Oil Processing Research Articles

Instrument Air Compressors: The Lifeline of Oil and Gas Facility. Volume 1. A Case Study of Oml 17 – Nigeria

Instrument air compressors (IACs) play a pivotal role as the backbone of oil and gas facilities, providing essential compressed air to power critical instruments and pneumatic systems. (Thomas Paulose, 2024). Instrument air is a critical component in the oil and gas industry. It is compressed air that is used to power instruments and control systems that are used in the production, processing, and transportation of oil and gas. (EY, 2020). This paper delves into the indispensable significance of IACs in ensuring the reliable and safe operation of oil and gas facilities, elucidating their crucial role in various operational processes, including control systems, safety devices, and process instrumentation. Through a thorough examination of the importance of instrument air in the oil and gas industry, this paper emphasizes the paramount importance of maintaining optimal performance and reliability of IACs. It discusses the key challenges and considerations associated with ensuring the continuous supply of instrument air, encompassing equipment reliability, energy efficiency, and maintenance practices. Furthermore, the paper explores effective strategies for optimizing instrument air compressor performance, encompassing proactive maintenance, technological advancements, and operational enhancements. (Abhishek Kumar et al 2021). Utilizing case studies and real-world examples, the paper illustrates the profound impact of proficient instrument air compressor management on overall facility reliability, safety, and operational efficiency. In conclusion, this paper underscores the critical recognition of instrument air compressors as indispensable assets within oil and gas facilities. (EY, 2020). It emphasizes the imperative for proactive management and optimization to uphold their continued reliability and efficacy. (Paul J. Holdcroft et al, 2015) By prioritizing the maintenance and performance of IACs, oil and gas operators can elevate facility operations, mitigate risks, and uphold the industry's commitment to safety and environmental stewardship.

Viability of the steam-based extraction of extra-heavy crude oil using nanoparticles: Exergy and life-cycle assessment

The growing energy demand has prompted the research community to seek more efficient and sustainable resource extraction methods, particularly in the case of crude oil. Investigating the potential of nanotechnology to enhance crude-oil recovery from extra-heavy and heavy crude-oil reserves is crucial for optimizing resource utilization, improving economic viability, minimizing environmental impacts, driving technological advancement, ensuring energy security, and meeting market demands. In this study, we investigated the implementation of exergy analysis (ExA) on nanotechnology in oil-recovery processes, which has not previously been explored. This involved a life-cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts and to complement the ExA in order to optimize operations. To environmentally and thermodynamically analyze the extraction process of extra-heavy crude oil, four scenarios were evaluated: i) steam injection at 0.5 quality; ii) steam injection at 1.0 quality; iii) steam injection at 0.5 quality with 500 mg L−1 of nanoparticles; and iv) steam injection at 1.0 quality with 500 mg L−1 of nanoparticles. The nanofluids used (AlNi1 and AlNi1Pd1) consisted of 500 mg L−1 of alumina (Al2O3) doped with a 1.0 % mass fraction of nickel (Ni) (i.e., AlNi1), and the same amount of alumina doped with a 1.0 % mass fraction of Ni and palladium (Pd) (i.e., AlNi1Pd1). Both nanofluids were supplemented with 1000 mg L−1 of Tween 80. The experiments were conducted in a laboratory and numerical simulation was used to upscale the different scenarios. Considering the equilibrium K-values model, a multiphase/multicomponent flow model coupled with an energy transport equation was utilized. Nanocatalyst transport, as per the experimental data, involved non-equilibrium transference between the liquid phases and the rock surface. The laboratory data were used to calibrate the model, which was then scaled up to reservoir conditions to estimate the oil recovery obtained from deploying in-situ upgrading processes at the field scale. Exergy calculations were performed on the involved flows and porous media in order to assess the crude-oil quality throughout the process. An LCA was implemented to evaluate the reduction in environmental impact achieved by using steam injection at X = 1.0 quality, with and without nanoparticles. The results of the ExA showed that using nanoparticles allowed crude oil with a higher energy quality to be obtained. Furthermore, the ExA showed that the increase in steam quality had a more significant effect on the exergy destroyed in the process than the use of nanomaterials, demonstrating the good performance of the proposed technology. Environmental analyses showed that marine ecotoxicity, urban land occupation, particulate matter formation, and global warming potential were the most-impacted categories, significantly contributing to total environmental impacts, after the fossil depletion impact category for all scenarios. In conclusion, using bimetallic nanoparticles in crude-oil extraction produces a better product with better energy and environmental performance.

Laws of Hydration Heat of Cement and Hydrate Stabilization in Shallow Formations of Deep Seawater.

When cementing is required in marine deepwater hydrate formations, the heat released from the hydration process of oil well cement can easily lead to hydrate decomposition. It is necessary to clarify the initial phase transition temperature of the hydrate layer under the influence of cement waiting for setting so that it can meet the stability of the hydrate layer during cementing. In this paper, based on the actual conditions of offshore deepwater cementing, the coupled temperature field model of cement sheath hydration heat source-well wall hydrate decomposition is established by considering the hydration heat release during the cement waiting process and the phase change heat absorption of the well wall hydrate. Combined with the established model, the hydrate formation in the deepwater region of the ocean was selected and matched with suitable oil well cement for simulation. Through simulation, the critical temperature range (291-295 K) for the initial phase transition of the hydrate layer at 10-15 MPa was clarified and the relationship between the critical values of cement hydration heat release to maintain hydrate stability at different initial temperatures of the formation was established. The phase stability law of hydrates in the formation under cement sheath hydration heat release was revealed, providing a theoretical basis and guidance for the development of low-hydration heat release cement slurry systems.

Characteristics of hydrogen abstraction involved in thermal processing of heavy oil

The characteristics of H-abstraction during thermal processing of heavy oil were studied through density functional theory calculations. Homolysis of alkanes produces two alkyl primary C radicals. They can all effectively participate in the H-abstraction from alkanes, alkyl substituents and cycloalkanes, with activation energies ranging from 42 to 52 kJ.mol−1. The homolysis of alkyl substituents of aromatics occurs preferentially at the Cα-Cβ position, with bond energy as low as 317 kJ.mol−1. In the temperature range involved in thermal processing, homolysis of alkyl substituents mainly produces benzylic radicals rather than phenylethyl and phenylpropyl radicals. Except for abstracting tertiary H from branched alkanes, the abstraction of other types of H by benzylic radicals is not feasible in terms of reaction kinetics and reaction thermodynamics. Paraffinic heavy oil has higher thermal processing activity than naphthenic heavy oil due to differences in the number of radicals that can effectively participate in H-abstraction.

Quantification of Methane Emissions from Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand Extraction in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada.

Cold heavy oil production with sand (CHOPS) is an extraction process for heavy oil in Canada, with the potential to lead to higher CH4 venting than conventional oil sites, that have not been adequately characterized. In order to quantify CH4 emissions from CHOPS activities, a focused aerial measurement campaign was conducted in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan in June 2018. Total CH4 emissions from each of 10 clusters of CHOPS wells (containing 22-167 well sites per cluster) were derived using a mass balance computation algorithm that uses in situ wind data measurement on board aircraft. Results show that there is no statistically significant difference in CH4 emissions from CHOPS wells between the two provinces. Cluster-aggregated emission factors (EF) were determined using correspondingly aggregated production volumes. The average CH4 EF was 70.4 ± 36.9 kg/m3 produced oil for the Alberta wells and 55.1 ± 13.7 kg/m3 produced oil for the Saskatchewan wells. Using these EF and heavy oil production volumes reported to provincial regulators, the annual CH4 emissions from CHOPS were estimated to be 121% larger than CHOPS emissions extracted from Canada's National Inventory Report (NIR) for Saskatchewan. The EF were found to be positively correlated with the percentage of nonpiped production volumes in each cluster, indicating higher emissions for nonpiped wells while suggesting an avenue for methane emission reductions. A comparison with recent measurements indicates relatively limited effectiveness of regulations for Saskatchewan compared to those in Alberta. The results of this study indicate the substantial contribution of CHOPS operations to the underreporting observed in the NIR and provide measurement-based EF that can be used to develop improved emissions inventories for this sector and mitigate CH4 emissions from CHOPS operations.

Menganalisis Potret Industri Indonesia Berdasarkan Industri Pengolahan Migas dan Non-Migas

This research aims to analyze industrial conditions in Indonesia with a focus on the oil and gas processing industry (oil and gas) and non-oil and gas industries. This study uses a descriptive approach by collecting secondary data from various official sources such as the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the Ministry of Industry, and the annual reports of related companies. The analysis results show that the oil and gas and non-oil and gas processing industries have a significant contribution to the Indonesian economy, but face different challenges. The oil and gas industry, although it plays a large role in state revenues and exports, experiences fluctuations in world oil prices which affect its stability. On the other hand, the non-oil and gas industry shows more stable and diversified growth, with sectors such as manufacturing, textiles and electronics being the main pillars. This research also identifies various factors that influence the development of these two types of industry, including government policy, foreign investment, and infrastructure. It is hoped that these findings can provide insight for policy makers and stakeholders in formulating strategies to advance industry in Indonesia.

Up-scaling Social Innovations: The Eku and Implications for Enhancing Small-scale Palm Oil Production in Nigeria

The dearth of adoption of processing technologies by small-scale palm oil processors in Nigeria has resulted in poor quality of output and low extraction rates. This paper proposes that improved versions of the Eku, a community-based social innovation which enables the sharing of palm oil processing facilities can be up-scaled and diffused in the sector to improve the technological base of small-scale palm oil production in Nigeria. A framework, which emphasises removing constraints to the practicality and efficiency of social innovations with institutional and funding measures to create a prototype that will be up-scaled and diffused, is developed. The study reveals that only one of five unit operations of small-scale palm oil production is totally mechanised in the Eku and constraints affecting full mechanisation of all unit operations in the Eku include lack of awareness and funds to adopt processing technologies. The chapter recommends equipping prototype Ekus with innovations for all the un-mechanised stages of palm oil production and suggests its up-scaling and diffusion in the sector through small-scale entrepreneurs. The study concludes that the diffusion of the prototype versions of the Eku can enhance the diffusion of technological innovations in the sector.

Experimental study on responsiveness of multi-spectrum infrared flame detectors to diffuse flames partially hidden by obstacles installed in oil and gas processing facilities

Multi-spectrum infrared flame detectors are commonly installed in many oil and gas processing facilities for an early fire detection. Since these facilities are filled with equipment and piping, the visibility of flames from infrared flame detector is a critical factor for reliable and early detection. However, conventional methodology of fire mapping study does not consider the three-dimensional spread of flames. Therefore, this paper focuses on the responsiveness of multi-spectrum infrared flame detectors under the condition that flame is partially hidden by such obstructions.A series of full-scale experiments was conducted to examine the responsiveness of infrared flame detectors to flames partially hidden by shielding objects. These experiments simulated various conditions seen in the oil and gas processing facilities.The experiments have confirmed the relationship between the intensity of infrared energy and the obstruction ratio. Specifically, the infrared energy at a wavelength of 4.504 μm emitted from a flame hidden by shielding objects can be quantified using the obstruction ratio, the ratio of visible area of partially hidden flame. By using these indices, it has been clarified that the infrared energy emitted from a partially hidden flame at the location of an infrared flame detector can be estimated. The responsiveness of detectors depends more on the intensity of the infrared energy near 4.5 μm than on flame pulsation. Multi-spectrum flame detectors, commercially available and employed in this study, exhibited performance equal to or even more sensitive than what is stated in their data sheets. Quantitative evaluation of the responsiveness of flame detectors to partially hidden flames revealed in this study can contribute to the improvement of the fire mapping study for the realistic design evaluation in the oil and gas processing facilities.

Study on Palm Oil Cultivation and Processing Technology to Support The Biofuel Program (Optimization for The Development of Palm Oil-Based Energy Plantation in Indonesia)

Abstract Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is an important commodity for Indonesia, after fossil oil is no longer the main component of export products. The bioenergy product that has been well developed and applied is biodiesel. The development of CPO for bioenergy has some obstacles, such the amount of CPO needed is large so that it will affect the capacity of CPO used for food. In addition, the price of CPO which is considered high is around US$ 700-900/ton, whereas the ideal price of CPO as a bioenergy raw material is a maximum of US$ 400/ton. Several approaches that are recommended as a solution to overcome these problems are optimization of palm oil cultivation, harvesting management, and also processing technology. The methodology used in this research includes collecting data from palm oil industry players, palm oil mills (PKS), academics involved in the development of the palm oil industry, and professional organizations related to palm oil. The data was obtained by conducting discussions and knowledge sharing with them. The results of this study will assist policy makers, in this case the Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) and the Ministry of Agriculture to determine bioenergy development policies that involve aquaculture ecosystems, land selection, industrial location and optimal process technology. The Ministry of Industry and Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) can partner to develop palm oil-based energy, the Ministry of Agriculture will develop palm cultivation which is sufficient to support mustard products for energy, palm land can be restructured according to energy needs. To support the energy plantation program, it is recommended that the government set up a palm plantation devoted to energy covering an area of 250,000 hectares on state land or state-owned enterprises (BUMN). Procurement of palm oil plantations can be done in stages from 25 hectares, according to land potential and budget.

Preliminary Study on Structure of Carbon Derived from Palm Oil Shell

Abstract Palm shells are waste that is produced every year due to the large demand for palm oil. The potential for carbon derivatives in palm shell charcoal waste that can be extracted is more like activated carbon. Therefore, this research aims to provide an explanation of the ability of palm shell charcoal carbon as a residual component of palm oil processing that is affordable and abundantly available, which if maximized properly will be the forerunner to the development of technology that has added value. The capabilities of Palm Shell Charcoal can be applied for technical applications with further development. It is hoped that this study will provide initial information for scientists and policy makers in the fields of environmental conservation and technology. Palm shell charcoal (ACKS) that has been washed, dried and made into powder is subjected to DSC-TGA, FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX testing. The XRD results show that there is a main broad peak that appears around the 2θ ∼23° angle which corresponds to the (002) plane and also a narrow peak appears at the 26° angle which indicates graphite growth. Meanwhile, the FTIR results show that many of the bonds formed are C=O, C-O, C=C and O-H bonds which indicate the presence of hard carbon.

Direct evidence of gas flushing oil in deep reservoirs: Insight from integrated fluid inclusion analyses

Gas flushing of oil has been proposed as an essential process for forming some condensate gas reservoirs based on laboratory experiments and modeling but such a process has rarely been documented in subsurface reservoirs. Here, we report a unique type of yellow-ringed oil inclusions (YROIs) discovered from a deep reservoir in the Kuqa Foreland Basin, Western China that recorded the gas flushing of oil process in the subsurface. The occurrence, composition, phase state and PVT conditions of YROIs during trapping were investigated using a suite of fluid inclusion analytical methods including fluid inclusion petrography, microthermometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, PVT modeling and molecular composition analysis.YROIs found in the reservoir are three-phase (solid–liquid-vapor) fluid inclusions at room temperature with solid rings of 2–3 μm thickness and estimated volume percentages varying between 5 % and 15 %. When heated the solid ring starts to melt at around 46 °C and homogenized with the liquid phase at or above their corresponding homogenization temperatures of coeval aqueous inclusions. YROIs have fluorescence spectral peaks between 530 nm and 550 nm and an elevated spectral shoulder around 650 nm when measured at room temperature; but most spectra show a distinct “blue shift” and an absence of the 650 nm shoulder when measured at their homogenization temperatures. Some YROIs with thick yellow rings show dual spectral peaks at 570 nm and 630 nm at room temperature and their spectral peaks do not change when remeasured at their homogenization temperatures. Molecular compositions derived from synchronous fluorescence spectra and GC-MS analysis suggest that the compositions of YROIs are rich in polyaromatic compounds. PVT modeling indicates that YROIs were trapped under high pressure conditions with a pressure exceeding 50 % of the corresponding hydrostatic pressure.YROIs are interpreted to have been trapped under an elevated temperature and overpressure condition (around 110 °C and 60 MPa) relating to an intensive (wet) gas flushing of an early-charged wax-rich oil. When light hydrocarbon components in the reservoir oil were partially removed by gas, the wax/resin components rich in polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds may precipitate due to physio-chemical fractionation. YROIs were entrapped in subsurface from a heterogeneous hydrocarbon fluid containing variable amounts of wax/resin colloids, which subsequently coalesce to form solid rings adhering to the inner wall of oil inclusions at room temperature. The presence of yellow-ringed oil inclusions in a reservoir may be indicative of a rapid gas flushing of waxy oil under high pressure, and their minimum homogenization temperature may approximate their trapping temperature.

Fluidized catalytic cracking with novel emulsified feeding for increasing light oil yield and reducing additional CO2 emission

The fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) is widely used in the processing of heavy oil. Fast and sufficient vaporization of heavy oil can maximize the light oil yield and reduce the coke yield. However, the inferior quality generally makes the heavy oil difficult to be vaporized. Unvaporized oil remaining on the catalyst surface will lead to high coke yield and subsequently high carbon dioxide emissions in the regenerator. The novel emulsified feeding technique can achieve secondary atomization of oil droplet through micro-explosion, which can reduce the droplet diameter and enhance the droplet vaporization. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed to investigate the effect of emulsified feeding on the droplet vaporization and cracking reaction in the FCC riser reactor. It was found that when the reaction temperature is constant, the emulsified feeding can promote the droplet vaporization and cracking reaction. The average vaporization ratio can be improved by 1.2%-1.7%, and the light oil yield can be improved by 0.6%-0.8% compared to the conventional atomized feeding. The volume fraction of droplet near the side wall is largely reduced. The additional carbon emissions produced by unvaporized oil can therefore be reduced in the regenerator. In addition, the emulsified feeding technique will not have great impact on solids fluidization and pressure balance in the riser. The probability of micro-explosion of emulsion droplets is further discussed with respect to its effect on the vaporization and cracking reaction. The maximum light oil yield can be obtained with micro-explosion probability of 85%.

Palm Oil Mill Effluent Biochar as An Alternative Potassium Source: Effect of Pyrolysis Time and Its Kinetic Release

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is one of the waste products of palm oil processing that can be processed into a biochar. POME biochar contains high levels of nutrient, such as NPK which can be used an alternative potassium source material. This study aims to produced biochar from POME and the influence of pyrolysis time on the characteristics and its kinetic release. Biochar production from POME was conducted at 300oC with pyrolysis time variation of 1 hour, 3 hours and 5 hours. Biochar characterization was conducted using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Surface Area Analysis (SAA). Study of potassium release was conducted by mixing one gram amount of biochar with 0.01 M CaCl2 as a function of time. The used kinetics modelling in this study are first-order, second-order, pseudo-first order, pseudo-second orde. The results showed that the biochar yield decreased, while the biochar pH value, exchangeable potassium, non-exchangeable potassium and surface area increased with the increasing of pyrolysis time. The pseudo- second order model is the most fitted model to describe the potassium release. The pseudo-second order kinetics model gave K release rates of 0.018; 0.024; 0.020; 0.014 (mg g-1min-1), the qe values are 0.814; 0.839; 0.927; 1.111 (mg g-1), respectively.

Development of Reagents - Blowing Agents Based on Local Raw Materials and their Research

The development and search for effective reagents and optimal technological conditions is one of the main factors for improving the coal flotation process. Solving these problems increases the technological and economic efficiency of flotation enrichment. The article discusses methods for producing foaming regents based on waste from the distillation process of cottonseed oil - gossypol resin and methods of flotation of various classes of fine coal. The advantages of this foaming agent include the availability of raw materials, which are a product of domestic industry, produced at the enterprises of the Kattakurgan MJK and amino alcohols (mono- , di- and triethanolamine) , sufficient resources and relative low cost. Conducted research to assess the effectiveness, surface activity and foaming ability of the resulting reagents - in foaming agents, according to the proposed technology of the studied technical products, the resulting product belongs to the surface-active reagents and has high flotation activity. The physico-chemical and foam-forming properties, foam stability, destruction kinetics and other properties of flotation reagents - foaming agents SK-1 and SK-2 - have been studied. The results of studies of the influence of foaming reagents in the process of flotation and extraction of precious and non-ferrous metals are presented. The optimal option for the effective composition of composite chemical flotation reagents - foaming agents and their parameters was selected. The results of scientific research conducted at JSC NMMC on the use of analogues of the foaming agents SK-1 and SK-2 are given in comparison with the reagents (Oxal) currently used at the plant. The elemental composition of man-made waste samples using reagents SK-1 and SK-2 was determined.

Adsorption Characteristics of Illite and Kerogen Oil Phase: Thermodynamics Experiments

In order to study the adsorption process and adsorption characteristics of shale oil at the macro scale, the isothermal adsorption experiments of illite and kerogen on a heptadecane (oil phase) solution were carried out by infrared spectrophotometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Based on the adsorption isotherm model and adsorption thermodynamic model, the characteristics of heptadecane adsorbed by illite and kerogen at different temperatures and oily solution concentrations were studied. The experimental results show that the concentration and temperature of the alkane solution help to enhance the adsorption and increase the saturated adsorption capacity. The difference is that the concentration will have a certain effect on the adsorption rate, while the temperature will not. Based on the three adsorption isotherm models, it was found that Langmuir and Freundlich were more suitable for describing the adsorption process of the heptadecane solution by illite and kerogen, and the adsorption characteristics of heptadecane molecules at different temperatures and adsorbents were evaluated. Heating leads to an increase in the collision efficiency between adsorbate molecules and adsorbents, thereby accelerating the migration rate of alkanes. Therefore, increasing temperature helps to enhance the adsorption capacity of rocks and increase the saturated adsorption capacity of minerals. The research results clarify the adsorption characteristics of shale oil heavy components from the macro level and fill the research gap in the application of solid–liquid isothermal adsorption physical experiments on the adsorption and occurrence of shale oil.

Water-Soluble Fe(III) Complex Catalyzed Coupling Aquathermolysis of Water-Heavy Oil-Methanol

In this experimental study, diverse water-soluble Fe(III) complexes were synthesized and employed to catalyze the aquathermolysis of heavy oil. A ternary reaction system comprising heavy oil, water, and methanol was established to facilitate the process. Viscometry, thermogravimetric analysis, DSC, and elemental analysis were utilized to thoroughly investigate the treated heavy oil. The findings reveal that, under optimal conditions of water, catalyst, and methanol dosage, the viscosity of heavy oil can be significantly reduced by up to 88.22% after reacting at 250 °C for 12 h. Notably, apart from viscosity reduction, the catalytic aquathermolysis also effectively removes heteroatoms such as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen, enabling in situ modification and viscosity reduction of heavy oil. This study demonstrates the potential of water-soluble Fe(III) complexes in enhancing the efficiency of heavy oil extraction and processing.

Implementing Lean Manufacturing to Optimize Service Level: An Industrial Lubricating Oils Processing and Marketing Company Case Study

This research aims to implement a lean manufacturing management model using tools such as value stream mapping (VSM), single-minute exchange of die (SMED) and autonomous maintenance (AM) to improve the service level within petroleum refining companies. Moreover, its objective is to mitigate the technical gap that leads to monetary losses for the company in question. In terms of methodology, the research used a case study design focused on pre-test and post-test analyses to identify the key improvements. The results revealed a 35 % reduction in company losses and an increase of 19 % in the service level.

Assessing the ecological impact of industrial noise pollution on wildlife behavior in Okomu Forest Reserve, Nigeria

The study identified sources and established the levels of industrial noise in Okomu National Park with the aim of determining the impact of industrial noise pollution on wildlife in Okomu National Park. It also modelled propagation of ambient noise levels associated with the established levels as well as determined impacts of ambient noise obtained from industrial activities on wildlife of the National Park. Locations of identified sources of noise including industrial activities sources relative to the National Park were established and digital maps of the identified locations was generated. Ambient noise levels were obtained for wildlife populations around selected locations. Noise assignment was done at each of the hotspots for industrial activity that had been detected using EXTEC sensors. The average noise levels from the industrial sources were then processed into a model using NoiseMap. The calculated noise levels from identified sources were represented with contour map. The results identified sources of noise pollution in Okomu Forest Reserve as: Okomu Palm Oil processing mill and Michelin rubber Processing factory. The result showed that activities within these industries produced at least 40 dB during the period of study. The effects of noise from the industrial activities forced the migration of the animals out of the National Park to favourable habitats with less noise sources. The retreat of the animals caused energy depletion and reduced the chances of their survival. The study concluded that industrial activities such as Palm oil processing, rubber processing, logging and vehicles are a major source of noise pollution that threatens the sustainability of wildlife in the Okomu National Park.

SELECTION OF AN EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION PROCESS OF VERY HIGH VISCOSITY AND HEAVY OILS AND INVESTIGATION OF RESULTING COMPLICATIONS

The article discusses the investigation of the difficulties that arise during the transportation of very high viscosity crude oils and the features of the transportation process. Among high-viscosity oils in Azerbaijan, "Muradkhanli" oil can be mentioned. Special attention is paid to the rheologically complex behavior processes of such crude oils. In general, the storage and transportation of very high viscosity oils has been and remains a complex process for oil producing countries around the world. Heavy and highly viscous crudes are thick and sludgy, so they resist flow through pipelines during transport and are often transported by truck or rail, adding significant costs and potential hazards. Pipeline transportation of oils is also hampered by asphaltene and paraffin precipitation, formation water and salt content, and corrosion problems. Of course, each of these cases should be taken into account. There are various ways to improve this process (by heating, by adding depressants with different reagent composition, etc.). Keywords: high viscosity, heavy crude oil, depressant, railway-transportation, oil crystallization.

A Comparison of the Relationship between Dynamic and Static Rock Mechanical Parameters

The rock’s mechanical properties play an important role in the whole process of conventional and unconventional oil and gas exploration and progression. At present, there are two approaches to determining the mechanical parameters. One is to measure the rock sample in the laboratory (i.e., static elastic modulus Es). The other is to obtain parameters by geophysical logging data (i.e., dynamic elastic modulus Ed). In general, static parameters can more accurately reflect the mechanical properties of rock under actual geo-stresses. At the same time, their determinations are difficult. Therefore, one of the best methods is to establish the correlation between the dynamic and static parameters. This paper investigates the relation between the dynamic and static parameters using different methods for various rocks in the literature. Based on the relationship of Es=aEd+b, a correction between a and b is proposed using the multinomial form a=0.67+0.101b−0.006b2+0.0001b3. It is found that the Es can be derived from the Ed just when the parameter b is known. In terms of different types of rocks, for igneous and metamorphic rocks, the best correlation between Es and Ed obeys the power-law correlation; for sedimentary rocks, there are linear and logarithmic correlations. Theoretically, the difference between dynamic and static elastic moduli can be attributed to microcracks and pores within rocks. This study can provide guidance for engineers to predict the desired static parameters precisely using logging or seismic data.