Biometric Data Processing Research Articles

Facial recognition technology in law enforcement: Regulating data analysis of another kind

Facial recognition technology (FRT) has emerged as a powerful tool for law enforcement, enabling the automated identification of individuals based on their unique facial features. Authorities have more and more made use of the technology to enhance criminal investigations through the analysis of images and video footage. In view of its increased use in Europe, this paper explores the legal implications of FRT in law enforcement under EU law and evaluates approaches to regulation. FRT use constitutes biometric data processing and comes with a particularly sensitive analysis of data. Its specific nature is grounded in the creation of a new (biometric) quality of data in order to subsequently compare for matches. Due to its impact on fundamental rights, this approach differs from conventional forensic analyses and must be appropriately regulated. Such regulation should consider the multiple data processing steps and reflect each step's impact on fundamental rights. From this procedural stance, the shortcomings of the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) become evident. The AI Act contains specific rules for biometric AI systems but does not provide the necessary legal bases to justify FRT use by law enforcement. Without a comprehensive legal framework, such use is not permitted. This article provides concrete guidelines for addressing such regulation.

Nitrogen metabolism in blackmoiled cattle of Kuzbass

A research analysis of nitrogen metabolism in black-and-white cattle was carried out in the conditions of the Kuzbass region. Healthy animals at the age of 2nd lactation with a productivity level from 7300 to 10500 kg were selected for the experimental group. Laboratory studies were carried out at the Department of Veterinary Genetics and Biotechnology of the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University. Indicators of nitrogen metabolism in blood serum were assessed photometrically on a biochemical semi-automatic analyzer Photometer 5010 V5+. Reagent kits from Vector-Best and Olvex-Diagnosticum were used. When biometric data processing, standard descriptive statistics techniques and robust indicators were used. The Anderson-Darling test was used to assess the normality of data distribution. .When calculating correlation relationships, the Pearson coefficient was used. Calculations were performed in the “RStudio” programming environment. The obtained average values of nitrogen metabolism indicators were within the physiological norm. The strongest positive associations were observed between urea levels and uric acid, and urea and creatinine. No connection was found between other indicators of nitrogen metabolism. There were no differences in milk yield between cows with high and low levels of nitrogen metabolism. Graphs of the range of nitrogen content in black-and-white cows during lactation are presented. Calculations of reference indicators based on data from Kuzbass dairy cattle make it possible to more accurately assess the clinical condition of animals and timely detect deviations from established standard values. It is also necessary to take into account reference limits when monitoring the quality and completeness of cattle.

Discussion of EMA Draft Guideline on Quality and Equivalence of Topical Products Based on Comparison of Approved Mometasone Furoate Drugs.

Today, the approval for a generic topical product includes the presentation of therapeutic equivalence to the originator based on clinical trials. To facilitate this procedure, in 2018 the European Medicines Agency (EMA) published a draft guideline on quality and equivalence of topical products, which includes request parameters regarding the quality of the newly developed generic product and test protocols for the implementation of equivalence tests regarding efficacy. To date, no data are available on the quality and evidence of the proposed test conditions. In this study, we performed an in vitro penetration test (IVPT) following the terms of the EMA draft guideline on two authorized topical products for which therapeutic equivalence was already proven during the approval process. The complex biometric data processing revealed that in vitro equivalence could not be observed for all skin sections for either originator or generic product. Moreover, the necessity of the negative control proposed in the draft guideline is more than questionable. From the results presented, there were indications that a reduced number of skin donors would be sufficient to achieve statistically significant equivalence in the comparison of all applied formulations. Here, n = 7 donors was proposed instead of n 12 as the EMA draft guideline demands, decreasing the degree of biodiversity simultaneously. Moreover, a higher number of independent replicates (n > 2) was proposed for proper statistics. This bioequivalence study shows insufficient parameters, which should be discussed together with the EMA draft guideline.

Liability For Damage Based On The Processing Of Biometric Data Through Video Surveillance Of Residential Buildings Against The Provisions Of The General Data Protection Regulation Implementation Act

Liability For Damage Based On The Processing Of Biometric Data Through Video Surveillance Of Residential Buildings Against The Provisions Of The General Data Protection Regulation Implementation Act

IMPLEMENTASI DESAIN PRIVASI SEBAGAI PELINDUNGAN PRIVASI ATAS DATA BIOMETRIK

Attention to biometric data security has become urgent for protecting user privacy. In the context of the Protection of Data Privacy (PDP) Law, biometric data are classified as specific data, requiring extra protection due to their unique, non-exchangeable characteristics. This study uses a normative approach, analyzing legislation and legal comparisons through regional and international regulations, to examine two issues: the position of biometric data as specific data under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law and PDP Law, and the technical solutions through privacy by design to protect biometric data. The research findings are: (1) Biometric data are correlated with privacy and personal rights, classifying them as specific data. Their use for public and private interests raises the potential for privacy violations. (2) Technical solutions through privacy by design can begin with implementing consent at the registration stage by personal data controllers, ensuring the processing of biometric data achieves specific purposes.

Technological methods of limiting the reproductive activity of queen bees in conditions of honey collection

The study of the biological characteristics of the development of bee colonies, the ethology of bees, the influence of the various factors on their life activities contributes to the development and implementation of new highly efective technologies of keeping and reproduction. Of particular interest is the study of the stimulating efect of diferent numbers of brood of diferent ages in the nest of a bee colony on the trophic connections of honey bees with the biological diversity of entomophilous plants, the change in physiological characteristics of diferent generations of bees in modern changing natural and climatic conditions of unstable ecotypes. This paper presents the data of experimental studies on the influence on the biological potential of bee colonies of various technological methods of regulating the reproductive activity of queen bees. The work aims to study the technological methods of regulating the reproductive activity of queen bees. The following research methods were used: zootechnical (selection of groups of analogues, signs of bee purebredness, brood accounting), analytical (analysis of literature data and research results) and statistical. Biometric data processing was carried out on a PC using MS Excel software with built-in statistical functions. Results. As a result of the study, it was found that bee families, where the reproductive activity of queen bees was limited by the use of an isolation cage, had the highest productivity indicators. It has been proved that prolonged (15 days or more) restriction of the reproductive activity of queen bees negatively afects the strength of bee colonies and their preparation for a prolonged state of hypobiosis. Conclusions. It was found that there is a complex relationship between brood rearing by bee colonies and their productivity. The absence of brood has led to an increase in the supply of nectar only for 12-15 days. Currently, due to the lack of replenishment with young bees, bee colonies have lost their strength and weakened. It has been proven that the most efective technological method of regulating the reproductive activity of queen bees in hull hives is the use of dividing grids and the mandatory presence of brood of diferent ages. For the efective use of honey collection, it is important not only to increase the maximum number of bees before the start of the main honey collection, but also to limit the feeding of a large number of larvae in time when they are no longer needed. During a short-term honey collection, it is necessary to limit the reproductive activity of the queen bee, and during the long one, it should be limited only in the second half of honey collection. Key words: bee colony, Ukrainian steppe breed, isolation, brood, reproductive activity, honey collection, honey productivity.

An extended Daugman’s algorithm for iris with eye pathology recognition

The use of devices and technologies for the collection and processing of biometric data is continuously growing, in particular for the assessment of personal identity for accessing digital services, information systems, and control. A biometric system must be able to recognize and identify an individual by analyzing people’s aspects that are unique, easily captured, permanent, and universal. The goal of this paper is to analyze the limits of biometry, in particular in the case of iris recognition. We take Coloboma, a rare eye pathology that leads to a deformation of the pupil, as a case study and we propose an extension of Daugman’s algorithms able to perform biometric iris recognition. The algorithm extension impacts the segmentation phase of Daugman’s algorithm, where the pupil is approximated by an ellipse instead of a circumference. Our extension obtains an improvement of 32% on the average error in the segmentation phase on pathological eyes. Utilizing this solution will allow individuals with Coloboma to avoid exclusion when accessing services through iris-based authentication.

Internet Users' Willingness to Disclose Biometric Data for Continuous Online Account Protection: An Empirical Investigation

Continuous authentication has emerged as a promising approach to increase user account security for online services. Unlike traditional authentication methods, continuous authentication provides ongoing security throughout the session, protecting against session takeover attacks due to illegitimate access. The effectiveness of continuous authentication systems relies on the continuous processing of users' sensitive biometric data. To balance security and privacy trade-offs, it's crucial to understand when users are willing to disclose biometric data for enhanced account security, addressing inevitable privacy concerns and user acceptance. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted an online study with 830 participants from the U.S., aiming to investigate user perceptions towards continuous authentication across different classes of online services. Our analysis identified four groups of biometric traits that directly reflect users' willingness to disclose them. Our findings demonstrate that willingness to disclose is influenced by both the specific biometric traits and the type of online service involved. User perceptions are strongly shaped by factors such as response efficacy, perceived privacy risks associated with the biometric traits, and concerns about the service providers' handling of such data. Our results emphasize the inadequacy of one-size-fits-all solutions and provide valuable insights for the design and implementation of continuous authentication systems.

Global data privacy laws: A critical review of technology's impact on user rights

In the rapidly evolving landscape of technology, the intersection with data privacy laws has become a focal point for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners alike. This paper provides a comprehensive and critical examination of the global data privacy laws in light of the profound impact of technology on user rights. As the digital era progresses, the balance between technological innovation and the protection of individual privacy rights has become increasingly complex. The analysis encompasses a wide range of global data privacy frameworks, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and other relevant regional legislations. The paper explores the challenges and opportunities presented by emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics, in shaping the landscape of data protection. Furthermore, the study evaluates the effectiveness and enforcement mechanisms of existing data privacy laws in addressing the ethical implications of technology, particularly in the context of user consent, data breaches, and algorithmic decision-making. Special attention is given to the evolving nature of digital surveillance, biometric data processing, and the implications of cross-border data transfers. In order to foster a comprehensive understanding, the paper also reviews the evolving nature of user rights and consent in the digital age. It critically examines the adequacy of current legal frameworks in addressing the challenges posed by technology-driven intrusions into individual privacy, considering issues of transparency, accountability, and user empowerment. By providing a nuanced analysis of the interplay between global data privacy laws and technological advancements, this paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on the need for adaptive and robust legal frameworks. It calls for a proactive approach to address the evolving landscape, advocating for a harmonized and globally inclusive regulatory environment that safeguards user rights without stifling technological innovation.

Applications of artificial intelligence to identify fake accounts: Psychological and legal aspects

This article analyzes the threats posed by the proliferation of fake accounts in today's information society. The authors consider the history of the emergence and development of this problem, as well as the ways proposed by governments and the international scientific community to address it. In search of a viable solution, they compare various methods for limiting the spread of fake accounts. They suggest using artificial intelligence technology as a promising alternative. As a training basis for AI, the authors propose analyzing the behavioral motivations of those who create fake accounts, in order to utilize a trained behavioral analytics system to combat fakes automatically. Along with key principles for using behavioral metrics, the authors provide various examples that illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of their proposed solution. Special attention is paid to the legal aspects of implementing the proposed solution, as the process of detecting fake accounts is intricately linked to the processing of biometric and other personal data. The requirements for the storage and processing of personal data are becoming stricter every year. Therefore, in order to limit the spread of fake accounts, it is essential to find a solution that complies with information legislation.

Tehnologija prepoznavanja lica i prava i slobode lica - slučaj Republike Srbije

The issue of the use of facial recognition technology, which includes the processing of biometric data on a large scale, and in public areas in the Republic of Serbia, has been debated since 2019, when the deployment of these technologies was announced. The use of technology for the purpose of improving security and its impact on the rights and freedoms of persons may be viewed as conflicting interests, even mutually exclusive. Yet these two, equally important, interests are not necessarily incompatible. This paper presents an overview of the impact of the use of facial recognition technology on the behaviour of individuals, processes of drafting different versions of interior affairs bills containing provisions enabling the use of this technology and different versions of data protection impact assessments, as well as relevant acts of the United Nations and the European Union. Although the final answer whether the use of such technology to process biometric data in public areas should be permitted and, if so, when and under what conditions, is still pending, a proposal is given vis-à-vis measures that could contribute to the accommodation of different interests without interfering with the rights and freedoms of persons in a way that is not excessive in a democratic society.

Digital Ethics for Biometric Applications in a Smart City

From border control using fingerprints to law enforcement with video surveillance to self-activating devices via voice identification, biometric data is used in many applications in the contemporary context of a Smart City. Biometric data consists of human characteristics that can identify one person from others. Given the advent of big data and the ability to collect large amounts of data about people, data sources ranging from fingerprints to typing patterns can build an identifying profile of a person. In this article, we examine different types of biometric data used in a smart city based on a framework that differentiates between profile initialization and identification processes. Then, we discuss digital ethics within the usage of biometric data along the lines of data permissibility and renewability. Finally, we provide suggestions for improving biometric data collection and processing in the modern smart city.

Influence of the food protein on the development of hypopharyngeal glands, fat body, quality and lifespan of honeybees

Research on the anatomical and physiological characteristics of bees (the state of fat body, hypopharyngeal glands) in connection with changes in natural and climatic conditions (soil composition, prolonged droughts, prolonged rains, cold weather, environmental disasters) impoverishment of fodder base for bees due to the decrease of sown areas of honey crops leading to the use of bees’ feeding, is relevant. The research aims to study the influence of food protein on the development of hypopharyngeal glands, fat body and life expectancy of honeybees. The zootechnical (the setting of the scientific research, the feeding of the bee families, the power of the bee families, productivity), ethological (orientation in the bee-entrance area), micrometrical (physiological and morphological characteristics of the parts of the bee’s body), microscopic (analysis of hypopharyngeal glands and fat body of bees) and statistical (biometric data processing) methods were used in the study. The significant difference in their degree of development depending on the carbohydrate or protein feeding was identified. After feeding sugar syrup to bees, signs of protein malnutrition and the state of development of hypopharyngeal glands corresponding to the І-ІІ degrees were noted. Alveoli of hypopharyngeal glands were reduced, and underdeveloped, with marked spaces, whereas after feeding protein food in the form of sugar syrup with bee pollen the bees had well-developed hypopharyngeal glands. The alveoli of the hypopharyngeal glands of the researched bees filled out, grew milky, with no space between them, and were able to produce larval food. Such a state of the glands’ development corresponds to the ІV degree of the development of hypopharyngeal glands. The research results indicate that the development of the fat body of bees happens at a young age when bees consume protein food the most. It has been proven that protein feeding of the bee colonies of experimental groups contributed to the better development of hypopharyngeal glands in both old and young bees, which resulted in better provision of food for larvae and more active development of the bee colonies. Protein feeding of bees in early spring under conditions of limited supply of protein food contributes to the production of larger larvae, which in turn contributes to the production of more complete bees

Technologies of artificial intelligence in digital medicine: problems of theory and law enforcement

Artificial intelligence technologies have found their wide application in the provision of medical services. They are used during: remote consultations and consultations; face-to-face medical interventions; processing large amounts of information about patients and their legal representatives. Relations related to the use of atrtificial intelligence technologies in the provision of medical services are not properly regulated in the current legislation. The doctrine and law enforcement practice have not developed common approaches to solving problems in the area under study. Based on the provisions of civil science, the features and conditions for the use of artificial intelligence technologies in digital medicine are revealed. The relationship between the concepts of telemedicine technologies and artificial intelligence technologies has been established; big data and artificial intelligence technologies. It is concluded that artificial intelligence technologies can be used in the provision of medical services only after receiving from the patient (his legal representative) the appropriate voluntary informed consent. The content of consent to the processing of biometric data and consent to the disclosure of medical confidentiality was analyzed.

The influence of the isolation of queen bee on its reproductive capacity and honey productivity of bees

The technological method of isolation of queen bees lies in more reasonable ways of using the potential of working bees, increasing their life expectancy, obtaining strong flying bees and also increasing the honey collection. The study of optimal terms of isolation of queen bees, their reproductive activity, characteristics of biological connections between physiological state of bees and collecting carbohydrate food in varying natural and climatic conditions is of particular practical and scientific interest. In the presented work the data of experimental studies on influence of isolation of queen bees on their reproductive capacity and honey productivity of the bee colony was provided. The goal was to study the reproductive function of isolated queen bees by accounting the brood through the beekeeping season. Methods of research. Zootechnical (selection of groups of analogues, growth accounting, the strength of the bee colony), analytical (analysis of literature data and results of research) and statistical (biometric processing of experimental data). Biometric data processing was performed on a PC using MS Excel software with the use of built-in statistical functions. Results. After the isolation, the queen bees of the research groups were characterized by low egg-laying capacity and started to lay eggs immediately after their release from isolation cage. From the end of June till the end of July the queen bees of all groups gradually increased egg-laying and by the end of accounting reduced their reproductive activity. This behavior of queen bees is primarily connected with the period of season. Therefore, the studies found that isolation has not affected the physiological changes in the reproductive system of queen bees and subsequently the strength of the bee colonies. Conclusions. On the terms of research it has been proven that technological method of isolation of queen bees during the period of honey collection up to 20 days can be successfully applied. Moreover, the use of such technological method as isolation of queen bees during the period of honey collection makes it possible to increase the productivity of queen bees. Key words: bee colony, Ukrainian steppe breed, isolation, brood, reproductive function, honey productivity.

Unique Human Identification under the GDPR Article 9 (1) (2)


 
 
 The rapid development of information technology has exacerbated the need for robust personal data protection safeguarded by the European Union instrument. Safeguarding a fundamental right to data protection entails new and significant challenges as technological advances expand the frontier of data processing. The large-scale employment of digital biometric technology has shaken the private sector. Biometric data processing already became crucial for a person’s unique identification in the private sector and posed a risk to the unique characteristics of a human being. The research seeks to study the recent defining biometric data and automatizing processing as legally established categories under GDPR Article 9 (1) (2) when the subject and object of the processing are uncertain. The study calls to protect a person from whom unique human data is extracted and finds a way to protect biometric characteristics based on its differentiation form defined in the studied article’s else special categories of personal data. To this end, the studied article assumes a natural person, but it is used only in the context of the finality of processing. Therefore, there are possible prior risks for the process and after processing that shall be defined and mitigated under the high level of legal protection. In this regard, a study thinks unique characteristics of human origin shall be carried in the legal field by having clearly defined status, preservation measures regardless of biometric nature, and finding a solution for a biometric data subject to control automotive employment as the Personal Information Management System in the EU does.
 
 

Biometric face recognition method using graphics processing unit system

The expansion of biometric applications and databases is worrying. Processing extensive or sophisticated biometric data results in longer wait times, which might restrict application usefulness. This work focuses on accelerating the processing of biometric data and proposes a parallel method of data processing that exceeds the capabilities of a central processing unit (CPU). The combination of the graphics processing unit (GPU) and compute unified device architecture (CUDA) results in at least three times the processing speed of a published accurate and secure multimodal biometric system. The GPU-assisted approach beats the CPU-only implementation when saturating the CPU-only performance with more people than the available thread count. The GPU-assisted solution is also proven to have the same accuracy as the original system, indicating accuracy and processing performance improvements in the demanding big data environment.

THE RECOGNITION OF THE DECEASED BIOMETRIC DATA UNDER PERSONAL NON-PROPERTY RIGHTS IN TERMS OF THE GENERAL DATA PROTECTION REGULATION

The authors of this work claim that the legislation of the European Union does not adequately protect biometric data, due to the actuality that the protection of biometric data after the death of a person is unresolved within the legal field of personal data protection. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) does not apply to deceased individuals, meaning that biometric data that was processed under the GDPR during the individual's lifetime continues to be at risk of re-processing after the individual's death, meaning that businesses can potentially avoid GDPR when the person has died, and decide the fate of the deceased's biometrics at their own discretion.
 Taking into account the above, the authors of the work consider it necessary to orient special legislation to overcome the specified legal gap, and since the regulation on the protection of personal data is vague to solve the problem, the research proposal of the authors consists in the application of legal guarantees not only under the GDPR but also in conformity with civil law. Therefore, the authors aim to initiate provisions for potential legislation, including the consolidation of the processing of biometric data of the deceased as part of a person's last will. The development of legal norms that would protect the biometric data of deceased persons by classifying them as non-property rights is especially recommended for countries with a civil law system.
 The research paper also warns that privileges that belong to the non-property rights of an individual do not, as a rule, automatically pass to heirs. In this regard, in the absence of a person's will to decide the future fate of biometric data that is continuously processed at the time or after death, the authors offer to allow family members and other close persons to exercise the right to the protection of personal data, such as the right to be forgotten, on behalf of the deceased, and to demand the condition of appropriate technical and organizational guarantees in the event of such performance. In this matter, according to the authors, it is expedient to conclude agreements between interested parties and family members to determine the fate of biometric data. However, in order to avoid the realization of the right to the protection of personal data, which the deceased did not have time to realize during his lifetime, and if during the life of the person Article, 9 (2, a) GDPR confirmed as the basis for the permitted biometric data processing because it is subject to the consent of the person, then following the human-centric approach of the European Union, it is proposed to design and indicate in such consent a clause where the individual could specifically determine and decide the fate of the biometric data upon death, for example, to (i) delete, (ii) transfer for the research purposes.
 Consequently, the authors predict the development of legal regulation of biometric data by assigning it to the category of non-property rights. Hence, the adoption of special provisions for the protection of the deceased biometric data and ensuring the realization of the right to personal data protection is expected not only during life but also after death.

Оптимальні строки ізоляції бджолиних маток на період медозбору

Goal. To find out the biological relationship between the state of the bee colony and the intensity of the use of the honey collection to reduce energy losses by bees in caring for the brood. Methods. Zootechnical – for selection of groups of analogues, the study of the development and productivity of bee families; mathematical and statistical – for assessment of the reliability of the obtained results. Biometric data processing was carried out on a PC using MS Excel software with built-in statistical functions. Results. The presence of a large number of sealed brood in a bee colony during the main honey collection always has a positive effect on its use, as it serves as a source of replenishment of the colony with young bees, maintains its strength, without requiring the significant expenditure of energy and fodder for maintenance. The absence or significant reduction of brood during long-term honey collection (25–30 days) only in the first 12–14 days increases the amount of honey collected by bees. Then the amount of honey decreases significantly due to the weakening of the bee colony, which, without being replenished with young bees, is unable to effectively use the second half of the honey collection. Isolation of bee queens for the period of honey collection for up to 20 days reduces energy losses by bees and increases the honey productivity of bee families. Conclusions. The optimal term of isolation of queen bees to reduce the loss of bees’ energy in brood care and increase honey productivity was 10 days before the start of honey collection. By creating a reserve of bees, it is possible to significantly increase honey productivity and pollination efficiency of entomophilous crops. The use of such a technological technique as the isolation of bee queens for the period of the honey collection makes it possible to increase the honey productivity of bee families.

Comparative legal analysis of biometric data processing for personal identification in EU member states

Comparative legal analysis of biometric data processing for personal identification in EU member states