Procrastination Scores Research Articles

Procrastination as a Marker of Anxiety Disorder Among College Students: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study From Puducherry, India.

Background and objective Procrastination, which refers to the act of unnecessarily delaying the beginning or completion of an assigned task, is a widespread but often neglected problem among college students. Postponing a task can impair academic performance or lead to stress and poor mental well-being. A knowledge gap exists in understanding the cyclical nature of the relationship between anxiety and procrastination, wherein anxiety leads to procrastination, which in turn exacerbates anxiety. In light of this, we aimed to assess the level of procrastination and anxiety among college students and to correlate the relationship between their procrastination and anxiety status. Methodology A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 347 graduate students from various disciplines at a tertiary care hospital in Puducherry, India. A convenient sampling technique was employed to recruit the participants, and data were collected using the validated Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students (PASS) and the Hamilton AnxietyRating Scale (HAM-A). Results Our findings showed that about 124 (35.7%) participants reported weekly reading assignments as the most frequently procrastinated task, with a mean score of 3.15 ± 1.02, followed by studying for exams and writing term papers. The most commonly reported reason for procrastination was evaluation anxiety, followed by low self-esteem and perfectionism. A significant number of students (157, 45.2%) had mild anxiety, and 58 (16.7%) students were found to have severe anxiety. A Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.26 (95% CI: 0.16 - 0.36) was observed between the overall procrastination score and HAM-A score, which indicated a weak positive correlation and was statistically significant (p<0.05). Similarly, a weak positive correlation was found between task aversiveness, fear of failure, and anxiety levels. Conclusions Procrastination is positively related to anxiety but the relationship is weak. Understanding and addressing the underlying anxiety or stress can be a key to managing procrastination among college students.

The mediating role of self‐control between stress and procrastination among adolescents: Examining the ego depletion theory

AbstractStress is an omnipresent psychological force impacting many aspects of life. Although a moderate amount of stress is attributed to better performance, an excessive amount of stress can inhibit executive functioning abilities. Adolescents encounter numerous stressors that they must overcome. Self‐control, according to the ego depletion theory, has limited source and can diminish when individuals are overwhelmed. In this study, we collected data from 616 adolescents to ascertain the impact of stress on self‐control and procrastination. Specifically, we aimed to see if increased stress would decrease self‐control, which, in turn, would increase procrastination. The mediation analysis supported the above hypothesis, and the model explained 39% of the variance in procrastination scores. 61.30% of this relationship was explained by the indirect effect (i.e., stress increases procrastination through reduced self‐control). Our results support the existence of the debated ego‐depletion theory in the context of procrastination and self‐control.

Relationship between academic procrastination and self-efficacy amongst dental undergraduate students at a public university in Karachi, Pakistan.

To compare the procrastination and self-efficacy scores among students with respect to the academic year of dental undergraduate programme, and to assess the relationship between self-efficacy and academic procrastination among the students. The descriptive study was conducted at Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, from January to March 2023, and comprised medical students of either gender from all the 4 academic years. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire whose validity was assessed using a pilot study. Data was analysed using SPSS 18. Of the 136 students, 84(61.8%) were females and 52(38.2%) were males. There were 34(25%) students from the 1st year, 32(23.5%) from 2nd year, 38(28%) from the 3rd year, and 32(23.5%) from the final year. The highest mean score for procrastination was from 3rd year students 67.7±12.8, while the highest mean score for self-efficacy was from 1st year students 30.2±4. There was no significant difference in terms of gender (p>0.05). Procrastination scores had a significant association with the academic year (p=0.016). Procrastination scores were high among the dental students with the highest score from 3rd year students. The academic environment should provide support help the students devise strategies to optimally utilise the available time.

Effect of short video addiction on the sleep quality of college students: chain intermediary effects of physical activity and procrastination behavior.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of short video addiction on college students' sleep quality and to elucidate the mechanism underlying this relationship. Thus, we examined the correlation between short video addiction and sleep quality and analyzed the roles of physical activity and procrastination. The Short Video Addiction Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Aitken Procrastination Inventory, and Physical Activity Rating Scale were administered to 337 college students. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0. Pearson's correlation analysis and mediation analysis using the bootstrapping test were performed for the standard method bias test. (1) Overall, 25.2% of college students had problems with sleep quality (indicated by a PSQI score ≥ 8). (2) Short video addiction score is positively correlated with college students' sleep quality score; procrastination score was positively associated with both short video addiction score and sleep quality score, and physical activity score was negatively associated with them. (3) Short video addiction significantly positive predicted sleep quality (β = 0.458, P < 0.001), a significant negative predictive effect on physical exercise (β = -0.183, P < 0.001), and a significant positive effect on procrastination behavior (β = 0.246, P < 0.001). After physical exercise and procrastination behavior were entered into the regression equation, short video addiction and procrastination were significantly positive predictors of sleep quality, and physical activity was significantly negative predictor of sleep quality. (4) After accounting for the variables of age, gender, and grade, physical activity and procrastination behaviors independently mediated the association between short-video addiction and sleep quality. Physical activity and procrastination behavior acted as chain mediators in the association between short video addiction and sleep quality, with a chain mediation effect percentage of 1.04%. Short video addiction directly affects college students' sleep quality, indirectly through physical activity and procrastination behavior.

Assessment of Procrastination Trait among Dental Students in South India

Context: Procrastination is defined as “a trait or behavioral disposition to postpone or delay performing a task or making decisions.” It is a self-handicapping behavior that may result in loss of productivity, poor performance, and increased stress among individuals. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of procrastination trait among undergraduate and postgraduate dental students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted among undergraduate and postgraduate students during October–November 2022 for assessing their procrastination trait. The response rate was 100%. Lay’s Procrastination Scale (LPS) – student version was used to collect the desired information. Results: The results showed that interns had significantly high procrastination prevalence (LPS score ≥60) compared to BDS final-year students and postgraduate students. The procrastination trait among males was found to be higher compared to females. Statistical Analysis: The Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to compare the mean procrastination score, and the Chi-square test was applied to determine the difference in procrastination extent. Conclusion: Procrastination has been consistently reported to exert an adverse influence on the academic performance of students, which would in turn affect the performance and the quality of work being delivered by the students. Therefore, certain active measures have to be enforced to help the students for effective time management, which would reduce the consequences of procrastination in dental education.

Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Akademik Erteleme Davranışının Çeşitli Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi

In the twenty-first century, researchers continue to investigate procrastination behavior with curiosity. The study of procrastination gains a new dimension due to changing parameters, including time perception, life uncertainties, psychological disorders, evolving conditions, emerging opportunities, and advancing technology. Although procrastination can be observed at all ages and under all conditions, it is a common behavior among university students who are undergoing a significant transition to adulthood. This study aims to investigate whether academic procrastination in university students varies based on different variables. In the study, a descriptive survey was conducted with quantitative data. The procrastination behavior tendencies of 267 university students enrolled in the central faculties of a state university in Turkey were examined. The Academic Procrastination Scale and information form including demographic questions prepared by the researchers were used as data collection tools. Since the data had normal distribution according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the independent groups’ t-test and ANOVA were used to determine whether there was a difference in the procrastination scores of the students based on factors and total scores according to the variables. Findings showed that the procrastination tendencies of the students differed in terms of gender, faculty, department, duration of telephone use and telephone use purposes, interest in the department, and perceptions of competence in the field. How students utilize procrastination behavior is crucial when planning activities. Parameters should be handled in accordance with age. In newer studies, causal and longitudinal studies can be conducted by incorporating various variables into the research. Development or intervention programs can be executed with repetitive studies.

Associations Between Procrastination and Subsequent Health Outcomes Among University Students in Sweden

Procrastination is prevalent among university students and is hypothesized to lead to adverse health outcomes. Previous cross-sectional research suggests that procrastination is associated with mental and physical health outcomes, but longitudinal evidence is currently scarce. To evaluate the association between procrastination and subsequent health outcomes among university students in Sweden. This cohort study was based on the Sustainable University Life study, conducted between August 19, 2019, and December 15, 2021, in which university students recruited from 8 universities in the greater Stockholm area and Örebro were followed up at 5 time points over 1 year. The present study used data on 3525 students from 3 time points to assess whether procrastination was associated with worse health outcomes 9 months later. Self-reported procrastination, measured using 5 items from the Swedish version of the Pure Procrastination Scale rated on a Likert scale from 1 ("very rarely or does not represent me") to 5 ("very often or always represents me") and summed to give a total procrastination score ranging from 5 to 25. Sixteen self-reported health outcomes were assessed at the 9-month follow-up. These included mental health problems (symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress), disabling pain (neck and/or upper back, lower back, upper extremities, and lower extremities), unhealthy lifestyle behaviors (poor sleep quality, physical inactivity, tobacco use, cannabis use, alcohol use, and breakfast skipping), psychosocial health factors (loneliness and economic difficulties), and general health. The study included 3525 participants (2229 women [63%]; mean [SD] age, 24.8 [6.2] years), with a follow-up rate of 73% (n = 2587) 9 months later. The mean (SD) procrastination score at baseline was 12.9 (5.4). An increase of 1 SD in procrastination was associated with higher mean symptom levels of depression (β, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.09-0.17), anxiety (β, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.04-0.12), and stress (β, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.08-0.15), and having disabling pain in the upper extremities (risk ratio [RR], 1.27; 95% CI, 1.14-1.42), poor sleep quality (RR, 1.09, 95% CI, 1.05-1.14), physical inactivity (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04-1.11), loneliness (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.12), and economic difficulties (RR, 1.15, 95% CI, 1.02-1.30) at the 9-month follow-up, after controlling for a large set of potential confounders. This cohort study of Swedish university students suggests that procrastination is associated with subsequent mental health problems, disabling pain, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, and worse psychosocial health factors. Considering that procrastination is prevalent among university students, these findings may be of importance to enhance the understanding of students' health.

Assessment of procrastination in providing nursing care among Iranian nursing staff

AimThis study aimed to investigate procrastination in nursing care providing.DesignThis descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 125 nurses in ICUs, PICUs, NICUs, and surgery wards, who were selected by census sampling in Iran.MethodsThe data were collected using the Procrastination Scale, which consisted of 25 items relating to 3 factors. Data were analyzed using statistics, Chi-square, Friedman test, analysis of variance, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests.ResultsOverall, 37% of the participants showed very high or high procrastination. Most of the procrastination was observed in the “Task aversion” (44.2%). ANOVA indicated that the mean total procrastination score had a significant relationship with age (p = 0.013), work experience (p = 0.006), and marital status (p = 0.02). Nurses with permanent employment (p = 0.014) and lower education (p = 0.009) and women (p = 0.023) were much more likely to procrastinate the provision of care.ConclusionIt is recommended to adopt appropriate management strategies and take adequate measures to reduce procrastination, considering the existence of procrastination among nurses and its adverse impact on the quality of care.

Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance of the Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form in Spanish Children and Adolescents

The objectives were to examine the factorial structure of the Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form (APS-S) and the measurement invariance across gender and educational levels, to determine possible differences in procrastination across gender, educational levels, and grades. The sample was formed of 1486 Spanish primary and secondary school students between the ages of 7 and 19 years. A one-factor model provided an adequate fit. Scalar and partial scalar invariance were achieved through gender and educational levels, respectively. Internal consistency was good and slightly higher for secondary school students than primary school students. Moderate convergent validity was obtained. The APS-S scores showed a weak but significant correlation with math anxiety. Procrastination scores increased with grade, and males showed significantly higher procrastination scores than females. The Spanish APS-S demonstrated adequate reliability and validity scores and could be a useful tool for examining academic procrastination in children and adolescents.

Factors influencing bedtime procrastination in junior college nursing students: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundSleep quality is related to physical and mental health. Though bedtime procrastination has been identified as a potentially key source of poor sleep quality, related research is scarce. The goal of our study was to determine bedtime procrastination among nursing students and identify its influencing factors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study comprised 1827 junior college nursing students. The data were collected from November to December 2021 using a mobile app-based survey. We evaluated demographic factors, Big Five personality traits, self-regulatory fatigue, future time perspective, and problematic mobile phone use. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify independent characteristics that influence bedtime procrastination among junior college nursing students.ResultsThe mean bedtime procrastination score in junior college nursing students was 25.11 ± 6.88. Family monthly income of 3000–6000 RMB (β = 0.740; p = 0.015), as well as that of > 6000 RMB (β = 1.708; p = 0.001), and an extroverted personality (β = 0.225; p = 0.001), self-regulatory fatigue (β = 0.135; p < 0.001), and problematic mobile phone use (β = 0.078; p < 0.001) had significant positive effects on bedtime procrastination. Conscientious personality (β = − 0.284; p = 0.003), neurotic personality (β = − 0.203; p = 0.031), and future time perspective (β = − 0.141; p < 0.001) had significant negative effects on bedtime procrastination.ConclusionThe nursing students who participated in this study had moderate levels of bedtime procrastination. Bedtime procrastination was predicted by higher monthly household income; personality traits of extroversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism; self-regulatory fatigue; future time perspective; and problematic mobile phone use.Practical implicationsWe recommend that effective measures are needed to help alleviate bedtime procrastination and improve the health and well-being of nursing students.

Relationship between academic procrastination and self-esteem among dental students in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh: A cross-sectional study

Background: Procrastination is an extremely prevalent phenomenon and pernicious form of self-regulatory failure. Self-esteem is used to describe peoples' beliefs and feelings about their overall self-worth. Procrastinators have found to carry a heavy cost due to the inability to abide by these values, thereby affecting all domains of life. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between academic procrastination and self-esteem among dental students in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2021. The sample consisted of 505 dental students. Data were collected through a questionnaire using the Tuckman Academic Procrastination Scale and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS software version 14.0. Independent Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation test were performed. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results indicated that a weak positive correlation (r = 0.02) existed between academic procrastination scores and self-esteem scores. There was a significant difference in mean academic procrastination scores and self-esteem scores among undergraduates and postgraduates. Undergraduates reported higher self-esteem (25.7 ± 1.93) and lower academic procrastination (25.2 ± 1.70) which were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The current study found that students who procrastinate more have comparatively lower self-esteem and those with high self-esteem procrastinate less.

Effectiveness of Group Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Reduce Academic Procrastination Behavior of High School Students During Distance Learning

The policy of implementing Distance Learning in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic brought changes to students' academic activities. Such condition may pose a risk that leads to academic procrastination, especially for boys at the high school level (SMA), a group that has been previously known to be prone to academic procrastination behavior. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Group Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) approach to reduce academic procrastination and develop adaptive strategies for young person. The participants of this study were 4 high school students, male, and aged 16-17 years who were recruited online through purposive sampling technique. Changes in the level of academic procrastination were measured based on the decrease in the irrational procrastination scale (IPS) scores during pre-test, post-test, and follow-up as well as qualitative results obtained based on interviews and observations of participants. The results of the intervention showed that there was a decrease in the participants' academic procrastination scores. Participants also reported that there were positive changes they felt after following the intervention.

Relationship between Sense of Coherence and Procrastination among a Group of Undergraduate Dental Students in Chennai City - An Observational Study

Background: Procrastination is considered problematic when it affects normal day-to-day functioning. It can serve as a deterrent among undergraduate dental students both for their academic and career growth. Behaviour modifications are required to change this negative behaviour and Sense of Coherence is one such approach. Aim: To assess the relationship between Sense of Coherence and Procrastination among a group of undergraduate dental students in Chennai city. Material and Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire study was conducted among 358 undergraduate dental students. Thirteen item Sense of Coherence scale and Lay’s Procrastination scale were used to collect data about Sense of Coherence and Procrastination among undergraduate dental students respectively, using google forms. One-way ANOVA and Independent T test were used to test for difference in mean scores between groups based on year of study and gender, respectively. Pearsons correlation coefficient followed by Simple Linear Regression was performed to test for association between Sense of Coherence and Procrastination. Results: The overall mean Sense of Coherence score of the study participants was 49.52 ± 8.13. The overall mean Procrastination score of the study participants was 56.58 ± 10.02. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient revealed a negative correlation (r = -.255) between Sense of Coherence and Procrastination (p = .000) indicating that with an increase in Sense of Coherence, Procrastination decreases. In tandem, the third year students with lowest Sense of Coherence score showed highest procrastination. Conclusion: Procrastination is negatively associated with Sense of Coherence and hence behaviour modification interventions based on Sense of Coherence are required, to be customized and incorporated in dental curriculum to reduce procrastination among undergraduate dental students.

Rational and Irrational Beliefs in Understanding Academic Procrastination

Recently, along with the advancement of academic procrastination research, scholars have made tremendous efforts to understand different aspects of this construct, including its different forms, causes, correlated variables and consequences. Previous studies have noted that irrational beliefs were associated with procrastination, yet limited research has been conducted on this issue, particularly considering different forms of academic procrastination. The present study achieved two goals: a validation of the Rational and Irrational Beliefs on Procrastination (RIBP) scale and a test of the potential explanatory role of such beliefs in different forms of procrastination. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the validity of the two-factor RIBP scale. Hierarchical linear models were performed on each form of procrastination score in males and females separately. The two forms of procrastination exhibited different relation patterns to rational/irrational beliefs in different gender groups. Implications of the findings were discussed.

386 An Exploratory Study of Bedtime Procrastination and Emotional Regulation Strategies in Insomnia compared to healthy individuals

Abstract Introduction Bedtime Procrastination (BP) is defined as the behavior of voluntarily delaying going to bed, without having external reasons for doing so. Recent research on procrastination behavior suggests that when negative emotions are elevated, procrastination behaviors can be triggered in order to find pleasure to avoid and alleviate them. Procrastination can also occur when there is difficulty regulating emotions. In addition, the reason for bedtime procrastination may be different depending on whether the individuals present with insomnia. According to previous studies, patients with insomnia may exhibit more pronounced negative avoidance of bedtime due to prolonged sleeplessness. Therefore, this study compared the difference between of the bedtime procrastination and the emotional regulation strategies between the insomnia group and the healthy group. Methods This study was conducted in 582 adults (mean age 23.06 ±2.16 years), 81.6% females. Individuals scoring higher than 15 on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were classified into the insomnia group (n=375), and those less than 15 were classified into the healthy group (n=207). Participants completed the Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), Emotional Regulation Strategies Checklist. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi square test, and independent t tests. Results The insomnia group had significantly higher bedtime procrastination scores than the healthy group (t=-6.241, p&amp;lt;.001), and also the avoidant/distractive regulation style score was significantly higher (t=-1.969, p&amp;lt;.05). In addition, the score of active regulation style was significantly lower in the insomnia group than in the healthy group (t=3.050, p&amp;lt;.01). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the support-seeking regulation style. Conclusion Based on these results, it was confirmed that there was a difference in the bedtime procrastination and the emotional regulation strategies between the insomnia group and the healthy group. Support (if any) This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2018S1A5A8026807)

“Just do it tomorrow”: Procrastination in Tunisian university students

IntroductionProcrastination is a common phenomenon among students, defined by the tendency to delay tasks. Procrastination can have a negative impact not only on academic achievement but also on other areas of life.ObjectivesTo assess students’ level of procrastination and associated psychological factorsMethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study in students from three different universities: a medical school, a law school and an engineering school. Socio-demographic, clinical and academic data were collected. Procrastination was assessed using the Pure Procrastination Scale. We further administered the Short Version of the impulsive behaviour scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Perfectionism scale, and the one item Self-esteem Scale.ResultsOur sample consisted of 1019 students. The mean age was 22 ± 2.25 years, 62% were females and almost 70% were single. The mean level of procrastination was 35 ± 10.42. Procrastination was positively correlated with impulsivity (r= 0.37 p=0.00) and perfectionism (r= 1.32 p= 0.00) and negatively correlated with life satisfaction (r= -0.22 p = 0.00) and self-esteem (r= - 0.12 p= 0.00).ConclusionsThe level of procrastination was relatively high in our study population. As described in the literature, impulsiveness and perfectionism were closely and positively related to procrastination, whereas higher procrastination scores were linked to lower quality of life and self-esteem. Our findings underline the need for counselling services with a focus on procrastination for university students.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Test anxiety and procrastination in physiotherapy students.

BACKGROUND:Short-term academic procrastination may be accompanied by negative outcomes such as anxiety, stress, and depression. The current study aims to evaluate the two parameters of procrastination and test anxiety in physiotherapy students and explore whether a relationship exists between them.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A descriptive, cross-sectional survey with a prospective study design was carried out over a period of 6 months. The study used a two-staged cluster sampling method: 220 undergraduate and postgraduate physiotherapy students from colleges in Mumbai and Navi Mumbai participated in the study, ensuring participation of students from each year of the course. The Westside Test Anxiety Scale was administered to evaluate test anxiety, and the Academic Procrastination Scale was used to evaluate procrastination. To illustrate the basic demographics of the participants, descriptive statistics were used. A correlation matrix was used to analyze the correlation between the two parameters.RESULTS:The mean procrastination score of the physiotherapy students was 74.1. Amongst undergraduates, the highest procrastination was seen in the 3rd Bachelor of Physiotherapy students (mean = 76.7), whereas among postgraduates, the highest procrastination was seen in Master of Physiotherapy 1 students (mean = 75.7). The mean test anxiety score was 3, indicating moderately high test anxiety among students. There was a statistically significant, positive correlation between test anxiety score and procrastination score (P value = 0.000, Pearson's correlation co-efficient = 0.383).CONCLUSION:Both test anxiety and the tendency to procrastinate were present among undergraduate and postgraduate physiotherapy students, in varying degrees. There was a positive correlation between the two factors.

The relationship between academic procrastination and depression in students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between academic procrastination and depression in students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study, 400 students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences were selected by stratified random sampling in 2020. Data collection tools included three sections of demographic information, the Procrastination Assessment Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory II. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software and independent t-test, ANOVA, and multivariate regression. Results: The results of demographic data showed that the number of females was more than the males (61.3% vs. 38.7%). The student's academic procrastination's score was 65.22 ± 14.92, indicating a moderate level of procrastination (58.4%). The variables of performing religious duties, students' depression have a significant relationship with academic procrastination (P < 0.001). There is a significant positive correlation between academic procrastination and student depression (P < 0.001, r = 0.325). Conclusion: Based on the research findings, academic procrastination among students was moderate to high. Considering the important role of academic procrastination in various aspects of education and future careers of students and future of community health, it is essential for professors and academic advisors to pay a special attention to this subject and it is suggested to investigate the causes and to propose appropriate strategies for reducing this behavior.

The Effectiveness of Cognitive group rehabilitation Training on Academic procrastination and academic engagement in students

Introduction: Cognitive factors play a large role in the learning process; therefore purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Cognitive group rehabilitation training on academic procrastination and academic engagement in students. Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental, pre-test, post-test, and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all postgraduate nursing students of Gorgan based on the criteria for entering and exiting the research in the academic year of 2019, that they had academic procrastination. Participants voluntarily responded to the academic procrastination questionnaire. The number of 30 students who had the most academic procrastination scores were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Then, the academic engagement and academic procrastination questionnaires were used as a pre-test for both groups. Cognitive group rehabilitation Training was applied to the experimental group in 8 sessions with 90 minute. At the end of the course, both groups completed the above questionnaires as a post-test. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance with SPSS 24 software. Result: The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of academic engagement in the pre-test of the experimental group was 52.84 ± 4.41 and the control group was 49.10 ± 4.75 and in the post-test of the experimental group was 83.36 ± 4.35 and the control group 50.75. ± 4.42 was obtained. The mean and standard deviation of academic procrastination in the pre-test of the experimental group of 65.74 ± 8.24and control of 65.32 ± 7.11and in the post-test of the experimental group of 31.02 ± 4.54 and control of 64.11 ± 6.87 Was obtained. Generally the results showed that Cognitive group rehabilitation Training has a significant effect on academic engagement and academic lagging at the level of P &lt; 0.01. Conclusion: Cognitive group rehabilitation Training should be offered to students to use cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategy so that less attention is paid to academic procrastination and lack of academic conflict among students.

The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Academic Procrastination in Medical Sciences Students of Zanjan University

Objectives: Procrastination and academic failure are factors that are on the rise among medical universities and threaten the educational system. Therefore, it is necessary to identify interventions that can reduce these factors. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on academic procrastination in Medical Sciences students of Zanjan University, Zanjan City, Iran. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test &amp; post-test design and case and control groups. The statistical population was all students with academic failure who were referred to the University Counseling Office during the academic year 1996-7, out of whom 38 were enrolled in the study considering the inclusion criteria and academic procrastination score. The study data were collected using the standard Solomon’s and Rothlobom questionnaire. Students’ academic performance was also measured by their semester grade point average. Covariance analysis and analysis of covariance were used for data analysis in SPSS V. 24. Results: The mean academic procrastination was significantly different between the two groups at the post-test (P&lt;0.05). Group F was statistically significant in academic procrastination equal to 257.553 (P&lt;0.05), so the effectiveness of ACT on academic procrastination and its components was confirmed. Concerning academic performance, the F of the group factor was equal to 9.59 and at the level of P&lt;0.05 which was statistically significant. Conclusion: The results show the effectiveness of ACT on student’s procrastination and academic failure.