Prices Of Products Research Articles

Based Purchasing Decisions Product Quality, Prices and Promotions

In facing an increasingly strong and tight competitive environment, every company is required to be able to optimize its economic resources in order to increase the competitiveness of its products in the market, and to be able to carry out a series of effective marketing strategies and always develop these marketing strategies continuously and sustainably. This research aims to determine and analyze the influence of product quality, price and promotion on purchasing decisions for Hori LED lights in the city of Bogor. This research design uses descriptive and verification methods. The sampling technique in this research uses probability sampling with a simple random sampling technique. The number of respondents was 100 people. The subjects of this research are all consumers who have purchased Hori Lamp products in Bogor City, and the objects of this research are product quality, price, promotions and purchasing decisions. The tools used in this analysis are path analysis, multiple correlation analysis, coefficient of determination analysis and hypothesis testing with the F test and t test. The research results show that product quality has a direct and positive influence on purchasing decisions for Hori LED lights in Bogor City. Price has a direct and positive influence on purchasing decisions for Hori LED lights in Bogor City. Promotions have a direct and positive effect on purchasing decisions for Hori LED lights in Bogor City. Product quality has a positive relationship with price. Price has a positive relationship with promotion. Product quality has a positive relationship with promotion.

Effects of genetic and environmental trends from 1970 to 2020 on farm efficiency estimated with a whole farm modeling system

The objectives of this study were to evaluate associations of genetic, cow management and nutrition, inbreeding, and crop yields from 1970 to 2020 with measures of production and economic efficiency according to a whole farm model, and to evaluate effects of genetic change in individual traits on economic efficiency in comparison to expectations from economic selection indexes. Genetic and phenotypic performance metrics for Holsteins from 1970 and 2020 were retrieved and input into the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM) for a 7000 cow TX herd and a 50 cow PA grazing herd. Crop yields estimates from 1970 and 2020 were retrieved and farm hectarage was altered so that forage and energy concentrate requirements were met through farm production; likewise, scenarios evaluating effects of atmospheric CO2 fertilization (CO2F) on crop yield were evaluated by altering farm hectarage. For single traits that could be dynamically modeled by IFSM, performance shifts and resulting change in product prices or management expenses were added to 1970 base models. Economic efficiency was evaluated as the per cow return to management and unpaid factors as compared with 1970 base models. As averaged across state scenarios, gains in economic efficiency were +$945 and -$76 for additive genetic and inbreeding effects, respectively, for a total gain from genetic change of +$869. Genetic gain in fat yield (+$549) and protein yield (+$524) were responsible for most of the genetic gain, whereas milk yield (-$128) and increased cow BW (-$129) depressed economic efficiency. Genetic change in productive life had a smaller effect (+$44) than predicted unless heifers were purchased and at double the default value. Gains due to cow management and nutrition increased efficiency by +$666 and crop yield increased efficiency by +$711, of which +$371 was attributed to CO2F across scenarios. Whole farm dry matter efficiencies derived as the ratio of fat and protein corrected milk yield to dry matter intake increased from 0.82 (PA) and 0.97 (TX) in 1970 to 1.20 in 2020 and could be higher if farms reduce the size of their replacement herd by producing beef calves. The landmass required in 2020 was 63% and 78% of the 1970 requirement for TX and PA, respectively. Changes in cow genetic merit, management and nutrition, and crop yields have all increased the economic and environmental sustainability of milk production, and systems such as IFSM could be a useful tool to help inform economic selection indices.

Heterogeneous products operation decisions of online dual-channel supply chain considering online reviews under different financing modes

This research examines the operation decisions of the online supply chain for heterogeneous products under different financing modes: e-commerce platform financing or bank financing, when manufacturers face funding constraints. Considering the manufacturer’s adoption of differentiated channel strategies when providing heterogeneous products is also considered, and combined with the impact of online reviews on consumer utility, an e-commerce platform online dual-channel financing model is constructed. The research findings are as follows: (i) when the effectiveness of online reviews differs within a certain range, the equilibrium solution exists. If the relative interest rates of the e-commerce platforms and bank change within a certain range, the same financing mode can bring mutual benefits to both the manufacturer and e-commerce platform, resulting in a “win–win” situation. (ii) If the interest rates under both financing modes are the same, the e-commerce platform financing mode has a higher wholesale price, but the difference in retail prices of distribution products depends on the costs difference between the two products, and at this point, the manufacturer will select e-commerce platform financing mode. (iii) At the optimal interest rate, when the cost of heterogeneous products is the same, the e-commerce platform consistently offers a more favorable interest rate compared to the bank’s optimal rate. when the e-commerce platform’s commission and the positive difference in product reviews is large, the manufacturer will choose e-commerce platform financing mode. Under the e-commerce platform financing mode, both the manufacturer and e-commerce platform are willing to provide lower retail prices to attract more consumers.

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) Implementation on Reducing Emission in the ASEAN Energy Sector

Abstract In the context of global efforts to combat climate change and transition towards a low-carbon economy, the European Union (EU) has introduced the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) as part of its ambitious Green Deal. This mechanism aims to address carbon leakage from high-emitting industries and ensure fair conditions for European industries. The ASEAN region, as highlighted in the 7th ASEAN Energy Outlook (AEO7) study, is projected to experience a substantial increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reaching 6,704 Mt CO2-eq by 2050 compared to a baseline scenario of 1,815 Mt CO2-eq in 2020. Consequently, ASEAN has recognized the urgency to earnestly reduce its emissions in response to the global push for carbon neutrality. The implementation of CBAM by the EU has prompted many countries, including ASEAN Member States (AMS) exporting goods to the EU and beyond, to consider the adoption of CBAM policies. This study examines the potential implications of CBAM for the emission reduction in high-emitting industries in ASEAN (such as cement, iron and steel, aluminum, fertilizers, and electricity generation). The findings indicate that the implementation of CBAM may result in higher product prices for these industries, as they will be required to account for the climate footprint of their manufacturing activities through additional fees. However, it also presents an opportunity for emission reductions within these industries by incentivizing the adoption of renewable energy sources to mitigate their carbon footprint during manufacturing processes. To effectively respond to the implementation of CBAM, the region should adopt three key strategies: 1) active participation in and implementation of carbon pricing mechanisms, 2) increased investments in low carbon technologies, and 3) establishment of strategic partnerships to enhance trade relations between the EU and ASEAN.

Analysis of Marketing Strategies by Labstore in Attracting Consumer Purchase Interest in Student Products at UNPAM

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Labstore's current marketing strategy and identify the optimal approach to attract consumer interest in products created by Unpam students. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method, which involves describing phenomena or events as they occur. The findings of this study are as follows: First, regarding the product dimension, it is essential to focus on product quality, including durability, taste (for food and beverages), and packaging. Second, in terms of pricing, it is crucial to analyze competitors' prices for similar products to offer prices that are affordable to Labstore's primary consumers, who are mostly students. Third, the location and facilities of Labstore are generally considered good, with most participants finding Labstore a comfortable place to shop. Lastly, in the promotion dimension, the study suggests enhancing promotional efforts by adding cost-effective yet impactful media.

ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN DENGAN KUALITAS PELAYAN PADA TOKO SAMPOERNA DI SITUBONDO SEBAGAI VARIABEL MODERASI

With the development in the current era of technology which is increasingly modern, it will make many businesses experience a high increase and progress, one of which is the development of the retail business. The purpose of this study was to analyze Product Prices, Location, Service Quality in influencing Purchasing Decisions at Sampoerna Stores in Situbondo. This research is explanatory research. The population in this study were consumers of Sampoerna Stores. The sampling technique was determined by simple random sampling. Data analysis and hypothesis testing in this study used the Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM). The results of hypothesis testing using the Smart PLS 3.0 application, show that Price has a positive but insignificant effect on Purchasing Decisions, Location has a positive and significant effect on Purchasing Decisions, Price moderated by service quality has a positive but insignificant effect, Location moderated by service quality has a negative but insignificant effect.

The “Pink Tax” and Gender Price Disparity in Personal Care

The “Pink Tax” refers to charging higher prices for products and services marketed primarily to women compared to similar or identical items targeted at men, despite comparable production costs. This research uses Unilever as a case study to focus on the impact of the Pink Tax on women’s purchasing power, particularly within the personal care industry. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the Pink Tax’s evolution, key research findings, public responses, and regulatory measures to address this issue. By synthesising existing research and case studies, this paper highlights the economic burden imposed on women and the reinforcement of gender stereotypes through market practices. The study underscores the need for equitable pricing mechanisms and informed consumer advocacy to rectify the economic disparities exacerbated by the Pink Tax.

Short- and long-term effects of carbon taxation on the prices of products shipped by sea

This study analyzes econometrically the effect of fuel carbon taxation on the prices of internationally traded goods transported by the maritime sector. Around 80% of global trade by volume is transported by sea, contributing to a nontrivial level of carbon emissions. This study is the first to analyze the effect of carbon taxation on the prices of export products transported by sea, using detailed data for the heaviest 6-digit products from 21 industries that account for 75% of the total weight of goods transported by sea. The results reveal that the closer a product is to the core competence of the exporting firm (lowest marginal production costs), the weaker the effect of the carbon tax will be on prices. This effect on export prices will be even weaker for products of certain industries that have the highest unit sales value/weight ratios. To contribute to decarbonizing the maritime sector, a carbon tax should be maintained uninterruptedly to fully internalize the awareness that improving fuel consumption competitiveness by considering the distance traveled and weight of traded products to ultimately reduce carbon tax costs.

Cross-country price dispersion: Retail network or national border?

Why do prices differ among regions without significant trade frictions, such as the euro area? This study examines the impact of a national border on grocery prices in the economically and culturally integrated German–Austrian border region. Based on retail transactions from a large household panel, we analyse price differences of identical products sold within a narrow band along the border. We show that even retailers operating in both countries charge different prices for identical products on each side of the border. Over all products, prices are on average more than 14% higher on the Austrian side. The underlying absolute price differences average to around 20%, but vary over products and time, suggesting limits to arbitrage in cross-border shopping. This study demonstrates that even in highly integrated areas, national borders continue to matter for retail pricing.

The Impact of Tourism on the Economy in the Destination of Ubud After the Lifting of Travel Restrictions

This study aims to assess the impact of tourism on the economy in Ubud after travel restrictions were lifted, focusing on people working in the tourism sector. The study involved 150 respondents selected through purposive sampling and accidental sampling. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis. The results show that the impact of tourism in the Ubud destination after the lifting of travel restrictions which has the highest average value in each variable begins with an increase in souvenir sales with an average of 4.53, increasing market prices for local handicraft products with an average of 4.44, and increasing employment opportunities for local workers with an average of 4.60. The most felt economic impact in the direct impact section is an increase in the availability of local crafts with a CFA value of 0.751, then in the indirect impact there is the most felt impact of increased government spending on promotion with a CFA value of 0.898, and in the induced impact is an increase in the use of local labor with a CFA value of 0.875.

First-party selling and self-preferencing

In this paper, I analyze the welfare effect of a vertically integrated gatekeeper platform selling its own first-party product, i.e., first-party selling, as well as the platform's incentive to favor the first-party product in the product recommendations it makes, i.e., self-preferencing. I find that, irrespective of self-preferencing, both consumer welfare and platform revenue are higher under first-party selling because first-party selling mitigates double marginalization. Additionally, third-party product prices are lower in expected terms under first-party selling, either because the platform reduces the commission fee (with self-preferencing) or downstream competition is fiercer (without self-preferencing). Finally, I show that both consumers and the platform are better off if the platform commits not to engage in self-preferencing.

How Do Digital Advertising Auctions Impact Product Prices?

Abstract We present a model of digital advertising with three key features: (1) advertisers can reach consumers on and off a platform, (2) additional data enhances the value of advertiser–consumer matches, and (3) the allocation of advertisements follows an auction-like mechanism. We contrast data-augmented auctions, which leverage the platform’s data advantage to improve match quality, with managed-campaign mechanisms that automate match formation and price-setting. The platform-optimal mechanism is a managed campaign that conditions the on-platform prices for sponsored products on the off-platform prices set by all advertisers. This mechanism yields the efficient on-platform allocation but inefficiently high off-platform product prices. It attains the vertical integration profit for the platform and the advertisers, and it increases off-platform product prices while decreasing consumer surplus, relative to data-augmented auctions.

Wirtschaftszahlen der GJAE-Ausgabe 3/2024 (Stand: 15.08.2024)

Wirtschaftszahlen: This database contains general data on the development of agricultural producer and input prices, the consumer price index and foreign trade in agricultural and food goods on a monthly basis for the previous 24 months. In addition, this database comprises important volume and price developments on national and international markets for selected product groups of agricultural products such as grain, livestock, meat, milk and dairy products as well as vegetables, fruit and sugar. This file is only available in German.

Enhancing organic milk sales through cumulative power of product – extrinsic cues: empirical evidence from China

PurposeTo examine the impact of manufacturer reputation, retailer reputation, and product price on consumers’ perceived quality and purchasing behavior regarding organic milk.Design/methodology/approachEmploying a 2 × 2 experiment, data were collected from 1,259 consumers in 32 provinces in China.FindingsWhen a low-reputation manufacturer sells products through a high-reputation retailer, it improves consumers’ perception of quality and positively influences their purchasing behavior. Interestingly, setting higher prices for products manufactured by low-reputation companies and selling them through high-reputation retailers did not significantly enhance consumers’ perceived quality and deter their purchasing behavior.Originality/valueThe analysis expands the framework for cue diagnosis. While the existing framework primarily focuses on the influence of cue-type combinations on perceived quality, it does not integrate purchasing behavior into the conceptual framework. This limitation hinders people understanding of the theoretical mechanisms underlying the use of cues in purchasing decisions. This paper address this by gradually introducing variables, such as retailer reputation and product price, into the baseline model, thereby extending this theory. In addition, this paper advances the marketing research literature within the business-to-business-to-consumer context by examining the additive effects of manufacturer reputation, retailer reputation, and product price on consumers’ perception of quality and purchasing behavior.

Implementasi Penentuan Harga Pokok Produksi dengan Metode Full Costing dan Activity Based Costing di UMKM Pabrik Krupuk Poli UD. Bhakti Rantani Sumenep

Not a few MSMEs use traditional methods in determining product prices, so that the profits achieved are felt to have not met the aspect of justice. What they express is that the important thing is not to lose. The full Costing and Activity Based Costing methods are approaches that have been used by companies, the impact is that they can provide wages or services to all parties or elements involved in production or business. Because implementing the two methods is an effort to fulfill the rights of each element that has contributed to each business unit.

Analysis of the Application of Target Costing in Managing Production Costs to Increase Profits in the Solo Medan Sausage SME

The implementation of target costing by an UMKM trader aims to reduce total costs from the previous total costs so that the company can get maximum profits without having to increase its selling price. This research aims to analyze whether the application of the Target Costing method in managing production costs at Solo Medan Sosis UMKM can optimize profits as expected. This research was conducted using a qualitative and descriptive approach method and was carried out in the city of Medan starting in December 2023. The results of this research show that by using the Target Costing method the required production costs can be minimized so that the profits obtained can be further optimized in accordance with the company's expectations. without increasing product prices. So the conclusion is that the Target Costing method can be an alternative for Solo Medan Sosis UMKM in determining production cost.

Product differentiation, quality, and milk price stability: The case of the Swiss cheese market

AbstractWe investigate potential linkages between product and quality differentiation in the cheese markets and raw milk producer prices. We analyze the co‐movements of producer prices of milk delivered to cheese processing channels with different differentiation strategies, namely industrial, artisanal, and artisanal cheese with geographical indications (GI) in the Swiss dairy market. We find that overall, product and quality differentiation in cheese markets helps milk producers achieve higher and more stable prices. Additional GI protection does not guarantee further enhancement of producer prices. Rather, its effectiveness may depend largely on the strength of GI protection and the governance of producer organizations.

Spatial development of agricultural production in Russia: The comparative advantages approach

The territorial planning approach to allocating productive forces is based on the fact that territories have competitive advantages in producing specific products. However, in agriculture, the advantages principle cannot be used to shape the allocation patterns, due to a variety of intervening factors, such as the climatic and environmental conditions for agricultural production and the quality of land and availability of water. In the case of Russia, one of the most diverse countries in terms of the territorial disparities in agricultural production, this study examines the location and development patterns of the agricultural sector. The study identifies the competitive advantages of territories by comparing localization of agricultural production, production costs, performance, and profitability of agricultural producers, as well as prices of agricultural products in 78 different administrative regions in Russia. The study reveals which regions have more advantageous conditions for over-concentrating energy capacities, labor resources, fixed capital, and investments. However, at a certain point, over-concentrated production forces can lead to a deterioration in the performance of farmers due to an increase in capital intensity. Therefore, countries with significant regional differences in agricultural production should adjust their spatial development patterns according to the parameters of territories’ comparative advantages.

Ethane integration project—a study for Egyptian NGLs plants and their economics

For Egypt, ethane is a vital chemical precursor, with the potential to significantly attract financial resources and drive economic growth. Enhancing its added value necessitates efficient recovery of ethane before it enters the national grid without processing. This research investigates the technical and economic feasibility of integrating natural gas liquids (NGLs) from three Egyptian NGLs plants—South Western Desert NGLs (SWD NGLs), North Western Desert NGLs (NWD NGLs), and East Mediterranean NGLs (EMD NGLs)—to improve ethane recovery from natural gas fields. The study focuses on revamping these NGLs plants using various NGLs recovery techniques, conducting a comprehensive comparison to identify the most effective methods for processing rich feed gas. Detailed design of the NGLs recovery processes was developed using HYSYS V.14 simulation software and supplementary calculation sheets. The design criteria encompass both technical and economic parameters to ensure a holistic approach in meeting project requirements. Results indicate a significant increase in ethane recovery: 16% for SWD NGLs, 10% for NWD NGLs (A, B, C), and 85% for EMD NGLs. This improvement will boost ethane feedstock for petrochemical companies from 2000 ton/day to 3500 ton/day, enabling increased polyethylene production. Economic analysis for the base case shows an expected internal rate of return (IRR) of 26%, a net present value (NPV) of USD 73 million, and a payback period of approximately 3 years. Sensitivity analysis on product prices, feed gas prices, and total capital investment confirms the project’s economic viability, with all cases showing feasibility (IRR ≥ 15%) except when product prices fall below USD 225/ton for propane, USD 215/ton for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and USD 25/bbl for condensate. This study highlights the potential for enhanced ethane recovery, offering substantial economic benefits and supporting the growth of Egypt’s petrochemical industry.

Dynamic pricing for perishable product in the presence of low-carbon preference

ABSTRACT As countries worldwide strive to implement energy conservation and emission reduction measures, modeling consumers’ low-carbon preferences and purchasing decisions has become a crucial factor in implementing dynamic pricing strategies for firms. This paper investigates the dynamic pricing problems for a single perishable product and substitutable perishable products, respectively, where consumer is affected by low-carbon preference. We first propose the decision framework of consumer choice with low-carbon preference based on the multinomial logit model. On this basis, we establish dynamic pricing models by the dynamic programming method and obtain the optimal pricing strategies. We analytically show that consumer’s low-carbon preference has a positive effect on the optimal price for a single perishable product. Meanwhile, numerical examples illustrate that consumer’s low-carbon preference has a positive effect on the optimal prices for substitutable perishable products. Finally, we give some suggestions to increase firm’s revenue when consumer’s low-carbon preference is present.