Processing Of Experimental Data Research Articles

Product-specific reaction kinetics in continuous uniform supersonic flows probed by chirped-pulse microwave spectroscopy.

Experimental studies of the products of elementary gas-phase chemical reactions occurring at low temperatures (<50K) are very scarce, but of importance for fundamental studies of reaction dynamics, comparisons with high-level quantum dynamical calculations, and, in particular, for providing data for the modeling of cold astrophysical environments, such as dense interstellar clouds, the atmospheres of the outer planets, and cometary comae. This study describes the construction and testing of a new apparatus designed to measure product branching fractions of elementary bimolecular gas-phase reactions at low temperatures. It combines chirped-pulse Fourier transform millimeter wave spectroscopy with continuous uniform supersonic flows and high repetition rate laser photolysis. After a comprehensive description of the apparatus, the experimental procedures and data processing protocols used for signal recovery, the capabilities of the instrument are explored by the study of the photodissociation of acrylonitrile and the detection of two of its photoproducts, HC3N and HCN. A description is then given of a study of the reactions of the CN radical with C2H2 at 30K, detecting the HC3N product, and with C2H6 at 10K, detecting the HCN product. A calibration of these two products is finally attempted using the photodissociation of acrylonitrile as a reference process. The limitations and possible improvements in the instrument are discussed in conclusion.

Promising potato hybrids in Siberia

The results of studying potato hybrids in the nurseries of preliminary and competitive variety trials are presented. The research was conducted in 2018–2022 in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in grain and fallow crop rotation. The soil of the experimental plot is represented by leached chernozem, low- and medium-moist heavy loam of granulometric composition. Experiment design, yield recording and data processing were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted recommendations for work with the crop. Based on the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, the weather conditions of the vegetation periods of the years of research can be characterized as slightly arid. The HTC was 1.1 in 2019 and 2021, in 2020, 2022 – 1,3. According to the results of the preliminary variety trials, lines A-114, A-326, A-529, A-635a exceeded or were at the level of the standard variety Krasnoyarsky Ranniy by the number of marketable tubers and yield. During 4 years of research in the nursery of competitive varietal trial, the studied breeding lines on average formed yields at the level or higher than the standard varieties. According to the elements of the yield structure in the competitive variety trial lines A-114, A-529 significantly exceeded the standard variety in marketability, as well as had a smaller number and weight of unmarketable tubers. Based on the results of the evaluation in 2019–2021 of the chemical composition of tubers for dietary and functional food, lines with low starch content (up to 14%) are proposed: A-114 (12.2%), А-672а (9.9), А-635а (12.7%). Based on the study in 2019–2022 of the line A-114 in competitive trials, preliminary and production multiplication, ecological assessment, application materials for admission to use and protection of the new potato variety Akrux were submitted to the State Variety Commission.

Bench studies of the influence of operating conditions on operational safety of steam turbine air-cooled condensers at subzero outdoor temperatures

Condensation processes are widely spread in various branches of industrial production and, in particular, in electric power industry, where, according to experts' data, heat removal in thermodynamic cycles of steam turbine plants (STP) operating as part of combined cycle plants (CCP) and autonomously, in the 21st century will be exercised mainly in air-cooled condensers (ACC). At the same time, the use of ACC as a part of steam turbine units operating in climatic conditions typical for the Russian Federation (RF) determines the relevance of problems to be solved to ensure their safe operation at subzero outside temperatures. One of these challenges is to ensure long-term safe operation of the ACC, with the formation of ice on the inner surface of the heat exchange pipes minimized. To conduct the research, Steam Turbine Air-Cooled Condenser research and training stand was used. The paper presents the combined circuit and measurement diagram of the research and training stand, and gives a brief description of the design of the ACC. Experimental modes have been determined, and methods for processing experimental data and analyzing the results obtained have been developed. As part of the study, experiments were carried out on 18 steady-state operation modes of the stand. At the same time, the values of the main operational parameters of the ACС varied within the following limits: the temperature of the cooling air at the ACС inlet — from minus 11,5°C to minus 1,8°C; the cooling ratio — from 176 to 790. The relative weight content of air in the vapor varied from 0,051% to 0,12%. An analysis of the obtained results was carried out, on the basis of which a relationship was established that allows, for various negative temperatures of the cooling air at the inlet to the ACС, to determine the highest value of the cooling ratio at which its long-term safe operation is possible. An algorithm for using the obtained relationship is given.

STATISTICAL ESTIMATES OF VARIABLES DETERMINING THE INTERVAL OF ELECTRIC POWER MONITORING

It is demonstrated that digital processing of information on electricity consumption is possible when transforming the studied process into a discrete form. The correct choice of the monitoring interval allows for the accurate reconstruction of the values of the studied function in the intervals between measurements. It is shown that when organizing the monitoring of average power, it is necessary to select a discretization interval that provides adequate representation of the current process. The proposed procedure for choosing the interval of electric power monitoring is based on determining the duration of the deviation of the random function of electric power change, subject to certain constraints. The justified number of monitoring studies is established to determine the optimal interval of electric power monitoring. It is shown that the most rational method of processing experimental data will be the method of joint estimation for correlation and standard deviation.

An Analytical Model for the Initial Stiffness of Bearing Connections with Slotted Holes

In steel structures, cover plate joints are mainly used with normal round holes, but slotted holes, where the slot is oriented perpendicular to the direction of the bearing force, make it possible to release displacements in selected directions and thus better control the complex state of stresses in the connected plates. This study investigates the initial stiffness of a cover plate with a single slotted hole. The aim of this paper is to propose an analytical model that predicts the initial stiffness of slotted holes with respect to experimental results obtained on a panel of different geometries. This approach makes it possible to evaluate the effects of the end distances on the bending of the plate compared to the bearing under the bolt. A large panel of geometries is tested to quantify the experimental value of initial stiffness using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique compared to Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) sensors. To evaluate the initial stiffness, a method of processing experimental data is developed that allows a reproducible determination of stiffnesses. An analytical model is then proposed based on the improvement of existing models available in the literature. It is validated for different specimen geometries considering the contribution to the initial stiffness due to bending, shearing and support of the steel plate under the bolt. The comparisons show that the proposed analytical model can predict the initial stiffness of different geometries of tested specimens with slotted holes.

Implementation and experience of using methods for analyzing the isotopic composition of Sm and Nd, Rb and Sr in rock samples at the Geoanalitik Center for Collective Use

Research subject. AGV-2 and BHVO-2 geochemical reference materials for studying the Sm, Nd and Rb, Sr isotope systems along with various rocks and mineral samples. Materials and Methods. An analysis of the isotopic composition of Sm, Nd and Rb, Sr was carried out using Neptune Plus and Triton Plus mass spectrometers. Aim. To implement analytical techniques for the isotopic composition of Sm and Nd, Rb, and Sr in various rock and mineral samples using two types of multicollector mass spectrometers – inductively coupled plasma NeptunePlus and thermal ionization TritonPlus (Thermo-Fisher), as well as a description of the procedure of processing experimental data and the experience in using techniques at the “Geoanalitik” shared research facilities of the IGG UB RAS for the period 2015-2023. Results. The analytical techniques implemented included (1) column chromatography using various ion-exchange resins, optimised for the ratio of labour costs/quality of analytical results; (2) the measurement of isotope ratios using two types of mass spectrometers; (3) the correction of mass bias of isotope ratios and the determination of Sm and Nd, Rb, and Sr concentrations by the isotope dilution method using 149Sm+150Nd and 85Rb+84Sr spikes. Testing of the techniques was carried out using the AGV-2 and BHVO-2 geochemical reference materials; their metrological characteristics were presented. When using TritonPlus, the reproducibility (BHVO-2, n=60) of measurements of 143Nd/144Nd, 147Sm/144Nd isotope ratios and Sm and Nd concentrations are ±0.000020, ±0.0004, ±1.3 and ±0.4, respectively; indicators of correctness of determining the ratios 143Nd/144Nd and 147Sm/144Nd – 0.001 and 0.25% and concentrations of Sm and Nd – 2%; the reproducibility (BHVO-2, n=63) of measurements of 87Sr/86Sr, 87Rb/86Sr isotope ratios and concentrations (Rb and Sr) are ±0.0025%, ±1.5%, ±2%, respectively. The uncertainty of a single measurement of the 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio, represented by the standard error of the average single measurement in the sample, does not exceed 0.0025%. Conclusions: the results obtained for the geochemical reference materials are in satisfactory agreement with those provided in the GeoReM database, as well as with the certified values provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The described analytical techniques are used at the “Geoanalitik” shared research facilities of the IGG UB RAS to analyse various rock and mineral samples. The work presents a number of experimental results obtained, which are subsequently used in geochronological applications.

Sum rule comparison of narrowband and broadband sum frequency generation spectra and comparison with theory

Earlier sum frequency generation (SFG) experiments involve one infrared and one visible laser, and a measurement of the intensity of the response, yielding data on the surface sensitive properties of the sample. Recently, both the real and imaginary components of the susceptibility were measured in two different sets of experiments. In one set, a broadband infrared laser was used, permitting observations at very short times, while in another set the infrared laser was narrowband, permitting higher spectral resolution. The differences in the spectrum obtained by the two will be most evident in studying narrow absorption bands, e.g., the band due to dangling OH bonds at a water interface. The direct comparisons in the integrated amplitude (sum rule) of the imaginary part of the dangling OH bond region differ by a factor of 3. Due to variations in experimental setup and data processing, corrections were made for the quartz reference, Fresnel factors, and the incident visible laser wavelength. After the corrections, the agreement differs now by the factors of 1.1 within broadband and narrowband groups and the two groups now differ by a factor of 1.5. The 1.5 factor may arise from the extra heating of the more powerful broadband laser system on the water surface. The convolution from the narrowband SFG spectrum to the broadband SFG spectrum is also investigated and it does not affect the sum rule. Theory and narrowband experiments are compared using the sum rule and agree to a factor of 1.3 with no adjustable parameters.

Experimental studies of a remote device for biometric identification of the pre-mastitis state of the udder of dairy cows

Analysis of development of dairy cattle breeding in the Republic of Belarus is presented. The problems of reducing milk productivity and the period of economic use of dairy cows as a result of mastitis disease are noted. The importance of timely detection of sick animals, as well as treatment of the inflammatory process of the udder in the early stages is noted. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of a mock-up sample of a biometric identification device for the pre-mastitis state of udder of dairy cows are presented. In the course of experimental studies, a significant influence of ambient temperature on the thermal imaging picture was revealed, based on which the values of the radiation coefficient for cows were determined. The final adjustment of the previously established temperature ranges was made when determining one or another form of mastitis, namely, within 32.0−36.3 ℃ – the range of normal temperatures, 36.4−37.7 ℃ – “Subclinical mastitis”, 37.8−39.0 ℃ – “Clinical mastitis”. The most significant factors and optimization parameter have been determined. The percentage of the useful area of the studied object is selected as the optimization parameter. Based on the processing of experimental data, a mathematical model is obtained, described by a regression equation in the form of a polynomial of the second degree. The rational parameters of the device for biometric identification of the pre-mastitis state of the udder of dairy cows were obtained, namely: the angle of inclination of the thermal imaging module αо – 2,7o, the focal length to the object l – 794 mm, installation height of the thermal imaging module h – 495 mm. Also, based on the conducted research, priority areas and opportunities for development of the domestic agro-industrial complex through creation of integrated systems for monitoring the physiological state of animals within the framework of development of digital automated technologies of a “smart” farm have been identified.

Особенности моделирования шероховатости поверхности при фрезеровании нержавеющих сталей c применением различных сред

Modeling characteristics for surface finish when milling stainless steels using various media (grade steel 12X18H10T) using IOL-20A (industrial oil lubricant), CM-99 (cooling mixture), rapeseed and castor oils and on dry treatment, using the algorithms of the group method of data handling are viewed. The use of various lubricating and cooling technological mixtures (LCTM) is thought of as the theory of metal cutting factor reducing surface undulation. However, the degree of influence of various LCTM, including vegetable oils, when milling steel 12X18H10T has not been determined. The study case of various effects interaction on the milling process has shown that these studies were conducted on the basis of single-phase experiments that do not allow specifying mutual influence of the studied factors on the value of the parameters of the cutting process for various types of treatment. The research methodology provides for modeling surface finish under milling of 12X18H10T steel according to experimental data using various process liquids in the accepted range of cutting modes. At the same time, modern modeling methods allow us to determine these mutual effects. To obtain models, it is urgent, first of all, to be aware of break-in process criterion and dulling tool criterion as well. As a result of processing experimental data for each of processing media, surface finish models in the form of dependencies Ra = f (v, sz, t) were constructed, adequately describing the milling process with various media. It is indicated that the influence of regime parameters on the formation of micro-dimensions take the form of their close interrelation. Their interplay has various effects, depending on the LCTM used for the specified work stock and tool material.

Americium co-precipitation with calcium oxalate

Relevance. The fact that the literature does not contain any data not only on crystallization coefficients, but also on the nature of the co-precipitation of americium (III) with calcium oxalate. The co-precipitation reaction of americium with calcium oxalate is used to concentrate trace amounts of americium due to calcium oxalate low solubility and adsorption capacity. In this relation, the study of co-precipitation of trace amounts of americium with calcium oxalate, as well as the study of the isolation of trace amounts of americium using a calcium carrier and its subsequent separation from the carrier, is of unconditional interest. Aim. Investigation of americium co-precipitation with the solid sorbent – calcium oxalate, description of the equilibrium of the sorption isotherm using Langmuir and Freundlich models. Methods. When studying the establishment of co-precipitation of americium with a carrier – calcium oxalate, the qualification of the chemical reagents used met the requirements of the grade not lower than r.g. The isotope americium-241 was used in the work, the composition of the solid phase of the carrier – calcium oxalate – corresponded to the formula CaC2O4·H2O. The concentration of americium (III) cations in the initial solution and in the filtrate was determined by gamma-spectrometric method using the SCS-07P spectrometric complex, the amount of calcium – by complexometric titration with murexide as an indicator, and the concentration of oxalate ion – by permanganatometric method. Results. It was found that the co-precipitation of americium (III) nitrate solutions with calcium oxalate is largely due to adsorption of the micro-component – americium (III) – on the surface of the existing or newly formed precipitate of the macro-component calcium oxalate. It is determined that the Langmuir equation model adequately describes sorption, since the processing of experimental data by the least squares method showed that in coordinates C/A=f(C) the sorption isotherm is described by the equation of a straight line with a high correlation coefficient of more than 0.95.

The Formation of 2D Holograms of a Noise Source and Bearing Estimation by a Vector Scalar Receiver in the High-Frequency Band

The holographic signal-processing method for a single vector scalar receiver (VSR) in the high-frequency band in shallow water is developed in the paper. The aim of this paper is to present the results of the theoretical analysis, numerical modeling, and experimental verification of holographic signal processing for a noise source by the VSR. The developed method is based on the formation of the 2D interferogram and 2D hologram of a noise source in a shallow-water waveguide. The 2D interferograms and 2D holograms for different channels of the VSR (P sound pressure and VX and VY vibration velocity components) are considered. It is shown that the 2D interferogram consists of parallel interference fingers in the presence of a moving noise source. As a result, the 2D hologram contains focal points located on a straight line, and the angular distribution of the holograms has the main extreme value. It is shown in the paper that the holographic signal-processing method allows detecting the source, estimating the source bearing, and filtering the useful signal from the noise. The results of the source detection, source bearing estimation, and noise filtering are presented within the framework of experimental data processing and numerical modeling.

Analyzing Lower Limb Dynamics in Human Gait Using Average Value-Based Technique

The motivation of this study is to develop effective and economical assistive technologies for people with physical disabilities. The novelty in this manuscript is the application of the average value-based technique to accurately represent the involved biomechanics of the lower limb joints during the human gait cycle. This mathematical formulation of lower limb joints’ biomechanics forms the first objective for modeling and final exoskeleton prototype development. To account for modeling the characteristics of human locomotion, the nth-order linear differential equation with constant coefficients is considered with appropriate modification. The physical characteristics of an individual are represented by the constant coefficients (P0, P1, P2, and P3) of the modified infinite series, which are obtained by processing experimental data collected using an optical technique. The differential terms of the infinite series are replaced by difference terms (δbavg, δ2bavg, and δ3bavg) since the data were captured as a set of digital values. The work presented here is based on the experimental results of individuals suitably categorized according to their physical nature like age and other physical structure. The optically monitored positional values of the lower limb joints of the individual subjects while they are completing the gait cycles are used for getting values of different terms of the model. The data collected through the conduct of experiments are used for finding the values of the terms of the differential equation. The model is effectively validated through experimental results. It was determined that the representation’s accuracy fell within the ±5% acceptable tolerance limit. The model is prepared for healthy as well as disabled persons, through which the disability is quantified. The resulting model can be used to develop assistive devices for people with physical disabilities. This results in the rehabilitation process and thereby helps the reintegration into society, subsequently allowing them to lead a normal life.

A distributed data processing scheme based on Hadoop for synchrotron radiation experiments.

With the development of synchrotron radiation sources and high-frame-rate detectors, the amount of experimental data collected at synchrotron radiation beamlines has increased exponentially. As a result, data processing for synchrotron radiation experiments has entered the era of big data. It is becoming increasingly important for beamlines to have the capability to process large-scale data in parallel to keep up with the rapid growth of data. Currently, there is no set of data processing solutions based on the big data technology framework for beamlines. Apache Hadoop is a widely used distributed system architecture for solving the problem of massive data storage and computation. This paper presents a set of distributed data processing schemes for beamlines with experimental data using Hadoop. The Hadoop Distributed File System is utilized as the distributed file storage system, and Hadoop YARN serves as the resource scheduler for the distributed computing cluster. A distributed data processing pipeline that can carry out massively parallel computation is designed and developed using Hadoop Spark. The entire data processing platform adopts a distributed microservice architecture, which makes the system easy to expand, reduces module coupling and improves reliability.

Developing Self-Awareness in Children during Early Ontogenesis

Basic elements of self-awareness emerge and progress differently in different children. These timing peculiarities remain understudied in preschoolers. A comprehensive review revealed no clear guidelines, procedures, or technologies for psychological and pedagogical support of self-awareness in preschoolers. The authors studied the development of each component of self-awareness and the links between them. The research relied on the approach developed by V. S. Mukhina. The methods included psychodiagnostic testing, expert assessment, psychological experiment, statistical analysis, and qualitative data processing. The key components of self-awareness development included the following stages: identification with one’s own name; awareness of one’s own gender identity; use of the pronoun "I", which is an essential self-awareness link in young children. The psychological and pedagogical support of self-awareness development requires target actions for each link, as well as conscious efforts and resources of the family and the educational institution. The process of support is a process of socialization that starts when the child joins an organized group of peers. It lays foundation for the subsequent structural links between different components of self-awareness, i.e., claim to recognition, further awareness of one’s gender, and temporal self-awareness.

On phase correspondence between chemical oscillations in liquid Belousov-Zhabotinsky mixture filling catalyst-containing matrix and resulted gel's chemomechanical oscillations

We investigated phases and phase differences between coupled mechanical and chemical self-oscillations running in two kinds of newly synthesised chemomechanical gels. Processing of experimental data was model-free and it was based on spectral and wavelet approaches of the theory of dynamical systems. It was applied to samples of different sizes and compositions (Ru- and Fe-based gels). It was revealed that the Ru-based gels demonstrate a faster mechanical response to the redox changes of the Ru-moiety coupled to the Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical reaction than the Fe-based gels. This demonstrated a significant phase difference between the redox changes of the Fe-moiety and the mechanical oscillations. Special attention was paid to the phase-coupling features for averaged higher harmonics, which are significant due to the high degree of nonlinearity of the chemomechanical oscillatory process.

Results of experimental research of the process of forming reinforced concrete products by the centrifugation method

The method of conducting an experimental study of the process of forming reinforced concrete products is disclosed. The key factors influencing the quality indicators of the product being formed are defined and considered. On the basis of the conducted active, factorial experiment, a regression equation was compiled, graphical dependences of the influence of these factors on the process were obtained, rational parameters of the centrifugation process were determined, which are decisive in the manufacture of reinforced concrete products by the centrifugation method. Based on the results of laboratory experiment data processing, recommendations were developed for optimizing the operating parameters of industrial equipment for forming reinforced concrete products by the centrifugation method. Problem. When forming reinforced concrete products by the centrifugation method, some problems may arise, uneven distribution of the mixture in the mold body and of reinforcement, formation of voids or cracks, insufficient compaction of the mixture. If the parameters of the centrifugation process are not properly controlled, the quality of the products may vary, which may lead to deviations from specifications and standards. Problems with the deformation of the molds after forming the product can lead to damage to the product or difficulties in its removal. Goal. Based on the results of the conducted factorial experiment, recommendations are developed regarding the rational parameters of the process of forming columns of reinforced concrete supports for power transmission lines by the centrifugation method in the conditions of an operating technological line. Methodology. The basis of the research is the method of conducting a planned factorial experiment with further statistical processing of the obtained results using a computer program. Results. Based on the processing of the obtained results of the conducted factorial experiment, the following recommendations are suggested regarding the rational parameters of the process of forming reinforced concrete pillars for power lines by the centrifugation method in the conditions of an operating technological line.

Authentication of selected white wines by geographical origin using ICP spectrometric and chemometric analysis

An important aspect of assessing the authenticity of wines is its geographical origin. The aim of the work is to authenticate by geographical origin according to the data of the ICP-spectrometric and chemometric analysis of elemental "images" of wines produced from white grape varieties Chardonnay, Riesling and Muscat grown in four regions of the Krasnodar Territory, Russia. The difference in the contents of Al, Ba, Ca and Rb in wines was found depending on the variety, and Al, Ba, Rb, Fe, Li, Sr – depending on the region of grape growth. Different models of the experimental data processing were used for attribution of the produced varieties of wine to the area of the grape's growth. The criterion for the quality of the constructed models was the accuracy of the attribution of a wine variety to the area of the grape's growth (%). Analysis of the elemental analysis data of 153 wine samples showed that in terms of attribution accuracy, automated neural networks (100 %) are preferred among machine learning methods, followed by support vector machines (98.69 %) and general discriminant analysis (94.77 %). The applied mathematical models enabled the revealing of the cluster structure of the analyzed wine varieties and their attribution to the area of a grape growth with high accuracy. Sr, Li and Fe concentrations in wines were found as the dominating predictors in the constructed models for definition of the geographical origin of wines. The combination of ICP-spectrometric analysis data with the capabilities of statistical modeling of machine learning methods focused on large-dimensional data made it possible to successfully solve small-dimensional problems of the definition of the geographical origin of wines by their elemental composition and variety.

Efficient end-to-end simulation of time-dependent coherent X-ray scattering experiments.

Physical optics simulations for beamlines and experiments allow users to test experiment feasibility and optimize beamline settings ahead of beam time in order to optimize valuable beam time at synchrotron light sources like NSLS-II. Further, such simulations also help to develop and test experimental data processing methods and software in advance. The Synchrotron Radiation Workshop (SRW) software package supports such complex simulations. We demonstrate how recent developments in SRW significantly improve the efficiency of physical optics simulations, such as end-to-end simulations of time-dependent X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy experiments with partially coherent undulator radiation (UR). The molecular dynamics simulation code LAMMPS was chosen to model the sample: a solution of silica nanoparticles in water at room temperature. Real-space distributions of nanoparticles produced by LAMMPS were imported into SRW and used to simulate scattering patterns of partially coherent hard X-ray UR from such a sample at the detector. The partially coherent UR illuminating the sample can be represented by a set of orthogonal coherent modes obtained by simulation of emission and propagation of this radiation through the coherent hard X-ray (CHX) scattering beamline followed by a coherent-mode decomposition. GPU acceleration is added for several key functions of SRW used in propagation from sample to detector, further improving the speed of the calculations. The accuracy of this simulation is benchmarked by comparison with experimental data.

Effect of warm forming process parameters on 42CrMo4 skew rolled bar mechanical properties and microstructure

Skew rolling is a manufacturing process in which two or three rolls are used to reduce the diameter or modify the shape of a cylindrical workpiece, which is used to manufacture mechanical components such as shafts, rods or balls. Hot conditions are used to overcome limitations related to material ductility, residual stress and machine capacity. In this paper, the warm skew rolling (WSR) process of 42CrMo4 rods is modeled by the finite element method. The effects of forming parameters, namely initial temperature and roll rotational velocity, on the material strain rate, thermal properties, microstructure and hardness were analyzed. Simulation results were validated by experimental process data, while hardness tests and SEM-EBSD microscopy were used to assess mechanical properties and microstructure, respectively. The WSR resulting microstructure is different from the normalized ferritic–pearlitic initial one. The degree of spheroidization (DoS) of cementite increases with temperature. The maximum DoS of 86.5% occurs at the initial temperature of 750 °C, leading to the highest material softening. Rolling from lower temperatures favors grain fragmentation and the achievement of incomplete spheroidization, which, in combination with the highest proportion of high-angle boundaries, contributes to a higher hardness of the rods with respect to those rolled at higher temperatures. The highest reduction in hardness takes place at 750 °C and 30 rpm, leading to 209.4 HV1 (30.7% reduction) and 194.1 HV1 (35.7% reduction) in the near-surface and internal regions, respectively. The driving factor is the transformation of cementite precipitates into a spheroidal form characterized by the greatest degree of dispersion.

Алгоритм комп'ютерної обробки кінетичних залежностей відгуку газового сенсора з інтелектуальними компонентами

The purpose of the work is to develop an algorithm using intelligent components that will allow processing of experimental data of response kinetics of resistive gas sensors based on the algorithm of the model of the stretched exponential function of Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts, without operator intervention. The problems of implementing full automation of the information-measuring system for the study of the main characteristics of gas-sensitive sensors - the selection of the most informative time interval - are describe. The algorithm for processing the experimental kinetic dependence of the response of gas sensors based on the model of a stretched exponential function with intelligent components that allow choosing the most informative time interval from the processed kinetic dependences is present.