Word Formation Processes Research Articles

How large is the impact of English on Present-day German?

The present study builds on a dictionary of neologisms compiled by the Institut für deutsche Sprache (IDS) in Mannheim that covers the period from 1991 to 2020 per decade. It contains about 2,500 new words, phraseologisms, and new meanings. Three decades seem to be a suitable time span for exploring a shortterm diachronic perspective on lexical innovations. The aim of the present study is to interrogate whether English has provided a significantly larger number of borrowings to present-day German than in earlier times (see Busse 2011a) due to its presently unchallenged position as a global language, and whether word-formation processes (Lehnwortbildungen) on a native or mixed basis are a productive source for the formation of new lexical items. To this end, the results from the Neologismenwörterbuch online will be compared to those obtained in previous pertinent studies on dictionaries of anglicisms such as the Anglizismen-Wörterbuch (1993–1995), A Dictionary of European Anglicisms (2001) and the Deutsches Fremdwörterbuch (1913–1988).

Morphemic Patterns of Pharmaceutical Brand Names on The Ghanaian Market

Purpose: This study aims to analyse the morphemic structures employed by pharmaceutical companies in naming medicine brand names and explore how these naming patterns reflect the brands' perceived effects on users. Design/Methodology/Approach: Using the purposive sampling technique, the researchers sampled 1,000 medicine brand names fully registered under the Food and Drugs Authority (FDA) of Ghana and applied Katamba’s Lexical Morphology Theory to identify the morphemic structures used in composing these names. Findings: The analysis revealed that the medicine brand names incorporate elements such as Generic Names (GN), Dosage Forms (DF), Manufacturers’ Names (MN), Local Representatives (LR), and Zero Criteria. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the morphemic patterns of medicine brand names on the Ghanaian market are structured mono-morphemically, incorporating coinages and borrowings, as well as di-morphemically and poly-morphemically, both of which involve blending and compounding word-formation processes. Research Limitation: The paper focused on brand names that omitted generic drug information. This limitation highlights the challenges in analysing pharmaceutical brand names while acknowledging the constraints of market-based pharmaceutical research. Social Implications: These findings carry significant social implications, particularly for the Food and Drugs Authority of Ghana, by emphasising the need to scrutinise medicine brand names to ensure they do not mislead consumers or pose potential risks. Practical Implication: Regulatory authorities, such as the Food and Drugs Authority of Ghana, can use these insights to evaluate and approve medicine brand names that prioritise accuracy and public safety. Originality/Value: This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge and offers insights into the linguistic strategies used in medicine branding. It sheds light on how morphemic structures influence consumer perceptions and highlights the intersection of linguistics, public health, and regulatory practices in the pharmaceutical industry.

Right-lateralization of the visual word form area after left-hemisphere perinatal stroke.

In literate adults, an area along the left posterior fusiform gyrus that is often referred to as the "visual word form area" (VWFA) responds particularly strongly to written characters compared to other visually similar stimuli. Theoretical accounts differ in whether they attribute the strong left-lateralization of the VWFA to a left-hemisphere bias towards visual features used in script, to competition of visual word form processing with that of other visual stimuli processed in the same general cortical territory (especially faces), or to the well-established left-lateralization of the language system.Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the last hypothesis by investigating lateralization of the VWFA in participants (male and female) who have right-hemisphere language due to a large left-hemisphere perinatal stroke. Demographically matched Controls were included for comparison. All participants had intact language skills and were proficient readers; age at testing ranged from 9.75 years to early adulthood.Individual whole-brain activation maps contrasting activation during rapid presentation of pseudowords and pictures of places, and analyses comparing activations during these conditions in independently defined VWFA regions of interest in left and right ventral occipitotemporal cortex, both demonstrated that while visual word form processing was left-lateralized in Controls, it was right-lateralized in participants with left-hemisphere stroke. This was despite the fact that the tissue normally occupied by the VWFA was not damaged by the stroke. This provides compelling evidence that the lateralization of the VWFA indeed follows that of the frontotemporal language system.Significance Statement The visual word form area (VWFA) in healthy adults is almost always lateralized to the left hemisphere. One hypothesis is that this is due to co-localization with the LH language network. This study provides support for this hypothesis from a rare participant group with RH language; we find that their VWFA is also right-lateralized. Our findings also support the notion that the hemispheres are equipotential early in life, with a fully functional language system - including the VWFA - able to develop in the RH if the LH is damaged. These findings contribute to our understanding of functional brain organization and plasticity, with potential implications for rehabilitation approaches for adults with reading impairments due to acquired brain injury.

A Study of L2 Learners’ Word Formation Processes through Naming Task: using Think-aloud Methods

A Study of L2 Learners’ Word Formation Processes through Naming Task: using Think-aloud Methods

A Morphological Analysis of Tourism Slogans

Objectives: Language plays a crucial role in media and advertising slogans. Catchy and memorable tourism slogans can promote destinations and help marketing information be accepted and remembered by customers. They also help create brand awareness, and improve brand image and brand recognition. Because of this, word selection and word formation are factors that lead to successful slogans. The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological operations of the content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs) used in tourism slogans. Methods: The data were collected from the website “database of advertising slogans” and the LancsBox program was used to classify the content words found into four parts of speech. After this, the researchers analyzed and categorized them into different word-formation processes. Finally, the results were recorded in Excel files to demonstrate the frequency of their occurrences. Results: By employing Huddleston and Pullum’s (2005) theoretical framework, the results showed that firstly, when comparing the occurrences of derivation and compounding among the four parts of speech, both processes appeared most frequently in the group of nouns. However, when comparing within the same word classes, the occurrences of derivation were higher than those of compounding in the groups of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. For derivation by affixation, the occurrence of suffixation was the highest (46.30%). In addition, the top three prefixes found in this analysis were re-, de-, and ex-. In terms of suffixation, -ing was the noun suffix appearing most frequently (16.67%), with -al having the highest adjective-forming occurrence (15.63 %). For derivation by non-affixation, noun to verb conversion was found most frequently (89.62%). In compounding terms, the compound words consisting of 2 bases were found most frequently (64.95%), and the structure (X + X) + X had the highest frequency (76.47%). Application of this study: This study is beneficial to teachers teaching English for specific purposes (ESP) courses and can be used as a case study in linguistics courses. Furthermore, in terms of business and marketing, this study can provide useful information for copywriters and marketers whose main jobs are to create effective advertising slogans.

Vietos pavadinimų darybos ypatumai anglų ir lietuvių kalbose: M. Katiliškio romano „Miškais ateina ruduo“ ir jo vertimo į anglų kalbą analizė

The research aim of this paper is to compare and to analyze word formation properties of place nouns (hereinafter – NL) extracted from the Lithuanian novel “Miškais ateina ruduo” by M. Katiliškis, and their respective equivalents found in the English translation of the book. Although this noun category is productive and often used in everyday discourse, little research has been done to define the word formation properties of NL in Lithuanian and English languages with a special focus on a base word and its derivational capacities. Both Lithuanian and English languages have productive word formation processes such as suffixation, prefixation and compounding, although they vary significantly. The aim of this study is to find out similarities and differences in word formation processes between these two target languages and to compare word formation patterns of NL extracted from the Lithuanian text and their equivalents found in the English translation of the novel.

Culinary Word Formation in Batak Toba Language: A Culinary Linguistic Analysis

This research aims to describe and formulate the formation of culinary words in the Batak Toba language (BTL). It is also hoped that the research can contribute to the revitalization of BTL lexicons, especially those related to culinary names. The approach in this research is a qualitative approach with ethnographic methods. The implementation of this research used the Spradley analysis model. The data were in the form of words and phrases taken from culinary names in BTL. The data were obtained through observation, documentation, and interview. The theory used as a reference in this research is by Gerhardt et al. (2013) who state that the linguistic word formation process is research based on food vocabulary and its meaning. From the research results, it was found that the internal word formation processes that commonly occur in the BTL include; (1) Composition, which consists of 6 (six) composition parts; (2) Reduplication, which consists of 5 (five) reduplication parts; and (3) Affixation, which consists of 4 (four) affixation parts. However, the amount of data on BTL culinary names in the formation of each reduplication is not much or in other words, it is not as productive as in the formation of words in composition.

Abbreviation and its Place in the Word-Formation System of Contemporary English Language

Abstract The primary aim of this research is to study abbreviation as a word-formation process and identify its specificity. To achieve this aim, the following objectives were formulated and addressed: identification of the main methods of word formation in contemporary English; determination of the place of abbreviation in the word-formation system of modern English; identification of the main types of abbreviations; description of the characteristics of each kind; analysis of the structural and semantic organization of initialisms in contemporary English. The research was based on a complete Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2023) sampling method and involved the analysis of 635 initial abbreviations that were categorized according to their structural and semantic characteristics.

Quantum-inspired neural network with hierarchical entanglement embedding for matching

Quantum-inspired neural networks (QNNs) have shown potential in capturing various non-classical phenomena in language understanding, e.g., the emgerent meaning of concept combinations, and represent a leap beyond conventional models in cognitive science. However, there are still two limitations in the existing QNNs: (1) Both storing and invoking the complex-valued embeddings may lead to prohibitively expensive costs in memory consumption and storage space. (2) The use of entangled states can fully capture certain non-classical phenomena, which are described by the tensor product with powerful compression ability. This approach shares many commonalities with the process of word formation from morphemes, but such connection has not been further exploited in the existing work. To mitigate these two limitations, we introduce a Quantum-inspired neural network with Hierarchical Entanglement Embedding (QHEE) based on finer-grained morphemes. Our model leverages the intra-word and inter-word entanglement embeddings to learn a multi-grained semantic representation. The intra-word entanglement embedding is employed to aggregate the constituent morphemes from multiple perspectives, while the inter-word entanglement embedding is utilized to combine different words based on unitary transformation to reveal their non-classical correlations. Both the number of morphemes and the dimensionality of the morpheme embedding vectors are far smaller than the counterparts of words, which would compress embedding parameters efficiently. Experimental results on four benchmark datasets of different downstream tasks show that our model outperforms strong quantum-inspired baselines in terms of effectiveness and compression ability.

Word Formation Processes in the Context of Social Media Discourse: A Case of Chuka University Students

The social media discourse is a hybrid of both written text and spoken discourse and therefore exhibits unique linguistic features that researchers can explore. This paper reveals the new dynamics of word formation processes in the social media discourse context, which is apparently a new genre. Morphological processes have in the past been analyzed in the context of spoken and written discourse. However, due to the evolution of the social media discourses that emanate from the communications that is mediated by divergent media platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagrams and twitter, there is a need to shed light on how language is used in social media. This paper focuses on one aspect of such usage; how words are formed in the social media milieu. This paper therefore analyses the morphological processes drawing from Chuka University students’ social media discourse on WhatsApp platform. Students exhibits similar language usage due to the fact that they share a lot in common as a speech community. The paper therefore utilizes the social network theory to show how the interactants exploits the linguistic artifacts available at their social media network to interact meaningfully. Particularly, the focus is on the morphological processes that are evident in their interactions. The research design used is descriptive and the approach to data analysis is qualitative. The data used to inform this paper is drawn from the researcher’s thesis (2019). The findings revealed that students’ social media discourse results in the formation of new lexical items, use of symbols, Arabic numerals and letters to represent morphemes or words that are used in their day-to-day interactions. Similarly, morphological processes such as compounding, blending, clipping, borrowing, abbreviations and acronyms are common in the students’ social media discourse.

Substantivation of Adjectives and Derivational Synonymy in Arkhangelsk Dialects

This article focuses on certain word formation processes observed within the lexical-semantic group “Food” in Arkhangelsk dialects. The study presents dialectal material collected during numerous dialectological expeditions and preserved in the archive of the Department of Russian Language and Speech Culture at the Northern (Arctic) Federal University. The research demonstrates that in the vocabulary of Arkhangelsk dialects related to food, the substantivation of adjectives is not widely prevalent and is primarily represented in the thematic group “Baking.” However, the examples of substantivation discussed are characterized by the completion of the process, with the resulting substantives firmly established in the dialects. Additionally, numerous instances of derivational synonymy are found within the lexical-semantic group “Food.” The article examines two such examples: synonymic series of nouns denoting small dried fish and a dish made from cottage cheese with flour. It is revealed that Arkhangelsk dialects reflect characteristic phenomena of Russian dialects, such as developed suffixation, gender and number parallelism, and the formation of nouns with collective meanings. These processes contribute to a rich derivational synonymy that is absent in the standard Russian.

Das Lexem „Austage“ im Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen; damit belegte nordsiebenbürgische Wortbildungskonstruktionen

Abstract The lexem „Austage“ is a word that is attested in Transylvanian Saxon in the sense of t h e l a s t days of winter and the first days of the be -ginning of spring, also as an older term for s p r i n g in general, which covers the period from about 21 March to 21 June. In the article, the dates for the above-described period „Austage“ are initially given as dates in legal documents from the 16th to and including the 18th century, followed by selected vernacular examples. Subsequently, based on certain peasant expressions as well as peasant rules and proverbs, the most important agricultural work is discussed, which is carried out by the farmer in those „Austage“ days awaited with longing and impatience. Furthermore, northern Transylvanian word formation constructions using with the lexem „Austage“ are analysed stating their meanings and their word formation process, whereby reference is made to corresponding specialist literature on word formation in contemporary German. The vernacular examples documented in the article are taken from the Transylvanian-Saxon Dictionary, the North Transylvanian Dictionary and Transylvanian-Saxon specialist and vernacular literature.

COMPOUNDING AS A WORD FORMATION PROCESS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVES

Compounding is a fundamental word formation process that plays a significant role in the lexical development of both English and Uzbek. This article provides a comparative analysis of compounding in these two languages, focusing on both structural and functional perspectives. In English, compounds are formed by the combination of different parts of speech and often exhibit a flexible structure, with stress patterns distinguishing compounds from phrases. In contrast, Uzbek compounds predominantly follow noun-noun constructions and maintain a head-final structure, reflecting the agglutinative nature of the language. Functionally, compounding in both languages supports lexical innovation, semantic economy, and cultural expression. This study highlights the similarities and differences between English and Uzbek compounding, providing insights into how linguistic typology influences word formation processes.

Новообразования в публицистических текстах региональных СМИ на эрзянском языке: словообразовательный аспект (на материале журнала «Сятко» / «Искра»)

The aim of the research is to identify the lexical peculiarity and word-formation processes in journalistic texts of regional mass media. The paper examines neologisms, lexical units created based on the internal resources of the regional (Erzya) language. The work emphasizes the important role of the media in preserving, enriching, and transmitting native languages. The scientific novelty of the research lies in conducting a structural and semantic analysis of neologisms, which, based on extensive linguistic material, allowed for identifying and characterizing the main productive word-formation models and methods of word formation in the modern language of the media in Erzya. As a result of the research, it was found that the most productive methods of word formation include suffixation, root affixation, compounding, and substantivization. It was also noted that the neologisms identified from journalistic texts perform a stylistic function of influencing the reader (listener) due to their rich emotional-expressive charge and wide semantic content.

АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫЕ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ В НАИМЕНОВАНИЯХ ЛИЦ ПО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ РУССКОЯЗЫЧНОГО ИНТЕРНЕТ-ПРОСТРАНСТВА

This article is devoted to the peculiarities of the names of persons by their professional activity expressed by English borrowings or having in their composition a supporting component of the English origin, in the Russian-speaking Internet space. The work considers the structural and wordformation features and thematic classification of the names of a person by the professional activity in the Russian-speaking Internet space; presents the results of the analysis of the peculiarities of assimilation, linguistic adaptation and the word-formation process of English borrowings, denoting the names of persons by their professional activities in the Russian-speaking Internet space. The scientific novelty of the work is presented in the complex development of the peculiarities of the names of persons by their professional activities in the Russian-speaking Internet space. As a result of the study, 188 names of persons by the professional activity have been identified, which are expressed by English-language borrowings or have a supporting component of the English origin in their composition, 3 thematic classifications of names of persons by the professional activity in the Russian-language Internet space have been identified. To analyze the material under study the following methods have been used in the work: contextual method, in order to establish the features of actualization of the units in the type of text under study; a method of linguopragmatic analysis, which allows us to identify the dependence of the use of various means of expression in the Russian language fund on elements of material and behavioral culture and a descriptive method for identifying the characteristic features of English borrowings in mass media discourse. The relevance of this study is due to the active process of penetration and functioning of English-language vocabulary in the modern Russian language, as well as the high importance of digital and Internet technologies, social networks, the transition of many areas of business from offline to online mode and the need to create new names for person’s professional activity. This work allowed us to come to the conclusion about the productivity of the Russian word-formation models confirming the ability of the Russian language to adapt foreign words and adding new connotations to them. It is proved that by accepting and adapting foreign vocabulary in its lexico-grammatical system, the modern Russian language adapts to such rapid changes in the world very quickly and flexibly. The results of the study can be used in the preparation of reference and study materials.

Filipino Acronyms: How Filipinos Use Acronyms

Language is dynamic and is constantly changing. It also proves that language and technology are related. Because technology uses language. Social media sites have become communication platforms, that involve more language. One of the word formation processes that has become increasingly popular is the formation of acronyms. This study aimed to assess and analyze Filipino acronyms and classify them according to their use and how they are formed. The data were analyzed through document analysis. The acronyms reviewed in this study are listed and derived from YouTube videos. From the results of the study, it is found that in Filipino, acronyms are mostly used in science and technology and in social media sites that have sprung up due to technology, and acronyms were formed due to human needs. In this age of social media, whether young or old, these words need to be known and used to keep up with the modern era. People need to learn it to be able to understand the modern world they live in and to be able to continue to express themselves through language.

A Segmental Truncation in English Word-formation Process

A Segmental Truncation in English Word-formation Process

MODELE TË FJALËVE TË PËRBËRA (KOMPOZITAVE) DHE NËNDARJET E TYRE NË GJUHËN ANGLEZE DHE SHQIPE

Since my topic is contrastive – it is very important to emphasize that contrastive analysis is one of the methods which compares languages by paying attention to differences and similarities between languages being compared. This study it is focused to investigate the identities, differences and similarities of English compounding patterns and the subclasses of compound words corresponding in Albanian by manner of formation and meaning. In this case arises the question what are compound words? Compound words – are all the words that are formed by combining two or more topics in the process of creating new words. Their parts can be topics of nouns, adjectives, verbs or adverbs. In linguistic, a compound – it is known as a lexeme (exactly, as a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding is the word-formation which creates compound lexemes (and the other word-formation process is derivation). Compoundng, or saying better, word-compounding refers to the ability and the device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words.

Affixes in jakarta post Newspaper Article: "An Honest Conversation : How Storytelling Can Make Positive Impact on Yourself and Other"

The purposes of this scientific paper are to discuss and describe about the process of word formation through affixes in Jakarta Post Newspaper article 2024 and to add learning references for readers. Word is the basic unit of language. New words are acquired by the process of word formation which can be done in several ways. One of the most commonly used ways to form new words is affixation either through prefixation or suffixation. Affixes have two types, including prefixes and affixes. Prefixes are a group of letters beginning of a word and that has meaning. Suffixes are a group of letters that added to the end of a word. The formulation of this scientific paper is to find out what kinds of affixations are in the Jakarta Post Newspaper article 2024. What are the affixation processes in the Jakarta Post Newspaper article 2024. The writer has taken data from google chrome of Jakarta Post Newspaper in one article 2024, because in the article have affixes. The title of Jakarta Post Newspaper article is An Honest Conversation: How Storytelling Can Make Positive Impact on Yourself and Other Written by Josa Lukman, The writer find out the data by using some steps, they are reading, describing, identifying, and finding. From the result of the data of the Newspaper article 2024 in Jakarta Post. The writer find out the types of prefixes and suffixes and then groups them into several diagrams that describe the process of word formation through the affixation process. Based on the research findings, the researcher suggested some suggestions, they were: For the students, for teacher and for the future researcher.

Analysis of Prefixes in the Novel "Belahan Jiwa" By Nuniek Kr: Exploration of the Purpose and Impact of Writing

The aim of this research is to analyze the prefixes contained in the novel "Belahan Jiwa" by Nuniek KR. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Several instruments that can be used in this research are text selection, text annotation, morphological classification, context analysis, meaning interpretation, analysis notes and validation. The technique used in this research is the reading and note taking technique. The steps used in this technique include reading, analyzing and understanding the structure, marking certain parts according to analysis needs, recording data in the form of sentences and words related to the word formation process, grouping data or classifying data based on the word formation process and analyzing and concluding data based on the results of reading and recording the word formation process in the novel "Belahan Jiwa" by Nuniek KR. Based on the results of the analysis carried out, there are 8 (eight) uses of prefixes, namely the prefixes ber-, me-, mem-, per-, se-, di-, ke-, and ter-. In the novel "Belahan Jiwa" by Nuniek KR, it can be seen that there are 51 words that use the prefix ber-, for the prefixes me- 59, mem- 19, per-11, se-24, di-13, 14th and ter-25th.