Verbal Information Processing Research Articles

Обработка зрительной вербальной информации в условиях чтения и категоризации слов в составе одного согласованного словосочетания

The purpose of this study was to identify neurophysiological differences in information processing by the brain during passive reading and semantic categorization of individual words within a phrase. Materials and methods. The research involved 25 natural science students of Nizhny Novgorod universities. In the course of the experiment, the subjects were presented with word combinations consisting of an attribute and a noun on a computer monitor. In the first series of presentations, the task was to classify the attribute (target condition) and read the noun (non-target condition), in the second, to classify the noun and read the attribute. This allowed us to assess the restructuring of information processing when changing the task within a phrase, as well as to compare the processing of the word in the first and second positions in the target and non-target conditions. Using the 21-channel Neuron-Spectrum-4/VPM electroencephalograph (Neurosoft, Russia), event-related potentials (ERPs) obtained during the response to presented stimuli were recorded. Results. No differences were observed in attribute processing between the target and non-target conditions when tasks changed. For nouns, differences were revealed in ERP components between the target and non-target conditions. There was a more pronounced peak of the P200 component, a less pronounced peak of the N400 and a late negative wave of the N700 component during the categorization of nouns compared to their passive reading. Thus, when performing different tasks within a phrase, the brain changes the nature of verbal information processing, which is manifested in strengthening early lexical access, followed by the facilitation of lexico-semantic processing and activation of cognitive control mechanisms at the latest stages during the categorization of the second word in a phrase (noun) compared to its passive reading.

Intrathecal B cell activation and memory impairment in multiple sclerosis

BackgroundCognitive impairment (CI) is a common and disabling feature of people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), but its underlying mechanisms are heterogenous and not fully understood. A role of infiltrating immune cells in the meninges and brain parenchyma has been hypothesized. This study aimed to explore the hypothesis that intrathecal B cells might influence cognitive performance in pwMS. MethodsA retrospective study was performed on 39 newly diagnosed pwMS who underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Kappa (κ)-index was measured as a biomarker of intrathecal B cell activation. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRBN). Brain T2 lesions number (T2LN) and volume (T2LV) together with brain, cortical grey matter, thalamic and hippocampal volumes were calculated to account for MRI-visible damage. Resultsκ-index was higher in pwMS with verbal memory impairment (median 99.6, range 58.5–195.2 vs. median 37.2, range 2.3–396.9, p < 0.001), and it was negatively associated with BRBN tests exploring verbal memory and information processing speed. In multivariate models, higher κ-index was confirmed to be independently associated with worse scores of BRBN tests exploring verbal memory and with a higher probability of verbal memory impairment. ConclusionIntrathecal B cells might drive memory impairment in pwMS independently of brain damage visible on MRI scans.

Cognitive Function in Patients With Mild Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Case-Control Pilot Study

This case-control study examined cognitive function in patients with mild idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), in comparison with controls or moderate-to-severe IPF. Ten mild IPF, 10 moderate-to-severe IPF, and 16 controls were enrolled, and performance on seven different cognitive function tests was compared in each group. IPF showed decreased cognitive function compared to controls in verbal memory, cognitive flexibility and information processing speed. As the scores were lower even in mild IPF, this study suggests that cognitive function declines early in the disease process of IPF. Thus, occupational therapy for IPF should require an assessment of cognitive function and assistance appropriate to the client’s function.

Psychotherapeutic interventions in the system of psychosocial rehabilitation of patients with cognitive disorders on the background of COVID-19

It is a well-known fact that for most people who have had coronavirus disease, cognitive impairment is one of the most persistent and debilitating consequences, along with anxiety and depressive disorders. The aim of the study was to develop and test a set of psychotherapeutic interventions in the system of psychosocial rehabilitation of patients with cognitive disorders in the setting of COVID-19. To achieve this goal, subject to the signing of informed consent in compliance with the principles of bioethics and deontology, we conducted a comprehensive clinical, psychopathological and psychodiagnostic examination of 75 patients (37 women and 38 men) with cognitive disorders in the setting of COVID-19, both sexes, with an average age of (39.0±3.4) years. According to the results of the study, 56.2% of men and 57.9% of women had mild cognitive disorders and 43.8% and 42.1%, respectively, moderate cognitive disorders, which were manifested by a decrease in verbal, concentration, distraction, and slower information processing speed, difficulty in remembering recent events, difficulty in long-term concentration and slowing down the pace, slight difficulty in orientation, decreased perceptual and diagnostic performance, decreased speed of counting operations, and a pronounced reaction of mental fatigue. According to the results of the study, against the background of the developed complex of psychotherapeutic interventions, 84.8% of the examined men and 86.3% of women showed positive dynamics of psychopathological symptoms, improvement of cognitive status and increased psychosocial adaptation. There was an improvement in overall cognitive performance according to the Addenbrooke's Scale for the Assessment of Cognitive Abilities (79.6% and 81.2% of the subjects, respectively). The data obtained in the course of the study indicate the effectiveness of a complex of psychotherapeutic interventions using cognitive training, cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, art therapy and psychoeducation in the system of psychosocial rehabilitation of patients with cognitive disorders in the setting of COVID-19. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 virus, cognition, cognitive abilities.

Sleep Quality and Cognitive Decline Across the Adult Age Range: Findings from the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS).

Sleep disturbances have been linked with cognitive decline and a higher risk of dementia. However, there is a lack of studies with sufficient follow-up duration, a detailed neuropsychological assessment and adequate control of main confounders. To investigate the relation between self-reported sleep quality and cognitive decline over 12 years in cognitively healthy individuals from the general population. We used data from the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS), a Dutch population-based prospective cohort study of 1,823 community-dwelling adults aged 24 to 82 years at baseline. Cognitive performance was measured at baseline, 6 and 12 years on verbal memory, executive functions, and information processing speed. Sleep quality was assessed at baseline using the sleep subscale score of the 90-item Symptom Checklist (SCL-90). Additional modifiable dementia risk factors were summarized in the LIfestyle for BRAin health (LIBRA) risk score. Weighted linear mixed models tested the association between continuous scores and tertiles of subjective sleep quality and change in cognitive performances over time. Models were adjusted for age, gender, educational level, LIBRA, and use of hypnotic (sleep) medication. Worse sleep quality was associated with faster decline in processing speed. At older age (≥65 years), it was also associated with faster decline in verbal memory. Association were independent of other modifiable dementia risk factors and use of hypnotic medication. Directionally similar but non-significant associations were found between worse sleep quality and executive functions. In this population-based study across the adult age range, poor self-reported sleep was associated with accelerated cognitive decline.

Brain MRI disease burden and sex differences in cognitive performance of patients with multiple sclerosis.

Although there is evidence that shows worse cognitive functioning in male patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), the role of brain pathology in this context is under-investigated. To investigate sex differences in cognitive performance of MS patients, in the context of brain pathology and disease burden. Brain MRI, neurological examination, neuropsychological assessment (Brief International Cognitive Assessment in MS-BICAMS, and Paced Auditory Verbal Learning Test-PASAT), and patient-reported outcome questionnaires were performed/administered in 1052 MS patients. Females had higher raw scores in the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) (57.0 vs. 54.0; p < 0.001) and Categorical Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) (63.0 vs. 57.0; p < 0.001), but paradoxically, females evaluated their cognitive performance by MS Neuropsychological Questionnaire as being worse (16.6 vs 14.5, p = 0.004). Females had a trend for a weaker negative correlation between T2 lesion volume and SDMT ([Formula: see text] = -0.37 in females vs. -0.46 in men; interaction p = 0.038). On the other hand, women had a trend for a stronger correlation between Brain Parenchymal Fraction (BPF) and a visual memory test (Spearman's [Formula: see text] = 0.31 vs. 0.21; interaction p = 0.016). All these trends were not significant after correction for false discovery rate. Although, females consider their cognition as worse, males had at a group level slightly worse verbal memory and information processing speed. However, the sex differences in cognitive performance were smaller than the variability of scores within the same sex group. Brain MRI measures did not explain the sex differences in cognitive performance among MS patients.

Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) and Behavior Impairment: Comorbidity or Specific Profile?

Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in perceiving and processing verbal and non-verbal information. It is usually accompanied by impaired academic skills leading to school dropout and emotional disturbances, resulting in significant distress and behavioral problems. A cognitive, academic, and emotional-behavioral assessment was performed at T0 and T1 in children and adolescents with SLD. Participants received psychotherapy and speech therapy treatment from T0 to T1. In SLD, the most compromised cognitive functions were working memory and writing skills. An impact on academic abilities was found. Children and adolescents with SLD experience greater anxiety and depression levels compared to their control peers. SLD may adversely influence psychological well-being. To counteract such a consequence, more specific cognitive and academic skill-oriented strategies should be taken into consideration.

Co-Occurring Autism Spectrum and Borderline Personality Disorder: An Emerging Clinical Challenge Seeking Informed Interventions.

Co-Occurring Autism Spectrum and Borderline Personality Disorder: An Emerging Clinical Challenge Seeking Informed Interventions.

Visual Verbal Information Processing under Conditions of Reading and Categorization in Schizotypy: An Event-Related Brain Potential Study

Some individuals exhibit symptoms that resemble schizophrenia, but these manifestations are less in the degree to those seen in schizophrenia. Such a latent personality construct has been called schizotypy. It is known that schizotypal personality traits have an impact on cognitive control and semantic processing. The present study aimed to examine whether visual verbal information processing is modulated by enhancement of top-down processes applied to different words within one phrase in subjects with schizotypal personality traits. The tasks employed were based on differences in the involvement of cognitive control in visual verbal information processing and hypothesized that subjects with schizotypal traits would demonstrate failure in top-down modulation of word processing within a phrase. Forty-eight healthy undergraduate students were enrolled in the study. Participants were screened for schizotypy with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Word combinations consisting of an attribute and a noun were used as stimuli. Participants were asked to categorize one word in a phrase and to passively read the other word in the pair. To obtain neurophysiological data during task performance, the event-related brain potential N400 was measured. In the low schizotypy scores group, an increased N400 amplitude was revealed for both attributes and nouns during passive reading compared to categorization. This effect was not observed in the high schizotypy scores group; therefore, word processing was modulated weakly by the experimental task in subjects with schizotypal personality traits. Changes observed in schizotypy can be regarded as a failure in top-down modulation of word processing within a phrase.

THE MEDIA LITERACY CONCEPT IN A FOREIGN SCIENСЕ: MEDIALINGUISTIC PROJECTION

The article is devoted to the analysis of approaches inunderstanding media literacy in foreign scientific discourse. According tothe scientific achievements of American, European and some Ukrainian researchers, the concept of media literacy has been systematized, the main task of which is to form a set of skills in the process of analysis, interpretation, selection, processing and presentation of media information in various forms. It was found that today media literacy as a leading component of media education, which is proposed for active implementation and use in the educational system, involves mastering a number of competencies –critical understanding, critical perception, revision of information channels, distinguishing between authentic and fake information, exposing hidden ideologies of media content, methods of presentation information, various influences, manipulations and pressures. It has been traced achange in scientific approaches inunderstanding media literacy. In the article it has been proven thatthe mass introduction of technical means of communication into the life of a modern person, the need to develop a culture of competent behavior with the media continuum and the need for effective processing of visual, verbal, and textual information coming to the receiver of information from television, advertising, cinema, and digital media has emerged. It has been found that the implementation of scientific approaches in the understanding of media literacy takes place effectively according to the linguistic-cognitive principle of interpreting various types of media messages. The identifications of specific language codes in working with the media continuum ensures high-quality assimilation of information and contributes to the analysis of the extralinguistic context of media texts.

Assessment of Hearing and Vestibular Functions in a Post-COVID-19 Patient: A Clinical Case Study

SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause such complications as post-COVID-19 syndrome, which includes chronic fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, as well as a variety of neurological manifestations, e.g., neuropathy of small fibers, hearing and vestibular dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. This clinical case describes a 41-year-old patient suffering from post-COVID-19 syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome. A detailed examination was performed, including an in-depth study of peripheral and central hearing and vestibular functions, as well as small nerve fibers length and density in the skin and cornea of the eye. Contrary to expectations, no peripheral nervous system dysfunction was detected, despite the presence of dizziness and gait instability in the patient. Hearing tests (gap detection test and dichotic test) showed central auditory processing disorders. The evaluated lesion in the processing of temporal and verbal auditory information can be a significant factor contributing to additional overload of the neural activity and leading to chronic fatigue when performing daily activities in patients with CFS and post-COVID-19 complications.

Using Text-to-Speech Technology for Integrative Listening Tasks

Exposure to sufficient and appropriate listening materials in a foreign language is significant for language learners in processing verbal information. Based on this concept, the present study investigates the application of a digital listening tool called text-to-speech (TTS) to integrative listening tasks and dictogloss and influence the listening ability of language learners in specified elements and their perspectives. For this study, a total of 29 university students participated in six TTS-based listening tasks (three dictogloss, two fill-in-the-blanks, and mixed tasks) in the first semester (spring) of 2022. Data were derived from pre- and posttests as academic achievement tests, a questionnaire, and a semistructured interview conducted at the end of the semester. The study employed mixed-method analysis to examine the in-depth integrative understanding of the learning effect of using TTS in dictogloss for listening skills. For quantitative analysis, each test score was compared using paired sample t-test; for qualitative analysis, the study employed content analysis for open-ended questions and semistructured interviews. The findings of the study were obtained as follows. First, the study noted significant differences in specific listening elements such as listening comprehension of details and vocabulary. Second, the participants perceived that TTS-based dictogloss was effective for understanding different accents and writing skills and motivating their self-learning ability. Along with these findings, the study suggested several pedagogical implications.

Self-Referential Processing and Resting-State Functional MRI Connectivity of Cortical Midline Structures in Glioma Patients.

Metacognition has only scarcely been investigated in brain tumor patients. It is unclear if and how the tumor-lesioned brain might be able to maintain an adequate sense-of-self. As cortical midline structures (CMS) are regarded as essential for self-referential mental activity, we investigated resting-state fMRI connectivity (FC) of CMS to the default-mode network (DMN) and to the whole brain, comparing glioma patients and matched controls. Subjects furthermore performed a trait judgement (TJ), a trait recall task (TR), and neuropsychological testing. In the TJ, adjectives had to be ascribed as self- or non-self-describing, assessing the self-serving effect (SSE), a normally observed bias for positive traits. In the TR, the mnemic neglect effect (MNE), a memory advantage for positive traits, was tested. The groups were compared and partial correlations between FC and test metrics were analyzed. Although patients were significantly impaired in terms of verbal memory, groups did not differ in the SSE or the MNE results, showing preserved metacognitive abilities in patients. FC of CMS to the DMN was maintained, but was significantly decreased to whole brain in the patients. FC of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) to whole brain was correlated with the MNE in patients. Preserving the DMPFC in therapeutic interventions might be relevant for maintaining self-related verbal information processing in the memory domain in glioma patients.

Task-dependent fractal patterns of information processing in working memory

We applied detrended fluctuation analysis, power spectral density, and eigenanalysis of detrended cross-correlations to investigate fMRI data representing a diurnal variation of working memory in four visual tasks: two verbal and two nonverbal. We show that the degree of fractal scaling is regionally dependent on the engagement in cognitive tasks. A particularly apparent difference was found between memorisation in verbal and nonverbal tasks. Furthermore, the detrended cross-correlations between brain areas were predominantly indicative of differences between resting state and other tasks, between memorisation and retrieval, and between verbal and nonverbal tasks. The fractal and spectral analyses presented in our study are consistent with previous research related to visuospatial and verbal information processing, working memory (encoding and retrieval), and executive functions, but they were found to be more sensitive than Pearson correlations and showed the potential to obtain other subtler results. We conclude that regionally dependent cognitive task engagement can be distinguished based on the fractal characteristics of BOLD signals and their detrended cross-correlation structure.

Cognitive assessment of Brazilian patients with multiple sclerosis: weighing the impact of disability and depressive symptoms.

The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive status of patients with MS with age, sex, and schooling matched controls and to evaluate the potential influence of clinical parameters on cognition. A total of 35 patients with MS (mean±SD age 37.9 years±11.44, M/F: 12/23) and 33 healthy controls (mean±SD age 38.8 years±12.6, M/F: 12/21) were enrolled in this study. All subjects underwent a structured clinical assessment and the cognitive tools are as follows: Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency Tests (letters F, A, and S and animal category). Psychopathology was assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was used for patients. Patients performed worse than controls in almost all tests, with approximately 70% of patients presenting cognitive impairment. The most affected cognitive domain was episodic memory (45.7%), followed by verbal fluency (42.8%) and information processing speed (22.8%). SDMT was inversely correlated with disease severity, as assessed by the EDSS. Depression did not influence cognitive performance in this cohort. Cognitive dysfunction is common among patients with MS. While motor impairment was associated with information processing speed, depression did not influence cognitive performance.

Bilingual processing of verbal and constructional information in English dative constructions: effects of cross-linguistic influence

AbstractThis study investigated the role of cross-linguistic influence in L2 learners’ integration of a verb and a construction during online English sentence processing. In a self-paced reading task, L1-English speakers and Chinese-L1 learners of English read the English double-object and prepositional dative constructions with verbs whose Chinese translation equivalents are either compatible or incompatible with each dative form. When including only a subset of trials for which participants provided expected translations for the target sentences (i.e., translating the English prepositional dative construction into a Chinese prepositional dative sentence and translating the English double-object construction into a Chinese double-object sentence), the effect of cross-linguistic influence emerged only in a certain type of verbs. When including all trials in the analysis, we found the effect of cross-linguistic influence for all verb types. These results provide some evidence that the cross-linguistic activation of verbs can influence verb-construction integration in L2 processing. The study highlights how bilingual co-activation of verbs extends beyond the lexical and structural levels to influence the integration of multiple sources of information.

Emotional violation of faces, emojis, and words: Evidence from N400

Human social interactions depend on the construction of emotional meaning. The present study used event-related potentials to investigate the neural features of emotional violation processing in facial expressions, emojis, and emotion words. Behavioral results showed emotion congruency effects among facial expressions, emojis, and emotion words. Emotional violations resulted in a longer response time than emotion congruent conditions in happy context conditions. Responses to angry faces were slower in angry sentences than in happy sentences. As expected, the classic N400 effect was obtained for the emotional violations among facial expressions, emojis, and emotion words. Emotional violations resulted in more negative-going N400 amplitudes. Moreover, the N400 effects elicited by facial expressions and emojis were significantly smaller than emotion words, and there were no significant differences in N400 effects between facial expressions and emojis. The findings suggest that the emotional violation processing of facial expressions, emojis, and emotion words could be reflected in an electrophysiological index of semantic processing, and that emotional violation elicited higher levels of semantic retrieval. In addition, there were differences between nonverbal and verbal information processing in emotional violation, while the emotional violation of words induced greater semantic retrieval demands than facial expressions and emojis.

Особливості когнітивної сфери кваліфікованих жінок-боксерок

The purpose of the study is to analyze a set of characteristics of the cognitive sphere of qualified women-boxers in the preparatory and training period. Materials and methods. The article presents the results of a pedagogical experiment that took place at the Koncha-Zaspa sports base with the participation of 19 qualified female boxers. According to the purpose of the study, a comprehensive analysis of the cognitive sphere of combatants in the preparatory period was carried out. The computer complex "Multipsychometer-05" was used to study the features of the cognitive sphere in the preparatory period of women-boxers. To assess the cognitive functions of skilled boxers the techniques of "Regularity" was used to solve verbal problems, which is designed to study the thinking process, including: activity, intelligence, flexibility and RAM and the Domino test to determine nonverbal intellectual abilities. The reliability and validity of the results of scientific research was provided by modern methodological approaches widely used in the theory and methodology of sports training; the use of informative research methods that meet the goals and objectives; a sufficient sample size and the use of modern methods of mathematical statistics in the processing. Results and discussion. The peculiarities of the manifestation of cognitive organization in skilled women-boxers in the conditions of psycho-emotional load were determined. Performing the test task "Establishing patterns" gave us the opportunity to determine verbal intelligence, namely, performance indicators of the function of perception, thinking and attention. Thus, 47.4% (n = 9) of athletes had a low level of verbal intelligence, 31.6% (n = 6) had a medium level and 21.0% (n = 4) had a high level of productivity. The presence of high and medium levels of performance in boxers indicates an increased level of verbal intelligence in women-boxers. The Domino test was used to study nonverbal intellectual abilities. Low values of performance on the Domino test were found in 42.1% (n = 8) of female boxers. The average level was found in 26.4% (n = 5) of athletes, and the remaining 31.6% (n = 6) had a high level of nonverbal intelligence. In most groups boxers showed a high level of nonverbal intelligence, which determines the peculiarities of perception in the process of training to succeed in sports. The remaining female boxers are characterized by nonverbal intellectual abilities. Their intellect is associated with the perception of external factors associated with the opponent's action. They have the ability to quickly respond to situations that develop in a duel. Conclusion. The results of the performance of the verbal test task by athletes, indicate a high degree of expression of the processes of perception and processing of verbal information and an increased level of correctly solved tasks in 52.3% of boxers. In the course of scientific research we found that 52.3% (n = 10) women-boxers have the ability to operate with real objects, images of objects, images, perceive and process information of varying complexity due to sufficient manifestation of nonverbal intelligence

Towards Trustworthy Safety Assessment by Providing Expert and Tool-Based XMECA Techniques

Safety assessment of modern critical instrumentation and control systems is a complicated process considerably dependent on expert techniques, single/multiple faults consideration scope, other assumptions, invoked limitations, and support tools used during the assessment process. Ignoring these assumptions, as well as the significance of expert and tool influence, could lead to such effects as functional safety underestimation or overestimation in such a manner that functional safety assessment correctness and accuracy are affected. This paper introduces XMECA (x modes, effects, and criticality analysis, where x could be from different known techniques and domains—failures in functional safety, vulnerabilities and intrusions regarding cybersecurity, etc.) as a key technique of safety assessment. To verify the results obtained as XMECA deliverables, expert and uncertainty modes, effects, and criticality analysis (EUMECA) is performed, in particular focusing on decisions and judgments made by experts. Scenarios for processing verbal and quantitative information of XMECA tables from experts are offered. A case study of a possible functional safety assessment approach that considers the above-mentioned techniques and a supporting tool is provided. To assess the trustworthiness of safety analysis and estimation using XMECA, a set of the metrics is suggested. Features of adapting the suggested method for security assessment considering intrusions, vulnerabilities, and effects analysis (IMECA technique) are discussed.

Eye Movements During Comprehension in Virtual Reality: The Influence of a Change in Point of View Between Auditory and Visual Information in the Activation of a Mental Model

This paper provides new research perspectives in the field of multimodal comprehension (auditory crossing visual information) by using immersion and incorporating eye tracking in a virtual reality environment. The objective is to investigate the influence of a change in narrative perspective (point of view) during the activation of a mental model underlying comprehension between visual and auditory modalities. Twenty-eight participants, equipped with a headset SMI HMD HTC eye-tracking 250 Hz watched 16 visual scenes in virtual reality accompanied by their corresponding auditory narration. The change in perspective may occur either in the visual scenes or in listening. Mean fixations durations on typical objects of the visual scenes (Area of Interest) that were related to the perspective shift were analyzed as well as the free recall of narratives. We split each scene into three periods according to different parts of the narration (Before, Target, After), the target was where a shift in perspective could occur. Results shown that when a visual change of perspective occurred, mean fixation duration was shorter (compared to no change) for both Target and After. However, when auditory change of perspective occurred, no difference was found on Target, although during After, mean fixation duration was longer (compared to no change). In the context of 3D video visualization, it seems that auditory processing prevails over visual processing of verbal information: The visual change of perspective induces less visual processing of the Area of Interest (AOIs) included in the visual scene, but the auditory change in perspective leads to increased visual processing of the visual scene. Moreover, the analysis showed higher recall of information (verbatim and paraphrase) when an auditory change in perspective was coupled with no visual change of perspective. Thus, our results indicate a more effective integration of information when there is an inconsistency between the narration heard and viewed. A change in perspective, instead of creating comprehension and integration difficulties, seems to effectively raise the attention and induce a shorter visual inspection. These results are discussed in the context of cross-modal comprehension.