, beta acids and isoflavones. Hops-T increased contractile and energetic recoveries more significantly in the male rat hearts compared to females, due to beneficial NO production and mitochondrial mKATP channels activation. However, the p-AKT, p-PKCϵ, GSK3b or BCL-2 expressions were not affected after reperfusion. Hops-T inhibited CCh-CRCs in intestinal, bladder and uterine tissues through a non-competitive mechanism. Additionally, it showed a non-competitive antagonism of the Ca2+-CRCs in bladder tissues, similar to the effects observed with verapamil. In conclusion, oral Hops-T prevented cardiac mitochondrial and contractile ischemic dysfunction, and it was a good visceral antispasmodic medicine by interfering with Ca2+ influx. This is a significant finding since it pre-clinically supports the use of hops extract for prevention of visceral spasms and cardiac diseases associated with coronary insufficiency.

Ultraviolet Photodissociation Dynamics of the 1-Methylallyl Radical.

The ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation dynamics of the 1-methylallyl (1-MA) radical were studied using the high-n Rydberg atom time-of-flight (HRTOF) technique in the wavelength region of 226-244 nm. The 1-MA radicals were produced by 193 nm photodissociation of the 3-chloro-1-butene and 1-chloro-2-butene precursor. The 1 + 1 REMPI spectrum of 1-MA agrees with the previous UV absorption spectrum in this wavelength region. Quantum chemistry calculations show that the UV absorption is mainly attributed to the 3pz Rydberg state (perpendicular to the allyl plane). The H atom photofragment yield (PFY) spectrum of 1-MA from 3-chloro-1-butene displays a broad peak around 230 nm, while that from 1-chloro-2-butene peaks at ∼236 nm. The translational energy distributions of the H atom loss product channel, P (ET)'s, show a bimodal distribution indicating two dissociation pathways in 1-MA. The major pathway is isotropic in product angular distribution with β ∼ 0 and has a low fraction of average translational energy in the total excess energy, ⟨fT⟩, in the range of 0.13-0.17; this pathway corresponds to unimolecular dissociation of 1-MA after internal conversion to form 1,3-butadiene + H. The minor pathway is anisotropic with β ∼ -0.23 and has a large ⟨fT⟩ of ∼0.62-0.72. This fast pathway suggests a direct dissociation of the methyl H atom on a repulsive excited state surface or the repulsive part of the ground state surface to form 1,3-butadiene + H. The fast/slow pathway branching ratio is in the range of 0.03-0.08.

Unraveling the Photodissociation Branching and Pathways of Methane at 118 nm by Imaging the CH3, CH2, and CH Fragments.

Under irradiation of a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photon, methane dissociates and yields multiple fragments. This photochemical behavior is not only of fundamental importance but also with wide-ranging implications in several branches of science. Despite that and numerous previous investigations, the product channel branching is still under debate, and the underlying dissociation mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, the photofragment imaging technique was exploited for the first time to map out the momentum and anisotropy parameter distributions of the CH3, CH2, and CH fragments at the 118 nm photolysis wavelength (10.48 eV photon energy). In conjunction with previously reported results of the H atom fragment at 121.6 nm (10.2 eV), a complete set of product channel branching in both two-body and three-body fragmentations is accurately determined. We concluded that extensive nonadiabatic transitions partake in the processes with two-body fragmentations accounting for more than 90% of overall photodissociation, for which the channel branching values for CH2 + H2 and CH3 + H are about 0.66 and 0.25, respectively. Careful kinematic analysis enables us to untangle the intertwined triple fragmentations into the CH2(X̃ 3B1 and ã 1A1) + H + H and CH(X2Π) + H + H2 channels and to evidence their underlying sequential (or stepwise) mechanisms. With the aid of electronic correlation and prior theoretical calculations of the potential energy surfaces, the most probable or dominant dissociation pathways are elucidated. Comparisons with fragmentary reports in the literature on various photochemical aspects are also documented, and discrepancies are clarified. This comprehensive study benchmarks the VUV photochemistry of methane and advances our understanding of this important process.

High-Resolution Imaging Study on Photodissociation of OCS+ [A2ΠΩ=1/2,3/2 (ν1 0 ν3)

The development of the velocity map ion imaging (VMI) technique has greatly advanced the study of photodissociation dynamics. The high-resolution imaging study of the photodissociation allows for the acquisition of precise and detailed information on the fragments. This information can further provide more insight into the energy partition and potential pathways involved in the photodissociation process. In this study, we report the investigation on the photodissociation of OCS+ via the A2ΠΩ=1/2,3/2 states following the excitation of A2Π (ν1 0 ν3) ← X2Π (0 0 0) by using time-sliced VMI techniques in the ultraviolet region. Our investigation revealed significant mode-dependent recoil anisotropies and branching ratios of two product channels for both Ω = 1/2 and Ω = 3/2. The photolysis products also exhibited dramatic deviation in angular distributions and generally comparable kinetic energy distributions following the excitation to the same vibrational modes of A2ΠΩ states with two separate spin-orbit components. According to the observation in this study and previously reported photodissociation mechanisms of the OCS+ cations, the decay from the A2Π3/2 state was more likely via the internal conversion to high rovibrational states of the X2Π state, in comparison to the A2Π1/2 state.

Microplastic-free, single-layered functional surface with localized liquid-discharging molecular channels for disposable hygiene products

Conventional disposable absorbent hygiene products (DAHPs) currently represent a significant type of solid waste in landfills and are a substantial producer of fiber-based microplastics. In this work, a novel multifunctional cellulose nonwoven (CNW) is reported. The key structural design of this material was achieved by covalently grafting a naturally cycloheptatriene product namely hinokitiol and a silane covalent bridge, successfully transforming the original super hydrophilic substrate into a single-layered, multifunctional material with precisely designed liquid-discharging molecular channels and a tailored, sophisticated hydrophobic/hydrophilic distribution structure. This 3D structure perfectly mimics the conventional adhesive-bonded polyolefin/polyesters laminates comprising a top sheet and a liquid acquisition and distribution layer (ADL). The results of XPS and 1H NMR indicated the hinokitiol was successfully chemically bonded to the CNW surface. Compared with polyolefin or cotton substrates, the optimal CNW product (CNW-H-A-2) exhibits significantly improved long-term wearing comfort by minimizing the liquid strike-through time (by 26–27%), reducing wet-back amount (by 65–90%), and ensuring an outstanding air-permeability (3011 mm·s-1). Excellent antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (86.4%) and Escherichia coli (97.3%) were achieved due to the good preservation of the bioactive phenol groups of hinokitiol. Additionally, it can be completely enzymatically-degraded within 24 h. This strategy holds promise as a potential solution for mitigating fiber-based microplastics pollution of DAHPs.

A new model for predicting pressure traverse in two phase flow geothermal well

The complexity associated with the two phase or multiphase flow system have been a long-time challenge in the modelling of the flowing pressure in the production channel which includes geothermal well. The flow of hot water and its vapour ensued all throughout the geothermal system producing from the reservoir source to the wellbore and later to the surface. The performance of geothermal system is primarily dependent on the ability to accurately predict the flowing pressure in the production well. Several models derived from the fundamental thermodynamic energy equation to handle the complexity of two-phase flow in geothermal well have demonstrated diverse discrepancy when compared with real time measurement. It has been conceived in the study that the inclusion of pressure drop due to accumulation in the thermodynamic energy equation reduces the discrepancy between the predicted pressure and the field measurement. It is pertinent to the geothermal energy industry to assess the accurate model that consider all constituent terms that impact the two-phase flow behaviour in a geothermal production well. A more exact numerical model for evaluating the flowing pressure in geothermal has been derived in this study where the right constituent terms that practically impact the two-phase flow behaviour in a geothermal vertical well are considered. The present model has the capacity to predict flowing pressure accurately as the flow transit from one regime to another. Likewise, the present model was able to capture the transient period that usually occurs when the geothermal well is put to production. The present model was validated using data from KE1-22 and Mesa 6-1 wells reported in literature. The present model gave the least mean absolute relative error of 0.033 when applied to measured field data from KE1-22 Well while Hassan and Kabir, Ansari, Orkiszewski and Homogenous models gave errors of 0.12, 0.33, 0.41 and 0.38 respectively. Similarly, relative to data from Mesa 6-1 the present model gave a mean absolute relative error of 0.052 while Hassan and Kabir, Ansari, Orkiszewski and Homogenous models gave errors of 0.17, 1.46, 1.37 and 2.53 respectively. The newly derived model is reliable for assessing the performance of the geothermal system and evaluating flowing pressure at every difference transition period.

Stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor induces relaxations through CGRP and NK1 receptor-mediated pathways in male rat mesenteric arteries.

Stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) regulates vascular contractility, but cellular mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study investigated the role of perivascular sensory nerves in CaSR-induced relaxations of male rat mesenteric arteries. In fluorescence studies, colocalisation between synaptophysin, a synaptic vesicle marker, and the CaSR was present in the adventitial layer of arterial segments. Using wire myography, increasing external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) from 1 to 10 mM induced vasorelaxations, previously shown to involve the CaSR, which were inhibited by pretreatment with capsaicin. [Ca2+]o-induced vasorelaxations were partially reduced by the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor blockers, CGRP 8-37 and BIBN 4096, and the neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor blocker L733,060. The inhibitory effect of CGRP 8-37 required a functional endothelium whereas the inhibitory action of L733,060 did not. Complete inhibition of [Ca2+]o-induced vasorelaxations occurred when CGRP 8-37 and L733,060 were applied together. [Ca2+]o-induced vasorelaxations in the presence of capsaicin were abolished by the ATP-dependent K+ channel (KATP) blocker PNU 37883, but unaffected by the endothelium nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor L-NAME. We suggest that the CaSR on perivascular sensory nerves mediate relaxations in rat mesenteric arteries via endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms involving CGRP and NK1 receptor-activated NO production and KATP channels, respectively.

Simulation of Chemical Reactions on a Quantum Computer.

Studying chemical reactions, particularly in the gas phase, relies heavily on computing scattering matrix elements. These elements are essential for characterizing molecular reactions and accurately determining reaction probabilities. However, the intricate nature of quantum interactions poses challenges, necessitating the use of advanced mathematical models and computational approaches to tackle the inherent complexities. In this study, we develop and apply a quantum computing algorithm for the calculation of scattering matrix elements. In our approach, we employ the time-dependent method based on the Møller operator formulation where the S-matrix element between the respective reactant and product channels is determined through the time correlation function of the reactant and product Møller wavepackets. We successfully apply our quantum algorithm to calculate scattering matrix elements for 1D semi-infinite square well potential and on the colinear hydrogen exchange reaction. As we navigate the complexities of quantum interactions, this quantum algorithm is general and emerges as a promising avenue, shedding light on new possibilities for simulating chemical reactions on quantum computers.

Hunting for sterile neutrino with future collider signatures

We study the feasibility to observe sterile neutrino at the high energy colliders with direct production channels through e+e−, ep collision, and indirect production channels through decays of heavy meson, baryon and Higgs. For e+e− collision, the e+e−→ν¯eN channel is explored with new signal selection method which tends to be efficient for light mN, the constraints of active-sterile mixing |UeN|2 at the SuperKEKB, CEPC and ILC are expected to reach better lower limits than current experiments. For ep collision, We investigate the heavy sterile neutrino production through a new channel via photon PDF, i.e., e−γ→NW−, hundreds of GeV heavy sterile neutrino can be probe and new limit on mixing is given. For heavy hadrons decay, the lepton-number-violating decays of Λc,Ξc,Ξcc and Λb are explored via an intermediate on-shell Majorana neutrino in GeV scale. The branching fractions and the constraints for |UℓN|2 are given, and hence may put new limits on this mass region. The Higgs→Wμμπ channel is also considered to test massive neutrino within Higgs sector.

Investigation on critical erosion of gas production channel for sand carrying during injection and production process in gas storage

Gas wells on underground gas storage typically are operated in high-load mode, with a large working displacement injection and high-strength production. Erosion-corrosion caused by solid particles could cause serious damage to the gas well, leading to tubing column failure and security risks. The influence factors on the tubing column geometry, the fluid properties and particle properties were investigated by the indoor erosion experiments and numerical simulation respectively. Five different erosion models were applied to predict the erosion rate. The Generic model was selected to calculate the influencing value by a range of parameters after comparing the predicted results with the experimental data. The results indicated that the sand production rate, the gas production rate and the production pressure played a crucial role on the tubing column erosion. The error of Generic model is less than 20%. The product of the quadratic power of daily gas production, the negative quadratic power of production pressure and the first power of sand production rate was directly proportional to the erosion rate of tubing column. The sequence of the maximum erosion rate on different sites from high to low was obtained: No-Go Landing Nipple, Safety Valve, integral Y-type wellhead. The erosion effect on Y-type wellhead should be considered emphatically considering the long-term operation. The chart of Critical Erosion Coefficient (C value) was established according to the design criterion of API RP 14E, which is suitable for gas storage production channel. The reasonable C value should be set as 180.0 to ensure the gas storage to meet the service life. Meanwhile, the recommendatory C value range was set between 175.0 and 200.0 for considering the maximum productivity of gas storage. The research results provided a key guidance for judging the service safety of injection-production channel in gas storage.

Squark production with R-symmetry beyond NLO at the LHC

The Minimal R-symmetric Supersymmetric Standard Model (MRSSM) provides a realisation of supersymmetry in which the parameter space is less constrained by the current LHC data than in the simplest supersymmetric scenarios. In the present paper, we obtain the most precise theoretical predictions in the MRSSM for squark production at the LHC, enabling accurate interpretations of LHC data in terms of the MRSSM. We perform threshold resummation of soft gluon corrections to the total cross sections for the production of squark-(anti)squark pairs at the LHC in the MRSSM framework. The resummation is carried out using the direct QCD method and reaches the next-to-next-to-leading-logarithmic (NNLL) accuracy, which requires calculating the one-loop matching coefficients in the relevant production channels. The resummed cross sections are then matched to the available NLO results and evaluated for S\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\sqrt{S} $$\\end{document} = 13.6 TeV. Compared with the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), the cross sections in the MRSSM can be significantly reduced, implying less stringent limits on squark and gluino masses. Our results carry significant implications for exploring the viability of supersymmetry at the LHC. The results of our calculation are publicly available as a numerical package.

Exclusive production of double light neutral mesons at the e+e− colliders

In this work we investigate the exclusive production of a pair of light neutral mesons in e+e− annihilation, where the final state bears an even C-parity. The production processes can be initiated via the photon fragmentation or the nonfragmentation mechanism. While the fragmentation contribution can be rigorously accounted, the nonfragmentation contributions are calculated within the framework of collinear factorization, where only the leading-twist light-cone distribution amplitudes (LCDAs) of mesons are considered. Mediately solely by the nonfragmentation mechanism, the production rates of double light neutral pseudoscalar mesons are too small to be observed at the commissioning e+e− facilities. In contrast, the production rates of a pair of light neutral vector mesons are greatly amplified owing to the significant kinematic enhancement brought by the fragmentation mechanism. It is found that, at s=3.77 GeV, after including the destructive interference between the nonfragmentation and fragmentation contributions, the production rates for e+e−→ρ0ρ0 and ρ0ω can be lowered by about 10% and 30% relative to the fragmentation predictions. Future precise measurement of these exclusive double neutral vector meson production channels at BESIII experiment may provide useful constraints on the LCDAs of light vector mesons. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Site-Specific Photochemistry along a Protonated Peptide Scaffold.

We present a detailed study of the time-dependent photophysics and photochemistry of a known conformation of the two protonated pentapeptides Leu-enkephalin (Tyrosine-Glycine-Glycine-Phenylalanine-Leucine, YGGFL) and its chromophore-swapped analogue FGGYL, carried out under cryo-cooled conditions in the gas phase. Using ultraviolet-infrared (UV-IR) double resonance, we record excited state IR spectra as a function of time delay between UV and IR pulses. We identify unique Tyr OH stretch transitions due to the S1 state and the vibrationally excited triplet state(s) formed by intersystem crossing, Tn(v). Photofragment mass spectra are recorded out of the S1 origin and following UV-IR double resonance. Several competing site-specific fragmentation pathways are discovered involving peptide backbone cleavage, Tyr side chain loss, and N-terminal NH3 loss mediated by electron transfer. In YGGFL, IR excitation in the S1 state promotes electron transfer (ET) from the aromatic ring to the N-terminal R-NH3+ group leading to loss of neutral NH3. This product channel is missing in FGGYL due to the larger distance for ET from Y(4) to NH3+. Selective loss of the Tyr side chain occurs out of an excited state process following UV excitation and is further enhanced by IR excitation in S1 and Tn(v) states of both YGGFL and FGGYL. Finally, IR excitation in the S1 or Tn(v) states fragments the peptide backbone exclusively at amide(4), producing the b4 cation. We postulate that this selective fragmentation results from intersystem crossing to produce vibrationally excited triplets with enough energy to launch the proton along a proton conduit present in the known starting structure.

Carbon tax-driven technological innovation may accelerate the directional recovery of waste cooking oil into bio-jet fuel: An evolutionary game approach

Biofuel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) offers an alternative to fossil fuels, especially for high-value bio-jet fuel. However, this industry is hindered by informal recyclers who covertly divert large amounts of WCO to illegal gutter oil production. Investigating the dynamic evolution of stakeholder behavior will help explore solutions. Thus, this study presents a tripartite evolutionary game model that includes the government, formal recyclers, and informal recyclers, aims to redesign the government intervention strategy to promote the directional flow of WCO from restaurant trash cans to bio-jet fuel production. We find that the evolutionary game model exists eight possible evolutionary stability strategies (ESSs), and the choice of each ESS depends mainly on the trade-off between costs and revenues for each stakeholder. The numerical study results reveal that formal recyclers are driven to carry out technological innovation by government support, profiting from bio-aviation kerosene products, and income from carbon emission reduction. These factors also have an indirect impact on the transformation of informal recyclers. Therefore, the government should provide adequate support for technological innovation to formal recyclers and increase their profitability of products to enable them to actively implement innovative strategies. This can be achieved by expanding the sales channels of bio-jet fuel products, implementing patent protection measures, and improving the carbon reduction trading mechanism. Furthermore, the government's high tax rate on formal recyclers and the significant profits earned by informal recyclers through illegal gutter oil production may dissuade them from transitioning their businesses. Above findings are in line with the actual issues of WCO recycling and provide a new dynamic decision-making method for enterprises and government managers.