Procion Red Dye Research Articles

Influence of procion red dye doping on the structural, dielectric and optical properties of diglycine-phthalic acid single crystals for nonlinear optical applications

Influence of procion red dye doping on the structural, dielectric and optical properties of diglycine-phthalic acid single crystals for nonlinear optical applications

LED-driven photo-Fenton process for micropollutant removal by nanostructured magnetite anchored in mesoporous silica

The presence of organic micropollutants in water bodies represents a threat to living organisms and ecosystems due to their toxicological effects and recalcitrance in conventional wastewater treatments. In this context, the application of heterogeneous photo-Fenton based on magnetite nanoparticles supported on mesoporous silica (SBA15) is proposed to carry out the non-specific degradation of the model compounds ibuprofen, carbamazepine, hormones, bisphenol A and the dye ProcionRed®. The operating conditions (i.e., pH, catalyst load and hydrogen peroxide concentration) were optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The paramagnetic properties of the nanocatalysts allowed their repeated use in sequential batch operations with catalyst losses below 1%. The feasibility of the process was demonstrated as removal rates above 90% after twelve accomplished after twelve consecutive cycles. In addition, the contributions of different reactive oxygen species, mainly •OH, were analyzed together with the formation of by-products, achieving total mineralization values of 15% on average.

Utilization of Rambutan Peel as s Potential Adsorbent for the Adsorption of Malachite Green, Procion Red, and Congo Red Dyes

Utilization of Rambutan Peel as s Potential Adsorbent for the Adsorption of Malachite Green, Procion Red, and Congo Red Dyes

ZnO-Zeolite nanocomposite application for photocatalytic degradation of procion red and its adsorption isotherm

In this paper, the photocatalytic degradation of procion red dye, one of the most frequently used dyes in the textile industry, was studied. The objective of the research is to study the ZnO-Zeolite nanocomposite application to degrade procion red dye by using different irradiation sources. The adsorption isotherm was also investigated. The ZnO-Zeolite nanocomposite was prepared by a sol-gel process. Photodegradation test was applied under the sunlight irradiation, ultraviolet (UV) lamp, and in a darkroom. The dye degradation was also examined by the synthetic zeolite and ZnO for a comparison. Another objective of this study is to analyse the appropriate adsorption isotherm to describe the degradation process of procion red dye by using ZnO-Zeolite nanocomposite. The adsorption ability of the nanocomposite was described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption of the nanocomposite was reported to depend on the degradation time. The highest photodegradation result of 98.24 % was achieved by irradiating 50 mg/l of procion red dye under the sunlight for 120 minutes. The result showed that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was the appropriate adsorption equation for the degradation process of procion red dye by using ZnO-Zeolite nanocomposite with R2 value of 0.995.

The effect of weight ratio of ZnO and natural zeolite on the performance of ZnO-natural zeolite nanocomposites for synthetic dyes degradation

This study was conducted to analyze the influence of the weight ratio for the nanocomposite raw materials comprising ZnO and natural zeolite on the effectiveness of the ZnO-natural zeolite nanocomposite to degrade the procion red dye as a pollutant model at different initial pH solution. The samples were produced at different weight ratios of ZnO and natural zeolite of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. The results showed that the weight ratio affected the SEM-EDX, BET, and XRD characteristics of the nanocomposites produced indicated by the difference in the percentage of dye degradation. The highest degradation of 96.3% was obtained at a nanocomposite weight ratio of 2:1 when using the procion red dye pH solution of 5.

Innovative Modified of Cu-Al/C (C = Biochar, Graphite) Composites for Removal of Procion Red from Aqueous Solution

Innovative modification of Cu-Al/C composites was synthesized by coprecipitation method at pH 10 and added biochar (BC) and graphite (GF) to form Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF composites. Pristine and composites were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, Thermalgravimetric, and surface area using the BET method. The XRD diffraction and FTIR spectrum of Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF showed that the composite material from LDH, biochar, and graphite was successfully prepared. Modified LDH were surface area higher than the pristine, which obtained 200.90 m2/g and 18.83 m2/g for Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF respectively. Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF were tested for selectivity on several anionic dyes, it was known that procion red (PR) dye was more easily adsorbed than other anionic dyes. Materials were applied as adsorbents of procion red (PR) dye. The advantages of composites were evaluated by the regeneration process of adsorbent on PR. The result of composite toward PR re-adsorption process showed that Cu-Al/BC and Cu-Al/GF had structural stability higher than starting materials until five cycles process. Furthermore, materials were applied as adsorbents of procion red (PR) dye. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 93.458 mg/g for Cu-Al/BC and 49.505 mg/g for Cu-Al/GF. Both innovative modified composites have shown effective adsorbents to the removal of PR from an aqueous solution.

Simultaneous energy generation, decolorization, and detoxification of the azo dye Procion Red MX-5B in a microbial fuel cell

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are sustainable technologies that can effectively treat wastewater with simultaneous electricity generation. The present study investigated the performance of an MFC highly specific for decolorizing and degrading the azo dye Procion Red MX-5B (PRMX), which eliminates the toxicity of the solution while generating electricity. The MFC anode biofilm was formed from mining sediment after acclimatization in sodium acetate (1 g L-1), followed by the addition of 100 mg L-1 PRMX. The system was totally decolorized, and the color removal occurred fast during the first 70 h of the MFC feed cycle. Total mineralization occurred after 172 h of the feed cycle of the MFC system. Complete degradation of the aromatic intermediates generated after PRMX degradation reduced the toxic potential of the PRMX solution against A. salina larvae and L. sativa seeds to near zero. PRMX supply into the anode increased the voltage output from 360 mV (1 g L-1 sodium acetate - SA) to 520 mV (PRMX/SA 100 mg L-1: 0.25 g L-1). The maximum power density of 156 mW m-2 obtained herein was higher than most values reported for dye remediation in similar devices. Assessment of the microbial community showed that PRMX addition to the acetate diminished the microbial diversity in the bioanode. Pseudomonas and Dysgonomonas accounted for 87% of the biofilm. Therefore, both genera are most probably responsible for external electron transfer and PRMX degradation.

Improvement of anionic and cationic dyes removal in aqueous solution by Indonesian agro-waste oil palm empty fruit bunches through silylation approach

In this study, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) waste has been successfully utilized and chemically pretreated as a powerful adsorbent for removing anionic and cationic dyes in aqueous media. The extracted- and silylated-OPEFB, denoted as tOPEFB and s-OPEFB respectively, were prepared and morphologically, chemically and physically characterized using TEM, FTIR, XRD, BET, and TGA. The tOPEFB was contained α-cellulose confirmed by FTIR and XRD. This material has good adsorption toward methylene blue, having adsorption capacity (Qm) of 192.31 mg g−1, but it was weak to adsorb procion red dye (Qm = 20.70 mg g−1). Surface modification of tOPEFB not only provided a new amine functional group as indicated by FTIR analysis, but also improved the BET surface area of material up to 30.53%. As results, a high Qm of s-OPEFB was achieved toward procion red (Qm = 208.33 mg g−1) and methylene blue (Qm = 149.25 mg g−1). It confirmed that the surface engineering by silylation approach offered a positive impact on material properties, which directly improved their adsorption performance toward both anionic and cationic dyes.

Microbial degradation of Procion Red by Pseudomonas stutzeri

The bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri SPM-1, obtained from textile wastewater dumping sites of Surat, Gujarat was studied for the degradation of the textile azo dye Procion Red—H3B. The optimization was carried on the phenanthrene enrichment medium followed by exposing it to variable environmental factors and nutritional sources. The complete decolorization of dye (50 mg/L) happened within 20 h of incubation at pH 8 and temperature 32 ± 0.2 °C under microaerophilic conditions. Decolourization was monitored with the shifting of absorbance peak in UV–Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC analysis. The physicochemical studies of effluent before and after the treatment revealed 85%, 90%, and 65% decline in BOD, COD, and TOC levels. The strain showed significant activities of azoreductase (95%), laccase (76%), and NADH-DCIP reductase (88%) at 12 h, 10 h, and 8 h of growth respectively indicating evidence for reductive cleavage of the dye. The changes in the functional groups were confirmed by the presence of new peaks in FT-IR data. GC–MS analysis helped in recognizing the degraded dye compounds thus elucidating the proposed pathway for degradation of Procion Red—H3B. The potential of the bioremediation process was concluded by a phytotoxicity test using two plants, Vigna radiata and Cicer arietinum. Our study demonstrates that the strain Pseudomonas stutzeri SPM-1 has rapid decolorization efficiency and holds a noteworthy perspective in industrial application for textile wastewater treatment.

Identification and Evaluation of Azo Dye Decolorizing Fungal Species from Industry Effluent for the Development of Consortia Bio Inoculants

Azo dyes are the largest class dye used in textile and other industries. Beside of its large benefits it is also toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic, that constitutes a significant burden to the environment, human as well as animal health. Physicochemical treatment was employed to degrade and detoxify these azo dyes. However this method has limitation in releasing toxic degradant and not economical. It is timely important to search alternative biological ecofriendly treatment methods. The aim of this study was to screen, identify and evaluate potential fungal species having the ability to decolorize and degrade the Azo dyes for the development of consortia bio inoculants.150 industry effluent waste water was collected and fungal species were isolated & identified using Biolog Microstaton identification technology. The fungal azodye decolorization activities were qualitatively evaluated on Remazol yellow, Navey blue, Procion red MX-5B dyes using solid agar plate and broth assay. The result revealed that the percentage of frequency of fungi in waste water was 63.88 % were filamentous fungi and 38.22% non-filamentous fungi. Aspergillus species were dominant (32%). Thirteen fungal species was identified using Biolog MicroStaion reading machine. These are Trichosporon begilli, Rodotrula auranticaA, Candida palmioleophila, Cryptococus terrus, Yarrowia lipolytica, Cryptococus albidus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus restrictus, Aspergillus carneus, Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium digitatum, Fusarium javanicum. Among the fungal isolates tested, only 6 fungi species showed 72-92% decolorization potential measured by Biolog turbidimeter, these are T. begilli, R. aurantica A, P. roqueforti, P. digitatum, A. ochraceus F. javanicum four species, C. palmioleophila, C. terrus, Y. lipolytica, C. albidus, 34-71% decolorizing ability of Navy blue. 3 species, P. brevicompactum, A. carneus, A. restrictus showed 16-29% decolorizing ability. Trichosporon begilli was superior in clear zone formation on solid agar plate test (5.4mm). Through supporting this preliminary study by HPLC, &spectrophotometer analysis for enzymes and secondary metabolite study, it is possible to formulate and develop fungal bioinnoculant consortia for mycoremediation service.

Screening and identification of newly isolated Pseudomonas sp. for biodegrading the textile azo dye C.I. Procion Red H-3B.

To test the potential of a newly isolated strain of Pseudomonas sp., and its optimization for carrying out bioremediation of textile azo dye Procion Red H-3B. The isolation of the bacterial strain was done from a textile waste dumping site, followed by screening techniques to study the decolourization of an azo dye. The isolated pure culture was selected by its ability to form clear zones. The biochemical tests gave partial confirmation of the isolates, and the phylogenic analysis made the complete confirmation by 16S rRNA sequencing. The identified strain belongs to the genus Pseudomonas. The phylogenic analysis confirmed that the strain belongs to Pseudomonas stutzeri. The culture exhibited maximum decolourization at pH between 6 and 8, the optimum at pH 7·5 and 37°C temperature. A maximum of 96% discolouration was observed at 50mgl-1 of initial dye concentration after 24h of incubation period. At a dye concentration equally or greater than 600mgl-1 , the colour removal was drastically decreased to 30%. The use of fructose at 1% (w/v) and peptone 0·5% (w/v) concentration for 24h of incubation, as carbon and nitrogen source, showed luxuriant decolourization. The results showed that the Pseudomonas sp. holds immense potential in treating textile effluents containing the dye Procion red H-3B. Pseudomonas is a known organism in bioremediation of various textile dyes but not much has being reported about the role of P. stutzeri in the bioremediation of azo dyes. This study revealed the immense potential of this strain in degrading the azo dyes. The strain shows prospective for industrial application in the field of textile wastewater treatment. Bioremediation is comparatively cheaper and more effective treatment, thus holds promising future for a cleaner environment.

Sustainable pilot scale reactive dyeing based on silicone oil for improving dye fixation and reducing discharges

The textile dyeing industry has been under the increasing pressure from liberalized economic regime and environmental protection. To alleviate the pressure, nonaqueous dyeing technology has been extensively investigated for improving dye fixation and reducing effluent discharge. In this investigation, a pilot scale dyeing of cotton with high temperature reactive dye Procion Red in silicone oil nonaqueous dyeing system was studied. When the amount of dye is the same, the color depth of dyed cotton fiber and the fixation of dye in the silicone non-aqueous dyeing system are higher than that of the traditional water based dyeing system. When the K/S value of dyed sample is same, silicone and water based dyeing system required initial dye is 2.0% and 4.9% on weight of fiber, respectively. Compared with the traditional water based dyeing, the water consumption and wastewater treatment are only 20% of the traditional water based dyeing system. The higher fixation of reactive dyes not only saves water consumption, but also reduces the consumption of dyes, alkalis and other chemicals by 41%. Moreover, the loss of the silicone nonaqueous medium is controlled within 2%. The hydrolytic reaction energy gap of reactive dye with density functional theory was investigated in silicone nonaqueous medium and traditional water based dyeing system. It was found that the hydrolytic reaction energy of the Procion Red H-E3B in an alkaline environment is much lower than that in a pure aqueous environment. The higher hydrolytic reaction energy of reactive dye in the silicone nonaqueous medium dyeing system proves that why reactive dye can keep a long reactivity during the dyeing. The success of the pilot-scale silicone nonaqueous medium dyeing system shows that this dyeing technology will change the current conventional water dyeing in terms of the huge amount of water consumption and the serious issue of wastewater pollution.

The effect of pH on Synthesis of ZnO-Natural Zeolite Nanocomposite by Co-Precipitation Method

Currently, the method being developed to overcome environmental pollution generated by synthetic dyes produced from the textile industry wastewater is by photocatalysis using photocatalyst materials. Photocatalysis is a relatively inexpensive and easy method to implement. Photocatalysts that have received major attention and widely studied are metal oxide semiconductors such as ZnO. Photocatalyst activity can be increased through the development of supporting materials such as zeolites. This study aims to synthesize ZnO-natural zeolite photocatalysts nanocomposite by co-precipitation method in order to take advantage of the adsorbent and catalyst properties in the natural zeolites and the photocatalyst properties in the ZnO. To study the effect of pH, ZnO-natural zeolite nanocomposites are synthesized with different pH under alkaline conditions (pH of 8-11). Nanocomposite materials obtained then tested its photocatalyst activity in degrading of 50 ppm procion red synthetic dyes. The ZnO-natural zeolite nanocomposites produced were characterized by using XRD, SEM, and BET. The synthesized ZnO-natural zeolite nanocomposite showed the best results at pH of 10, with the ZnO crystallite size of 20.99 nm, the surface area of 134.35 m2/g, and the Zn contained of 10.05%. Procion red degradation of 75.54% was attained by using ZnO-natural zeolite nanocomposite photocatalyst after 120 minutes of UV irradiation.

Improved catalytic activity of EDTA–modified BiFeO3 powders for remarkable degradation of procion red by heterogeneous photo–Fenton process

For the first time, heterogeneous photo–Fenton degradation of Procion Red dye under visible irradiation was investigated using ferrite bismuth (BiFeO3) catalysts synthesized by hydrothermal method with and without EDTA. The results and analysis revealed that the presence of EDTA affected the crystallinity degree and morphology of BiFeO3 particles, but almost not changed their specific surface area and band–gap energy values. The BiFeO3 catalyst prepared with EDTA exhibited superior catalytic activity, reaching 99 % of degradation in 120 min, when compared to the BiFeO3 prepared without EDTA, which obtained 70 % degradation under the same conditions. This result may be associated with the synergistic enhancement effects between the morphology and the degree of crystallinity of the particles. In addition, the EDTA–modified catalyst showed high reusability and stability even after five cycles. Radical scavenger experiments were developed to determine that OH and O2− were the main active species involved on the dye degradation. A possible simplified mechanism for the photo–Fenton reaction was also proposed coupled with the identification of reaction intermediates.

Adsorption of acid green and procion red on a magnetic geopolymer based adsorbent: Experiments, characterization and theoretical treatment

A magnetic geopolymer (MG) was used as an effective adsorbent for water decolorization, in particular, for the removal of acid green (AG) and procion red (PR) from aqueous solutions. AG and PR dyes adsorption mechanism for this adsorbent was experimentally and theoretically characterized via the analysis and description of eight adsorption isotherms obtained at 298–328 K. Results showed that the AG dye was strongly adsorbed in comparison to PR dye. It was also concluded that the temperature showed a minor effect on the variation of the adsorption capacity for both dyes. An analytical double layer adsorption model was chosen to explain these experimental findings. This model contained theoretical parameters that can be utilized to understand the dyes adsorption mechanism. The temperature effect on all model parameters was analyzed concluding that this operating parameter had a minor effect on the number of accepted amount of AG and PR dyes per receptor site of MG adsorbent (n) and the density of receptor sites (Dm). The trends of parameters n and Dm led to a slightly variation of the adsorption capacity at saturation (Qsat = 2.n.Dm) as a function of temperature. Particularly, it was also concluded that AG and PR dyes retained their adsorption orientations on the magnetic geopolymer surface. Overall, it was established that the adsorption performance for the removal of AG dye could be associated to its short molecular size. Calculated adsorption energies varied from 18.55 to 29.14 kJ/mol and from 8.55 to 14.77 kJ/mol for the AG-GP and PR-GP systems, respectively. These adsorption energies indicated that physical interactions were involved during the adsorption mechanism of these water pollutants.

The Chicken Utilization Of Α-Keratin Of Waste Chicken Feathers In Enviromental As Adsorben Of Procion Red And Remazol Yellow Dye

as the adsorbent. The adsorption characterization of activated chicken feathers by Na2S 0.1 N and non-activated chicken feathers was determined. Effect of variation experimental parameters pH, Contact time and variation dye concentration also being investigated in a batch adsorption method. Procion and Remazol Yelloow were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy
 VV
 The results show that the contact time and pH condition for adsorption equilibrium are 120 min for activated chicken feathers and 100 min for chicken feathers which were not activated by Na2S at pH 3. Procion red dye absorption by activated and not activated chicken feathers follows Freundlich isotherm and follow Langmuir isothrem. For remazol yellow dye absorption by activated and not activated chicken feathers follows Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich isothrem and the reaction kinetics follow the Ho equation.
 
 Keywords: adsorption, chicken feather, procion red, remazol yellow

Photocatalytic properties of Zn2SnO4 powders prepared by different modified hydrothermal routes

In this work, different synthesis methods of zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4–ZTO) were proposed in order to obtain a material with a greater porous structure and higher surface area when compared to conventional hydrothermal method. Zn2SnO4 particles were prepared using a conventional oven method (CO), ultrasound (US), microwave (MW) and high pressure Asher (HPA), all followed by calcination at 500 °C. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption–desorption (BET and BJH), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, particle-size distribution and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the materials. ZTO prepared by HPA (20 bar) showed a greater surface area. On the other hand, particles with higher mesoporosity and band gap were obtained by CO route. The US route led to the formation of ZTO with larger average particle size. Therefore, all hydrothermal routes employed in this work were able to synthesize ZTO, each one with its peculiarity, producing particles with different characteristics. The ZTO photocatalytic properties were evaluated by the decolorization of Procion red dye solution. The ZTOs synthesized by HPA and MW routes showed higher photocatalytic activity, being able to decolorize more than 70% of the dye solution at 60 min under sunlight.

Bioremediation of Textile Dye Procion Red Yellow by Using Pseudomonas fluorescens

Dyes primarily present in effluents from textile industries are recalcitrant organic molecules with a complex aromatic structure, which are considered difficult to eliminate, degrade and detoxify biologically. In the current study, Pseudomonas fluorescens was used to degrade Procion Red Yellow. The bacterium P. fluorescens NCIM 2100 was procured from National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune, India, that was well adapted to grow and survive in broth supplemented with dyes. The dye was exposed to bacterium followed by the identification of its degradation products by a combination of UV, 1H NMR and IR spectrophotometry. After exposure, the dye was firstly broken down into an intermediate compound lacking azo benzene group. This compound further changed into another intermediate compound that may contain either OH or NH group. This intermediate finally changed into 3, 5-diamino-1, 4, 6, 8-tetrahydroxy-2,7-naphthyldisulfonic acid sodium salt or 1, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexa-hydroxy-2, 7-naphthyldisulfonic acid sodium salt in broth. These breakdown or transformation products were innoxious in nature. Thus P. fluorescens can be used as a promising candidate for the bioremediation of the textile effluents containing Procion Red Yellow to offer promise for environmental decontamination and even greater development for green chemistry in the near future.

Gingival microleakage of class II bulk-fill composite resin restorations.

Bulk-fill composites were developed to simplify composite placement and minimize polymerization shrinkage stresses, which can improve gingival marginal adaptation in deep class II cavities. The objective of this study was to compare the gingival microleakage of class II cavities restored with bulk-fill composites to that of incrementally restored ones with a conventional composite at 2 storage periods. Forty freshly extracted intact molars were employed. Two standardized class II slot cavities, 3-millimeter-wide buccolingually, with the gingival floor 0.5 mm below the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and the axial wall depth of 1.3 mm were prepared in each tooth (80 cavity preparations). The prepared teeth were divided equally into 3 bulk-fill groups (Tetric EvoCeram® Bulk Fill, X-tra Fil® and QuiXX®) and 1 control group (TPH Spectra® HV). Each group was subdivided into 2 equal subgroups (n = 10) according to the storage period in distilled water (24 h and 6 months). The Adper® Single Bond Plus adhesive was used with all the restorative materials. The cavities in the experimental groups were restored with 4-millimeter bulk-fill composites in 1 increment, while the cavities in the control group were restored with 2 increments of the thickness of 2 mm. The polymerization light was applied from the occlusal surfaces. The teeth were then immersed in 2% procion red dye solution, sectioned and examined under a stereomicroscope to determine the extent of dye penetration. The data was statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed no significant differences in the mean microleakage scores among all the groups after 24-hour and 6-month storage (p = 0.945 and p = 0.928, respectively). The Mann-Whitney U test revealed an increase in the mean microleakage scores in all the groups after 6-month storage; however, the scores were not significantly different from the means obtained after 24 h (p = 0.259 for Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill; p = 0.205 for X-tra Fil; p = 0.166 for QuiXX; p = 0.155 for TPH Spectra HV). Gingival microleakage of bulk-fill composites in class II cavities was not significantly different from that of incrementally restored ones with a conventional composite. The increase in the mean gingival microleakage of the specimens stored for 6 months was not statistically significantly different in comparison to the values obtained after the 24-hour storage period for each composite.

Syntheses of Chitosan Macropore and Aplication as Procion Red Dyes Adsorben

The purpose of this research is to conduct syntheses of chitosan macropore using ephichlorohydrin (ECH) as crosslingker and KCl as porogen. The synthesis process was done through three stages: first, chitosan dissolved in acetic acid and added KCl as porogen; second, crosslinking chitosan using epichlorhydrin and third, washing of chitosan crosslinked by aquadest to release KCl to produce pore. Chitosan and modified chitosan was characterized solubility on acid medium, fungtional groups using fourier transform infra red (FTIR), and photo micrograph using scanning electron microscoppy (SEM). Chitosan dissolved on acetic acid 5% medium, but chitosan-ECH and chitosan macropore insoluble. The FTIR spectrum of chitosan and chitosan modified there are no significant differences because they have same of functional groups. SEM micrograph of chitosan and chitosan-ECH showed smooth surface, but addition KCl as porogen on modified chitosan produced pore in the surface of adsorben. Adsorption experiments were conducted to study the removal of procion red dyes and optimum adsorption conditions were obtained at pH 2. Chitosan, chitosan-ECH and chitosan macropore showed precentage adsorption for procion red respectively were 68.0%, 61.0% and 78.8%. Chitosan modification with crosslinking and porogen addition proved to improve stability and adsorption ability of chitosan.