Carrot Processing Research Articles

From Root to Seed: Unearthing the Potential of Carrot Processing and Comprehensive Utilization

ABSTRACTCarrots, a globally cultivated root vegetable crop, are renowned for their nutritional and functional properties. However, the deep utilization and development of carrots and their derived products are limited in numerous countries, with a particular deficiency in advanced deep‐processing and transformation technologies. Consequently, the value of carrot products is diminished and resources are wasted. This review explores the nutritional value and characteristics of different carrot varieties, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of carrot product processing. These products include primary processed products such as minimally processed carrots, dried carrots, pickles, preserves, fruit purees, yoghurt, juice, and essential oils, as well as processed by‐products including functional phytochemical extractions such as carotenoids, polyphenols, dietary fibers, active peptides, and glycoproteins. This review also covers other by‐products, including feeds, fast food boxes, and bioethanol production. Furthermore, cutting‐edge technologies related to carrot processing are discussed. The ultimate goal of this review is to provide researchers and practitioners with an in‐depth understanding of the present status of carrot production.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Ice Cream Wortel untuk Komunitas PKK di Desa Wonolelo Magelang

Carrots are one of the abundant agricultural products in Wonolelo Village, Magelang. This type of root vegetable contains various nutrients such as Vitamin A, β-carotene, and fiber, which are beneficial for eye health and boosting the immune system against infections. The consumption of fresh carrots is less favored by the community, especially children, so carrot-based processed products in the form of healthy beverages like carrot ice cream can be an attractive and healthy alternative for consumption. The purpose of this activity is to explore the processing of carrots to maximize harvests and optimize the selling value and functionality of carrots as a healthy and appealing product for children. This training uses practical methods, allowing participants to practice and directly process carrots into ice cream. The conclusion of this activity is that it provides insight into carrot processing innovations for the PKK mothers in Wonolelo Village, specifically on how to turn carrots into ice cream, thereby increasing the selling value of carrots, which impacts the welfare of the community, especially carrot farmers.

High-Pressure Processing of Fruit Smoothies Enriched with Dietary Fiber from Carrot Discards: Effects on the Contents and Bioaccessibilities of Carotenoids and Vitamin E.

The effects of high-pressure processing (HPP) (450 MPa/600 MPa/3 min) on the carotenoid and vitamin E contents of smoothies made from strawberry, orange juice, banana and apple, and the same smoothies enriched with dietary fiber from discarded carrots were compared. The contents and bioaccessibilities of these compounds were also evaluated over the course of 28 days at 4 °C. The application of HPP in the formulations significantly increased the contents of β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene and retained the contents of lutein, zeaxanthin and vitamin E compared to untreated samples. A decreasing trend in the content of each compound was observed with an increase in storage time. The application of HPP initially led to reductions in the bioaccessibility of individual compounds. However, overall, during storage, there was an increase in bioaccessibility. This suggests that HPP influences cell structure, favoring compound release and micelle formation. HPP is a sustainable method that preserves or enhances carotenoid extractability in ready-to-drink fruit beverages. Furthermore, the incorporation of dietary fiber from carrot processing discards supports circular economy practices and enhances the health potential of the product.

Colour, nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of dehydrated carrot (Daucus carota var. sativus) using solar drying techniques and pretreatments

Carrot is a seasonal perishable tuberous root vegetable which presents a preservation challenge owing to its elevated moisture content. Recently, carrot processing has received more attention because of its many health-promoting qualities and the reduction of postharvest losses in a cost-effective safe way. This study was designed to sort out the effective solar drying technique including pre-treatment that would retain the color and quality characteristics of dehydrated carrot. Carrot slices were subjected to dry using open sun drying (D1), solar drying long chimney (D2), solar drying short chimney (D3) and box solar drying (D4) techniques with the pretreatments of ascorbic acid 1 % (C3), citric acid 5 % (C4), potassium metabisulfite 1 % (C5) and potassium sodium tartrate 0.3 % (C6) before drying. Drying characteristics, nutritional attributes, phytochemicals and antioxidant of the dehydrated carrot samples were compared with the fresh sample and untreated (control) sample. Results showed that D4 was a good drying method to preserve nutritional quality with good appearance. Among the pretreatments, C5 and C4 resulted improved nutritional quality retention, enhanced visual acceptability and enriched antioxidant activities. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and correlation matrix revealed that D4 with C5 retained the maximum amount of vitamin, minerals, total phenolic content, antioxidant and admirable dehydrated carrot color by inactivating enzymatic reaction. Therefore, box solar drying with potassium metabisulfite pretreatment would be very promising for functional carrot drying retaining acceptable color and nutrition composition.

Efficacy of freeze-dried carrot pomace powder in improving the quality of wheat bread

The application of carrot pomace powder (CPP) in various foods can ensure the utilization of by-products produced from carrot processing industries as well as improve the nutritional quality of the formulated product. The quality of several composite pieces of bread was assessed using physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory methods. The crude fibre content (13.09%), ash content (6.71%), water holding capacity (5.93 g/g), water retention capacity (4.67 g/g) and swelling capacity (11.50 mL/g) of CPP were significantly higher (p<0.05) than wheat flour whereas, oil absorption capacity (2.03 mL/ g) and bulk density (0.23 g/mL) of CPP stayed lower than wheat flour. Besides, antioxidant (52.23%), β-carotene (1.17 mg/100 g) and phenolic content (0.48 mg GAE/g) were found more in bread incorporated with 10% CPP than in other formulated breads (5%, 15% and 20%) and control sample (0%). The addition of carrot pomace powder with wheat flour in composite bread enhances better nutritional value and look of the bread by giving it a more appealing hue as well as a better taste and flavor but reduces the specific volume and springiness. The bread containing 10% CPP had a higher overall acceptance, good physical properties with better nutritional quality compared to other formulations and was equivalent to the control sample. These findings support the use of low-cost byproducts like CPP as a useful functional additive for enhancing the nutritional value of composite bread and it can be commercially exploited.

Processing of carrot (Daucus carota L.) as a preparation material for β-carotene using drying and boiling methods and its application in milkfish (Chanos chanos) meatball products

Carrot (Daucus carota L) is a type of functional food plant that is often consumed by the public, one of the nutrients in carrots is β-carotene. Benefits of β-carotene for the body to prevent and reduce cancer risk. In addition, β-carotene in carrots can be added to processed products that are popular with consumers, such as meatballs. Carrot β-carotene content is formulated in processed milkfish meatballs. The purpose was to study the processing of carrots using the drying and boiling method and its application to milkfish meatball products. The results of determining the levels of β-carotene carrot flour before the product has an average of 3.80 ± 1.18 and carrot puree before the product has an average of 3.72 ± 1.08. Meanwhile, the milkfish meatball product with the addition of carrot puree had an average of 2.87 ± 0.58 and the milkfish meatball product with the addition of carrot flour had an average of 2.56 ± 1.51. From the results of the paired sample t-test it is known that there is a significant difference in the significance value between drying carrot flour and boiling carrot puree. Physicochemical test results, which the test parameters for milkfish meatball products and with the addition of carrot β-carotene, based on SNI 7266: 2017 include organoleptic tests, water content, ash content, protein content, histamine levels and microbial spruce (ALT). The data generated from the three products, namely A0: milkfish meatballs without carrot β-carotene, A1: milkfish meatballs with the addition of carrot pure β-carotene and A2: milkfish meatballs with the addition of carrot β-carotene flour, can meet the SNI 7266 standard :2017. So it can be concluded that the products of milkfish meatballs and with the addition of carrot β-carotene are suitable for consumption in society.

Effect of Processing and In Vitro Digestion on Bioactive Constituents of Powdered IV Range Carrot (Daucus carota, L.) Wastes.

Daucus carota L. is an important food crop utilized worldwide and a rich source of bioactive compounds. Carrot processing generates residues which are discarded or underused, for which using them as a source for obtaining new ingredients or products is an opportunity for the development of healthier and more sustainable diets. In the present study, the impact of different milling and drying procedures and in vitro digestion on the functional properties of carrot waste powders was evaluated. Carrot waste was transformed into powders by disruption (grinding vs. chopping), drying (freeze-drying or air-drying at 60 or 70 °C) and final milling. Powders were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties (water activity, moisture content, total soluble solids and particle size) nutraceuticals (total phenol content, total flavonoid content antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods, as well as carotenoid content (α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, lycopene). Antioxidants and carotenoid content during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion were also evaluated; the latter in different matrices (directly, in water, in oil, and in oil-in-water emulsion). Processing allowed to reduce water activity of samples and obtain powders rich in antioxidant compounds and carotenoids. Both disruption and drying had a significant impact on powders' properties freeze-drying led to finer powders with higher carotenoid content but lower antioxidant values, whereas air-drying implied chopped air-dried powders exhibited higher phenols content and improved antioxidant activity. Simulated in vitro digestion studies revealed that digestion helps release bioactive compounds which are bound to the powder structure. The solubilization of carotenoids in oil was low, but fat co-ingestion notably increased their recovery. According to the results, carrot waste powders containing bioactive compounds could be proposed as functional ingredients to increase the nutritional value of foods, thus contributing to the concepts of more sustainable food systems and sustainable healthy diets.

Devising a technique for improving the biological value of A2 milk by adding carrot powder

This paper considers the development of a technique to increase the biological value of milk and reduce the manifestations of allergic symptoms when it is consumed. The object of the study is a technique for enriching A2 milk. When digesting A2 milk, β-casomorphine-7 is not formed, which negatively affects the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular, nervous, and endocrine systems. It is recommended to use milk, to which biologically active substances are added, so the question of its enrichment is relevant. Under industrial conditions, artificial vitamin and mineral complexes are used to enrich milk. Given that natural and synthetic substances have different effects on the human body, it is proposed to use carrot processing derivatives (Daucus carota) as a natural enrichment additive. The use of carrot powders improves the amino acid spectrum of milk. The mass concentration of amino acids in A2 milk enriched with powder from carrot peels was 4.87 g/100 g. The highest concentration found was, g/100 g: glutamic acid (0.84), proline (0.50), aspartic acid (0.42), leucine (0.41), and valine (0.35). It was established that the use of 200 g of such milk provides the daily needs of the body in essential amino acids: threonine, leucine, and phenylalanine (by 16 %), methionine (by 4 %), isoleucine (by 14 %), lysine (by 18 %), valine (by 20 %). It was found that A2 milk enriched with powder from whole carrot roots has a higher content of carotenoids (0.1068 mg/100 ml), providing the body's need for them by 1.4 %. Such milk can be an additional source of vitamin A produced in the human body. It is recommended to use powder from whole carrot roots for the enrichment of A2 milk under industrial conditions.

Resource-saving technology of carrot processing with the production of natural dye

Complex carrot processing technology “Mirzoi krasny” along with concentrated and powdered natural dye rich in mineral elements and biologically active substances obtained carrot powder and transparent juice used in the food industry. Based on obtaining the absorption spectrum of dyes, it was found that the main coloring pigment of the dye, along with β, are also α and γ-carotenoids.A method of sterilization of concentrated carrot dye based on an IR gausted object has been developed.

Green extraction of bioactive components from carrot industry waste and evaluation of spent residue as an energy source

Carrot processing industries produce 25–30% of waste in the form of carrot rejects, peels, and pomace which contain a large amount of high-value bioactive components. Green extraction of the bioactive components from carrot rejects with green solvents using closed-vessel energy-intensive microwave-assisted extraction was the objective of this work. In this work, three experimental studies were implemented. One uses 8 different green solvents for maximum yield of bioactive using green technology, and the other for the optimization of Microwave-assisted Extraction (MAE) parameters to enhance the bioactive components yield. Response Surface Methodology was employed to optimize the processing parameters including temperature, time, solid to solvent ratio, and solvent type. The optimized extraction conditions: treatment temperature of 50 °C for 5 min gave a significantly higher yield of total carotenoids (192.81 ± 0.32 mg carotenoids/100 g DW), total phenolic (78.12 ± 0.35 g GAE/100 g DW), and antioxidants by FRAP (5889.63 ± 0.47 mM TE/100 g DW), ABTS (1143.65 ± 0.81 mM TE/100 g DW), and DPPH (823.14 ± 0.54 mM TE/100 g DW) using a solvent combination of hexane and ethanol (1:3) with solid to solvent ratio of 1:40 (w/v). This green technology in combination with GRAS solvents promoted the best recovery of bioactive from carrot rejects. Moreover, the solid residue remained after the extraction of bioactive components exhibited higher carbon content (46.5%) and calorific value (16.32 MJ/kg), showcasing its potential to be used as an energy source.

Multi-Target Alternative Approaches to Promoting Fresh-Cut Carrots' Bioactive and Fresh-like Quality.

Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, as near-fresh foods, are a quick and easy solution to a healthy and balanced diet. The rapid degradation of nutritional and sensory quality during the processing and storage of a product is critical and plant-type-dependent. The introduction of disruptive technological solutions in fresh-cut processing, which could maintain fresh-like quality with less environmental impact, is an emerging research concept. The application of abiotic stress treatments (heat shock and UV-C) induces metabolic responses and microbial effects in plant tissues, potentially slowing down several quality senescence pathways. The previously selected combined and single effects of heat shock (100 °C/45 s; in the whole root) and UV-C (2.5 kJ/m2) treatments and two packaging conditions (oriented polypropylene (OPP) vs. micro-perforated OPP films) on controlling critical degradation pathways of fresh-cut carrots and on promoting bioactive and sensory quality during storage (5 °C, 14 days) were studied. Among the tested combinations, synergistic effects on the quality retention of fresh-cut carrots were only attained for applying heat shock associated with micro-perforated OPP film packaging. Its effects on reducing (3.3 Log10 CFU/g) the initial contamination and controlling microbiological spoilage (counts below the threshold limit of 7.5 Log10 CFU/g), increasing the bioactive content (38% and 72% in total phenolic content and chlorogenic acid, respectively), and preserving fresh quality attributes prove to be a viable alternative technology for shredded carrot processing.

Carrot grading system using computer vision feature parameters and a cascaded graph convolutional neural network

Recent technological development in the computer vision field has provided opportunities for agriculture applications. The field of computer vision allows a machine to “see,” providing an alternative to using the human eye to identify, measure, and track a target in image processing. Computer vision technology uses a sensor, camera, and computer. The carrot is one of the most important vegetables in the world, and a grading scale for carrots will improve market competitiveness. In marketing and carrot processing, carrot grading plays a major part. Existing approaches using the traditional carrot grading system, which requires manual involvement, are inefficient and labor-intensive. The computer vision feature parameters of the carrot, such as its length, average diameter, maximum diameter, aspect ratio, perimeter, and area, are extracted, along with RGB (Red, Green, Blue) and HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color parameters. These 12 computer vision parameters are given as input to a recognition model using the proposed optimized cascaded graph convolutional neural network with Bayesian optimization. The statistical results of the experiments performed with this model show that the proposed recognition system with computer vision feature parameters can grade carrots accurately.

Biomass Valorization: Sustainable Methods for the Production of Hemicellulolytic Catalysts from Thermoanaerobacterium thermostercoris strain BUFF

Processing and selection of fruits and vegetables generate high quantities of wastes that represent an economic and environmental issue for the agroindustry sector. According to the so-called “biorefinery” approach, this biomass can be exploited for the recovery of value-added molecules. In this study, the residues of industrial processing of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum variety “Hybrid Rome”), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and carrot (Daucus carota) were used as sole carbon sources to support cheap and sustainable microbial growth as well as the production of secondary metabolites (hydrogen and ethanol) by Thermoanaerobacterium thermostercoris strain BUFF, a thermophilic anaerobic microorganism isolated from buffalo-dung compost. Moreover, the use of hemicellulolytic enzymes of T. thermostercoris was assayed in the bioconversion reaction of the polymer fraction extracted from the rhizome of giant reed (Arundo donax) and of the leaves and stems of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus), dedicated non-food crops employed in energy supply.

Influence of a heat-shock pre-treatment on wound-induced phenolic biosynthesis as an alternative strategy towards fresh-cut carrot processing.

In fresh-cut vegetables, plant tissues are often challenged by (a)biotic stresses that act in combination, and the response to combinatorial stresses differs from that triggered by each individually. Phenolic induction by wounding is a known response contributing to increase products phenolic content. Heat application is a promising treatment in minimal processing, and its interference on the wound-induced response is produce-dependent. In carrot, two-combined stress effects were evaluated: peel removal vs. shredding, and heat application (100 °C/45 s) vs. shredding, on changes in total phenolic content (TPC) during 10 days (5 °C). By applying the first stress combination, a decrease in TPC was verified on day 0 (∼50%), ascribed to the high phenolic content of peels. Recovery of initial fresh carrot levels was achieved after 7 days owing to phenolic biosynthesis induced by shredding. For the second combination, changes in TPC, phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase (PAL), and peroxidase (POD) activity of untreated (Ctr) and heat-treated (HS) peeled shredded carrot samples were evaluated during 10 days. The heat-shock did not suppress phenolic biosynthesis promoted by PAL, although there was a two-day delay in TPC increments. Notwithstanding, phenolic accumulation after 10 days exceeded raw material TPC content. Also, the decrease in POD activity (30%) could influence quality degradation during storage.

Recognition of carrot appearance quality based on deep feature and support vector machine

Carrot appearance quality is an essential indicator for carrot sorter, so it is crucial to identify carrot appearance quality in carrot processing accurately. This paper proposed an innovative carrot appearance detection method, using a convolutional neural network to extract image feature information, and a support vector machine for classification. Firstly, the deep features based on 12 models were utilized for training the support vector machine. The deep features of the three-layer full connection layer of the network models (AlexNet, VGG16, VGG19) were extracted and imported into the support vector machine. The results showed that: (1) The accuracy of deep features with SVM were superior to the transfer learning models, and the average accuracy had increased by 1.42%. (2) The accuracy of the three models (AlexNet, VGG16, VGG19) based on the initial full connection layer was 98.13%, 98.06%, and 97.88%, respectively. The best model was ResNet101 + SVM, which had a recognition accuracy of 98.17%. So, this method has positive significance for the development of carrot sorter.

Sustainable usage of carrot discards in food processing

ABSTRACT The Processed carrot discards (PCDs) separated during the primary processing of carrots are partially utilized towards animal feed and the remaining end in the landfills. The study was undertaken to evaluate the prospects of using the PCDs towards preparation of carrot puree. PCDs were procured from the processing unit in Ontario, Canada. These were processed into carrot puree (with and without thermal pretreatment). The prepared purees were evaluated for the physical and nutraceutical properties, and the most desirable among these was compared with the commercially available carrot purees. Carrot puree processed from steam blanched PCDs reported β-carotene (94.56µgg-1), α-carotene (86.62µgg-1), Total Soluble Solids (5.50 °Brix) and color values with L (36.40), a (22.90) and b (30.00). The regression model correlated the presence of β-carotene to color values (a, b) and particle size D (0.9) with R2(0.9939) and p-value (0.0091 < 0.05). Comparing the properties of carrot puree prepared from PCDs with commercially available carrot purees, significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were recorded in color, β-carotene and α-carotene content. No significant difference (p≤0.05) was recorded for the particle size, density, sedimentation index and moisture content. The study concluded that the thermally pretreated PCDs can be used for carrot puree preparation. It is suggested to include some percentage of graded carrots with PCDs to enhance the nutraceutical properties of the carrot puree.

A Novel Isoallergen Dau c 1.0401 in Carrot: Stability, Allergenicity, and Comparison with Other Isoallergens

Around 25% of food allergic persons in Central Europe suffer from carrot allergy caused by the major carrot allergen Dau c 1. Three different isoallergens, Dau c 1.01, Dau c 1.02 and Dau c 1.03 are identified. However, information about the qualitative and quantitative composition of natural (n)Dau c 1 is scarce. The new carrot allergen Dau c 1.0401 is identified on the mRNA and protein level by RT-PCR and mass spectrometry. It displays only around 60% sequence identity to the other known Dau c 1 isoallergens. NMR and CD-spectra are typical for a well-folded protein containing both α-helices and β-strands. It showed a poor refolding capacity after incubation at 95 °C. IgE-binding is impaired in immunoblots, whereas in inhibition assays IgE binding to soluble Dau c 1.0401 is detected and it clearly provoked a response in mediator release assays. Dau c 1.0401 is a new isoallergen which contributes to the allergenicity of carrots. The absence of immunoreactivity in immobilized assays indicates that IgE binding is impaired when the protein is blotted on a solid phase. Altogether, the results point out that its allergenicity can be reduced upon carrot processing.

Valorisation of carrot peel waste by water-induced hydrocolloidal complexation for extraction of carotene and pectin

Food processing waste is a potential resource of a variety of bioactive compounds. Carrot peel is a good example of phytonutrient-rich agroindustrial byproducts generated from the processing of carrots. The conventional methods for the extraction of phytonutrients typically involve large volume of organic solvents, complex procedures and expensive equipment. Hence, the development of green and simpler extraction method is advantageous to the valorisation of agroindustrial waste in terms of economic and sustainability. In this study, the applicability of carotene-pectin hydrocolloidal complexation to the co-extraction of carotenoids and pectin from carrot peel waste was evaluated. Carrot peel waste is a potential feedstock for this extraction method because it is rich in carotenoids and pectin, which could form the colloidal complex induced by water. The operating conditions of complexation process were optimized using response surface methodology. The maximum yield and purity of β-carotenes extracted from carrot peel are 1.17 mg/100 g wet sample and 96%, respectively. In comparison to the conventional solvent extraction method, the number of operating steps in carotene-pectin hydrocolloidal complexation is significantly lower and the antioxidant activity of β-carotenes was higher. The carotene-pectin hydrocolloidal complexation method is therefore a green extraction method that enables the valorisation of agricultural waste to recover carotenoids.

Valorization of Baby Carrot Processing Waste

ABSTRACT Carrot processors produce approximately 175,000 tons of waste annually in the United State of America. Carrot waste conversion is important to the carrot processing industry as this waste is rich in bioactive compounds and dietary fiber. We evaluated the effects of hydraulic press and expeller press on liquid and bioactive compound extractions. Mechanical separation of carrot mash by expeller pressing improved liquid extraction over the hydraulic press while simultaneously increasing the total solid, carotenoid, and polyphenol contents. Compared to untreated control mash, mechanically treated mash had higher fat-binding capacity. Our study indicates that further conversion of carrot mash could lead to better value streams for this byproduct.

Investigation of the potential of industrial carrot processing waste for the release of bioactive substances

Bioflavonoids have anti-inflammatory, antitumor, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antithrombogenic activity. A large amount of these valuable bioactive substances gets wasted waste after processing of fruits and vegetables, carrots in particular. The article studies the possibility of using carrots pulp of the Losinoostrovskaya, Nantes (Nantskaya) and Queen of Autumn (Koroleva Oseni) varieties as a source of flavonoids and carotenoids. It was determined that the highest content of the target substances is extracted using ethanol with a concentration of 96%. We carried out the pectrophotomoteric evaluation of the composition and quantitative determination of flavonoids and carotenoids in pulp. It was found that carotenoids were the predominant component of extracts in the studied pulp samples. Their content was 1.8-1.9 times higher than flavonoids. One of the directions in the development of methods for increasing the efficiency of isolation of bioactive compounds can be methods for increasing the yield of bound phenolic compounds with high biological activity.