Processing Of Plant Raw Materials Research Articles

О коррекции углеводного состава сырья для микробной трансформации консорциумами микроорганизмов

Introduction. Fermentative processing of plant raw materials is traditionally carried out using native (epiphytic) microflora, which is located on the surface and represented by lactic acid microorganisms. During this process, the carbohydrates in the raw material are metabolized into lactic acid. This process does not always result in optimal product quality as the raw material often lacks carbohydrates, the optimal conditions for the development of the target microflora are hard to achieve, the microflora might be inhibited by contaminants, etc. Lactic acid microbial consortia can act as a good alternative to spontaneous fermentation of cabbage as this method creates good conditions for the microbial synergistic interaction. Such fermentation process can be controlled by adjusting the carbohydrate composition of the substrate. The research objective was to develop an analytical approach to determine the minimum required degree of change in the native carbohydrate composition of substrate that would ensure the synergy of lactic acid microorganisms.
 Study objects and methods. The fermentation process was performed using white cabbage of Slava variety and such strains of lactic acid microorganisms as Lactobacillus casei VCM 536, Lactobacillus plantarum VCM B-578, and Lactobacillus brevis VCM B-1309, as well as their paired consortia. The raw material was subjected to grinding, and the epiphytic microflora was removed to create optimal conditions for the development of the lactic acid microflora. 
 Results and discussion. The study made it possible to define the dynamics of carbohydrate fermentation in white cabbage by various strains of lactic bacteria and their paired consortia during processing. Mathematical models helped to describe the dynamics of glucose and fructose fermentation. The experiment also demonstrated the changes that occurred in the interaction within the paired consortia during fermentation. The paper introduces a new approach to determining the minimum required degree of change in the native carbohydrate composition required to ensure synergy of lactic acid microorganisms in paired consortia.
 Conclusion. The research defined the necessary amounts of carbohydrate needed to shift the integral factor of mutual influence towards sustainable synergy for three paired consortia. Consortium L. brevis + L. plantarum + 3.65 g/100 g of fructose proved to be the optimal variant for industrial production of sauerkraut from white cabbage of Slava variety. The developed approach can improve the existing industrial technologies of fermentation and create new ones.

TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT FOR CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF BIOMASS OF VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS

A special issue of the journal "Chemistry of Plant Raw Materials" is published on the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the Siberian State Technological University and the 60th anniversary of the Siberian State Aerospace University named after Academician M.F. Reshetnev. In 2016, the Reference University was created in Krasnoyarsk – Siberian State University of Science and Technology, by combining these two largest higher educational institutions.
 The review article presents a brief historical reference, the main directions of pedagogical and scientific activity of the Department of Machines and Apparatus of Industrial Technologies. The main directions and prospects of work created on the basis of the department of scientific laboratory "Deep processing of plant raw materials" related to solving problems of deep complex processing of vegetal raw materials are presented.

REALITIES AND PROSPECTS OF FUTURE COMPLEX PROCESSING OF PLANT RAW MATERIALS INTO BIOTHETANOL AND BY-PRODUCTS

The use of plant biomass as a primary source of energy is currently unacceptable both from an economic and environmental point of view. The experience of a number of industries, in particular hydrolysis production, enables to solve the problem of profitability of organic biomass treatment by its deep complex processing with the resulting components whose cost exceeds the cost of organic raw materials as fuel. Currently, the main results of complex processing of organic raw materials are still energy-intensive products ̶ bioethanol and hydrolyzed lignin, which energy characteristics are commensurate with fossil fuels. Bioethanol production from starch-containing, sugar-containing or lignocellulosic raw materials requires the use of different technological stages and, accordingly, the cost of bioethanol for each type of raw material is different. Compared to bioethanol produced from sugar and starch raw materials, bioethanol manufactured from lignocellulosic raw materials is more expensive. Bioethanol obtained from lignocellulosic raw materials is more expensive compared to bioethanol from sugar and starch raw materials. The most energy-intensive in the technology of bioethanol obtaining from lignocellulosic raw materials is the stage of pretreatment of raw materials for hydrolysis, because the process of preliminary preparation and hydrolysis with dilute acids occurs at high temperatures and pressures. During enzymatic hydrolysis, the process temperature is maintained for a long time (up to several days). To ensure deep integrated processing of plant raw materials, as well as to reduce overall costs, it was proposed to improve the technology and equipment, which allow increasing the degree of conversion of raw materials into basic and by-products.

Нитрование гидролизного лигнина в водно-апротонных средах

Industrial lignins are formed from native lignins during chemical or biochemical processing of plant raw materials. Lignins can be modified to produce valuable products, including monomers, polymeric materials, and composites. The article presents the results of a study of hydrolysis lignin nitration under various conditions. The aim of the study was to obtain a nitrated hydrolysis lignin with a maximum yield and maximum nitrogen content. Therefore, the nitration was carried out using nitric acid in a water-aprotic solvent binary mixtures (1,4-dioxane, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile). Acetyl nitrate, which is a mixed anhydride of nitric and acetic acids, was also used as a nitrating agent. In this regard, the consumption of acetic anhydride in the synthesis of acetyl nitrate was used taking into account the water present in concentrated nitric acid. Acetyl nitrate was obtained by the reaction of acetic anhydride and concentrated nitric acid at room temperature for 30 min. Acetyl nitrate is a mild nitrating agent opposed to nitric acid. Nitration was carried out under reflux in a boiling water bath for 2–5 min (with nitric acid) or 1–60 min (with acetyl nitrate). Upon completion of the nitration reaction, the products were filtered, washed with distilled water and dried to constant weight without heating. When nitration was performed with nitric acid, the maximum yield of nitrated hydrolysis lignin (83–101 %) was achieved using 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran; and the maximum nitrogen content (4.3–4.5 %) was achieved using 1,4-dioxane or acetonitrile. The use of dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethylformamide leads to a decrease in the product yield to 23–35 %, to a lower nitrogen content of 1.3–3.9 % and an increased oxygen content, which indicates the occurrence of not only nitration, but also depolymerization and oxidative transformations. When nitration with acetyl nitrate, the reaction takes place for 1–3 min, herewith the product contains up to 4.7 % of nitrogen. On the IR spectra of nitrated hydrolysis lignins, new absorption bands appear at 1555 and 1710 cm–1 due to the appearance of carboxyl and nitro groups.

РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЯ ІСНУЮЧИХ ПАРОВИХ КОТЕЛЕНЬ В БІОТЕЦ

Стаття присвячена висвітленню сутності та змісту такої проблеми як реконструкції існуючих парових котелень, які працюють на біомасі в БіоТЕЦ.

One-step method for obtaining bifunctional charcoal and study of its properties

Single-stage process of obtaining active carbon by thermal processing of plant raw materials (mixture of different types of wood sawdust) impregnated with the mixture of phosphoric acid, urea and nitric acid salts has been developed. Active influence of impregnates on the process of carbonization and formation of carbon residue has been demonstrated. It is established that carbon residue obtained in the interval of heating 20–700 °С possesses high sorption activity to the vapors of organic compounds and has ion-exchange capacity. It has been shown that the value of carbon residue depending on the impregnate used in the wood increases by 3,1 times at 600 °С and by 4,2 times – at 700 °С as compared to the yield of non-treated initial raw materials.

The influence of UV radiation on the property change of plant materials and their storability: A review

The review presents the analysis of effects of different ranges of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on physicochemical and organoleptic properties of certain types of fruits, vegetables, and mushrooms, as well as on changes in their storability. It provides the results of experimental studies and information from patent descriptions demonstrating significant changes in the properties and composition of plant objects after UV-treatment: an increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, quercetin glycosides, chlorogenic and ascorbic acids, and an increased antioxidant activity. Available data allow us to conclude on the efficiency of applying UV radiation, both as an independent type of product treatment during storage and processing of plant raw materials, and as part of combined methods using other physical processing techniques (microwave radiation, fast electron processing, γ-radiation, sonication, thermal treatment, etc.). The effectiveness of UV radiation significantly depends on its range and processing modes. UV radiation, along with the sterilizing effect, has a thermal effect on the treated objects. This means that a long-term exposure to UV radiation causes significant heating, which must be taken into account when processing plant objects having a temperature below the ambient one as it can potentially amend their storability. The review discusses the issues of choosing optimal UV treatment modes (radiation dose and processing time) that improve storability of fruits, vegetables, mushrooms and other plant species while preserving their physicochemical and organoleptic quality parameters. In conclusion, the efficiency of the radiation dose is determined by the radiation power flux density, parameters of radiation sources and their location relative to the processed objects. Determination of the optimal conditions (radiation dose and processing time) of UV treatment of plant raw materials, depending on the goals, is an important scientific and technological task.

Renewable sources: applications in personal care formulations.

A global tendency for products considered environmentally sustainable, and ecologically obtained led the industry related to personal care formulations to fund the research and the development of personal care/cosmetics containing ingredients from natural resources. Furthermore, consumers are aware of environmental and sustainability issueans, thus not harming the environment represents a key consideration when developing a new cosmetic ingredient. In this study we review some examples of active ingredients or raw materials used in cosmetics/personal care/biomedical products that are coming from either through biotechnological systems, or as byproducts of several industries. A skin formulation containing biosynthetic actives, prepared by us and the study regarding its dermocosmetic properties are also described. The need for the standardization processes, the safety assessment tools, the improvement of the exploitation methods of these renewable sources in order the production to be ecologically and economically better are also discussed.

Study of impregnated cellulose thermal treatment process and properties of obtained active carbon

Single-stage process of obtaining active carbon by thermal processing of plant raw materials (mixture of different types of wood sawdust), impregnated with the mixture of phosphoric acid, urea and nitric acid salts has been developed. Active influence of impregnates on the process of carbonization and formation of carbon residue has been formed. It is established that carbon residue obtained in the interval of heating 20°С–(500°С–700)°С, possesses high sorption activity to the vapors of organic compounds and has ion-exchange capacity. It has been showed that the value of carton residue depending on the impregnate used in the wood increases compared to the yield of non-treated initial raw materials by 3.1 times at 600°С and by 4.2 times at 700°С.

THE EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF CARBOXYMETHYLATED PLANT MATERIALS

The development of new plant growth regulators based on products of chemical processing of plant raw materials is currently an urgent task for increasing yields in agricultural production. On the basis of carboxymethylated plant materials, "Eco-Stim" plant growth regulator has been developed. The purpose of this work is to study the effect of the storage conditions of solutions of carboxymethylated plant materials in "Eco-Stim" as part of the preparation on their rheological and growth-regulating properties.
 The rheological properties of the aqueous systems of carboxymethylated pine, sunflower, and oat chaff have been studied at concentrations of 0.2–15%. It is established that the change in viscosity as a result of the shear rate of the systems studied is more complex in comparison with aqueous solutions of Na-CMC. Storage of solutions of carboxymethylated vegetable raw materials for 20 months, as well as the processes of freezing and thawing for 6–9 weeks have practically no effect on the viscosity and growth regulating properties of carboxymethylated vegetable raw materials. The studied systems make it possible to increase the germination of wheat seeds Omskaya-36 to 80–87% and to increase the length of the root by 4–10 times and the stem by 1.5–2 times compared to the control.

DEVELOPMENT OF RECIPTURES OF CANNED SMOTHIES MADE FROM ZUCCHINI AND FRUITS

Rational nutrition for a whole year is possible with a well-established system of storage and processing of plant raw materials. Products with vegetable and fruit raw materials due to their availability and nutritional value are in demand among the population. There is a constant interest in new products with increased biological value. The preservation of ascorbic acid, the main source of which is vegetables and fruits, is also affected by the technology of production. Despite the damaging effect of the heat treatment temperature of canned products on thermolabile components, the sterilization regimes should be relaxed. To this end, it has been proposed to produce beverages from vegetables and fruits for scientifically-based recipes, which allows them to be processed at a temperature of 100 °C, as well as juices with pulp and sugar. Smoothie, made on the basis of zucchini with the addition of gooseberries and blackcurrant puree contain respectively 13.3 and 41.8 mg/100 g of ascorbic acid, have an optimal for good perception of the sugar-acid index 21,4-21,5 compared with juices from soft pulp and sugar from gooseberry and black currant, which produces industry. The latter is explained by the fact that instead of sugar syrup, natural juice from zucchini was used in the recipe.

Modern supercritical fluid technologies for the processing of plant biocomposites: theory and practice

Abstract The biochemical processes of synthesis and self-organization of the components of the lignin-carbohydrate matrix lead to the formation of a complex multi-component system considered as a nanobiocomposite, which is a thermodynamically limited ordered system of biopolymers in quasi-equilibrium. The concept of the thermodynamic state of the lignin–carbohydrate matrix and the possibility of regulating the areas of thermodynamic compatibility of components due to chemical and/or physical impact allow to consider the supercritical fluid technologies (SCFTs) as a tool for directing changes in the biocomposite’s structure and properties at the molecular level and also as a way of creating essentially new technologies for the complex processing of plant raw materials.

LIQUID- SOLID AND LIQUID-VAPOR PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN SECONDARY ALCOHOL - n-ALKANE SYSTEM

Primary and secondary alcohols, obtained as a product of processing of plant raw materials, can be used as additives in fuel. Mixtures of n-alkanes, cyclic alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons can act as a model for gasoline and diesel fuel. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of mixtures of alcohols with normal, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons. To simulate liquid-solid and liquid-vapor phase equilibria, a method is used to minimize excess Gibbs energy by the solvation parameter. The authors developed the PCEAS (Phase Charts Eutectic and Azeotropic Systems) software. The input data in the case of constant pressure are the temperature T 0 and the enthalpy of the phase change H 0 of the pure components. Prediction of the thermodynamic parameters of secondary alcohols is used to calculate the eutectic and azeotropic parameters of the secondary alcohol - n-alkane mixture: composition, temperature, melting enthalpy and evaporation. The model makes it possible to determine the average value of the association parameter in the liquid phase k . Experimental data for azeotropic mixtures made it possible to establish the association parameter in the vaporphase  of the systems under study. The results of calculations can be used to select the optimal composition and obtain the requiredcharacteristics of biofuel.

USING OF THE WAVE TECHNOLOGIES IN INTENSIFICATION PROCESSES OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

The advantages of wave technologies in comparison with traditional thermal technologies are considered. The aim of research is using of innovative wave technologies to intensify the processes of heat and mass transfer in the processes of dehydration and extraction, while reducing energy costs. A classification of the mechanisms of intensification of heat and mass transfer processes is proposed. Technical methods for intensifying heat and mass transfer during the processing of plant raw materials using technologies for targeted delivery of energy are developed. Samples of equipment are presented that implement technologies of directed energy action and innovative products obtained at these facilities. The results of experimental studies of drying in the microwave and infrared fields are shown.

Supercritical fluid technologies for the advanced processing of plant raw materials

Publications dedicated to the application of supercritical fluids in the advanced processing of plant raw materials for the production of a wide range of products such as ethanol, liquid and gaseous fuels, sugars, organic acids, and oils are reviewed and analyzed. The specific features of the supercritical fluid technologies and their advantages over the existing traditional methods for the processing of plant raw materials are demonstrated.

The effect of cryomechanodestruction on activation of heteropolysaccaride-protein nanocomplexes when developing nanotechnologies of plant supplements

The regularities and mechanisms of the effect of deep processing of plant raw materials were established, such as finely dispersed grinding in developing nanotechnology of obtaining frozen nanopuree and nanopowders on the transformation of bound amino acids of protein to free soluble form by меchanolysis of molecules of protein (by 45…55 % to separate α­amino acids). We discovered the mechanism of mechanodestruction of protein molecules and its nanocomplexes with other biopolymers and BAS, which is linked to mechanocracking. In the deep processing of plant raw materials, in particular, Jerusalem artichoke, which is based on the comprehensive action of cryogenic «shock» freezing, freeze drying and finely dispersed grinding processes when obtaining nanopowders, the processes of cryodestruction, mechanodestruction and mechanochemistry occur that lead to the fuller extraction of BAS from the raw material (by 1.8…2.3 times more than is in the original raw material) and destruction of biopolymers (inulin, proteins) to their monomers. It was found that the freezing and cryomechanodestruction lead to the transformation of chemical substances of Jerusalem artichoke (cryomechanochemistry) and transformation, in particular, conformational changes of protein molecules: reduction of radius of the volume of a protein molecule, radius of its nucleus, and also to a decrease in the indicator of filling the nucleaus with hydrophobic remains of amino acids. In addition, the shape of protein molecules changes. We proposed and designed cryogenic nanotechnology of finely dispersed frozen nanopuree and nanopowders from Jerusalem artichoke with prebiotic properties. It was shown that nanosupplements exceed the known world analogues in the content of BAS and dispersed composition. In addition, a large part of the substances (both BAS and biopolymers) is in the nanodimensional form.

The influence of mechanolysis on the activaton of nanocomplexes of heteropolysaccharides and proteins of plant biosystems in developing of nanotechnologies

A nanotechnology of protein plant supplements in the form of puree of peas was developed that is based on the processes of deep processing of raw materials. Finely dispersed grinding and steam and thermal processing were used in this work as the innovation. When using traditional methods of raw materials processing, biological potential is not used in full. It was found that during deep processing of plant raw materials (dried peas), which is based on comprehensive effect of steam and thermal processing and finely dispersed grinding on the raw material in obtaining nanostructured puree, the processes of mechanical destruction and mechanical chemistry occur. These processes are accompanied by non–ezymatic biocatalysis – mechanolysis (destruction) of hard soluble biopolymers and nanocomplexes of biopolymers (proteins, heteropolysaccharides, namely, pectins, cellulose, starch) with their transformation to monomers (35...55 %) into soluble easily absorbed form (almost 2 times higher compared to the original raw material in a hidden form). The mechanism of protein mechanical destruction and its nanocomplexes, which is associated with the mechanical cracking, was discovered. It was found that the steam and thermal processing and finely dispersed grinding of peas, while obtaining finely dispersed puree, leads to the destruction of polysaccharides by the non–enzymatic catalysis, namely cellulose and starch (30...35 %), protopectin (50 %), to separate monomers. It is shown that in parallel there is an increase of glucose in nanopuree of peas (1.0 g. …10.0 g/100 g, i. e. by10 times). Integrated application of these processes is accompanied by mechanical destruction, mechanical activation and mechanolysis of biopolymers of nanocomplexes (protein, heteropolysaccharides, etc.) to α–amino acids, glucose, etc. (48…55 %).

Устройство дистанционной автоматизированной противоаварийной защиты как инструмент обеспечения промышленной безопасности на взрывопожароопасных объектах хранения и переработки растительного сырья

There are results of the analysis of modern technical means used to ensure remote automated emergency protection of explosive storage and processing of plant raw materials.

Influence of Pulse Processing of Plant Raw Materials on the Mass Concentration of Crude Extract in Tincturation Technology

The paper is devoted to the problem of increasing the total concentration of nonvolatile substances in tincture during the extraction process of plant and alcohol-containing raw materials after preliminary pulse processing in the membrane apparatus. Traditionally, biologically active compounds and plant raw materials continue to play a significant role in the modern food production. One of the main goals of modern food technology is the most complete extraction of valuable constituents from raw material and a decrease in their loss during its further processing. The main stage in tincturation is the extraction process, determined by the general laws of mass transfer, the properties of plant tissue, and chemical and physical affinity between the solvent and extracted substance. The article describes the disadvantages of extraction as a method of extracting constituents from plant raw materials and methods to increase the efficiency of this process. The aim of the paper is to research the possibilities for the application of pulse processing of plant raw materials at the preliminary processing stage to increase the yield of extractive substances of the finished product for example of tinctures. The scheme of the developed pulsation apparatus and optimum modes of raw material processing are presented according to the previously conducted research. Infusion technology and control methods for basic qual- ity indicators are taken according to the standard technology. The results of experimental research into the influence of pulse processing on the yield of extractive substances confirm the possibility of using this type of preliminary processing of plant raw materials.

General areas of the use of a microwave radiation for processing of plant raw materials (review)

In the last decade, the use of a microwave radiation in the chemistry of plant raw materials has attracted the attention of a growing number of scientists. This review is devoted to an analysis of recent publications in this area, the number of which is exponentially increased. The main fields of application of microwave radiation in the chemistry and technology of plant raw materials have been discussed, including extraction of the low-molecular weight compounds of different classes both in an individual state and in compositions (for example, essential oils) from natural plant objects; an isolation of high-molecular weight structural biopolymers (cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses); processes of drying of plant materials; wood pyrolysis; hydrolysis of high-molecular weight components of plant raw materials; chemical modification of plant biopolymers with the aim to obtain ethers, esters, and other derivatives; chemical modification of plant raw materials without prior separation into individual components; and other processes. Microwave radiation was shown to be efficient for these processes. In general, microwave radiation was found to considerably accelerate processes and significantly reduce energy costs. Examples of implementation of the described processes in industry were given. At present, processes and mechanisms that occurred under the action of the microwave radiation on a plant material has been little studied and requires further investigation.