Agricultural Waste Processing Research Articles

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of bio-based composite utilizing citrus waste: a comparative study

Citrus fruits as typical agricultural processing wastes were used as sources and raw materials to extract the highly value-added compounds such as pectin, cellulose, lignin and phenols. These chemical compounds were investigated and used to develop novel bio-based materials specifically for plastic and packaging applications in a vast field industry. The properties, bonding and chemical composition of the biocomposites from various studies were comparatively investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results showed that hydrogen bonding, carbonyl groups, alkyl and aromatic ring of lignin and several minor chemical compounds present in the citrus wastes composite illustrate the unique properties, ability and potential materials as guidance in producing the desired products.

Transformation of Biochar from Plant Biomass in Gray Forest Soil: Evaluation by Isotopic Labeling Method

Pyrolysis is considered to be one of promising methods for processing agricultural waste and for producing fertilizers. The efficiency of the resulting biochar as a fertilizer has been proven, but the preferential way of decomposition of organic substances in it—biotic or abiotic—is still open to argument. The ways of transformation of biochar obtained from corn (a plant of the C4 type of photosynthesis with an increased 13C content) were assessed in this work, using the solid-phase CP/MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy. Biochar was placed into the top layer of a monolith of gray forest soil, and the precipitation regime characteristic of Central Russia was simulated for 90 days. The peak at 129 ppm typical for aromatic compounds increased during the experiment in the obtained NMR spectra of soil samples with biochar in the upper soil layer, but not in other layers. This testifies that biochar particles do not migrate down the soil profile during one season. The intensity of cumulative microbial respiration in the presence of biochar increases from 85.0 g CO2 kg–1 in the control sample to 201.4 g CO2 kg–1 in the sample with biochar (the topsoil). According to the NMR spectra of the salt formed during mineralization of carbon dioxide released from the soil, it contains labeled carbon: there is a peak at 169 ppm characteristic of carbonates. The cumulative volume of CO2 released from the soil with biochar is 1.9 times greater as compared to the control soil. The addition of microorganisms-decomposers caused an additional increase in the CO2 volume: 2.4 times relative to the control, which indicates the role of microorganisms in the destruction of soil organic matter and of biochar. However, based on the stability of the total carbon content in the soil, it can be concluded that only a small proportion of biochar components is susceptible to biotic decomposition.

Перспективы развития водородной энергетики на региональном примере

In connection with ongoing climate change, an important factor in the development of the global energy is reducing its carbon footprint. Hydrogen energy may be the answer to the transition to environmentally friendly and resource-saving energy. The article presents an analytical review of promising methods of hydrogen production on the example of the Saratov region, as well as its potential consumers in the real and long term. The review content was selected by analyzing scientific articles published in various databases, electronic scientific libraries and media articles published on the internet. It was concluded that hydrogen produced in the Saratov region will be consumed to a greater extent in the same territory. The production of phosphate fertilizers and the utilization of hydrogen-containing gases in the oil reforming process will be the drivers of hydrogen energy development in the region. In the long term, the use of hydrogen as fuel will be developed. A high-tech autonomous hydrogen energy complex implemented at the Balakovo NPP will be capable of producing and supplying electricity to the electric power system during in the peak hours. It is noted that the Saratov region has the potential to produce biohydrogen obtained by processing agricultural waste. State measures to stimulate hydrogen producers and consumers in the region will play a decisive role in increasing the efficiency of hydrogen energy development in the Saratov region.

Extraction and Structural Analysis of Sweet Potato Pectin and Characterization of Its Gel.

Pectin is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, data on sweet potato pectin extraction and structural property analyses are lacking. Here, for the high-value utilization of agricultural processing waste, sweet potato residue, a byproduct of sweet potato starch processing, was used as raw material. Ammonium oxalate, trisodium citrate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, hydrochloric acid and citric acid were used as extractants for the pectin constituents, among which ammonium oxalate had a high extraction rate of sweet potato pectin, low ash content and high molecular weight. Structural and gelation analyses were conducted on ammonium oxalate-extracted purified sweet potato pectin (AMOP). Analyses showed that AMOP is a rhamnogalacturonan-I-type pectin, with a molecular weight of 192.5 kg/mol. Chemical titration and infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that AMOP is a low-ester pectin, and scanning electron and atomic force microscopy demonstrated its linear molecular structure. Gelation studies have revealed that Ca2+ is the key factor for gel formation, and that sucrose significantly enhanced gel hardness. The highest AMOP gel hardness was observed at pH 4, with a Ca2+ concentration of 30 mg/g, pectin concentration of 2%, and sucrose concentration of 40%, reaching 128.87 g. These results provide a foundation for sweet potato pectin production and applications.

Co-production of sugars and aroma compounds from tobacco waste using biomass-degrading enzymes produced by Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus Ab-10.

Biomass-degrading enzymes produced by microorganisms have a great potential in the processing of agricultural wastes. In order to produce suitable biomass-degrading enzymes for releasing sugars and aroma compounds from tobacco scraps, the feasibility of directly using the scraps as a carbon source for enzyme production was investigated in this study. By comparative studies of ten fungal strains isolated from tobacco leaves, Aspergillus brunneoviolaceus Ab-10 was found to produce an efficient enzyme mixture for the saccharification of tobacco scraps. Proteomic analysis identified a set of plant biomass-degrading enzymes in the enzyme mixture, including amylases, hemicellulases, cellulases and pectinases. At a substrate concentration of 100g/L and enzyme dosage of 4mg/g, glucose of 17.6g/L was produced from tobacco scraps using the crude enzyme produced by A. brunneoviolaceus Ab-10. In addition, the contents of 23 volatile molecules, including the aroma compounds 4-ketoisophorone and benzyl alcohol, were significantly increased after the enzymatic treatment. The results provide a strategy for valorization of tobacco waste by integrating the production of biomass-degrading enzymes into the tobacco scrap processing system.

Strategic Potential Management in the Context of Energy Resources

Recently, in the context of an unstable external environment, Ukraine has found itself in a deep energy crisis. Increased cost of energy resources and final products of industrial enterprises is the result of this crisis. This, in turn, has led to a change in the overall management strategy, as well as an expansion of the strategic potential structure. Rising energy costs affect business efficiency. In order to increase the country’s energy independence, it is necessary to use renewable energy sources that have a minimal impact on the climate. This is especially true in the context of external instability and unpredictable energy prices. Effective energy management is becoming essential for the stability and financial sustainability of industrial enterprises. The latest trends in energy management include more and more renewable and clean energy sources, unlike those currently used. Among them are natural sources (wind power, solar radiation, sea tides) and the integration of waste into energy using environmentally friendly options (industrial and agricultural waste processing, waste recycling). However, the generation and use of this type of energy requires additional capital expenditures, which, in a period of unstable external environment, are direct risks for the company. After all, the payback period for such facilities and equipment starts at least three years. That is why there is a need to introduce lean production by identifying unjustified energy losses at industrial facilities. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of technological processes and production. This is achieved by conducting an energy audit and implementing an energy management system. Managing energy resources in accordance with the strategic goals of the enterprise can help reduce energy costs while achieving environmental, social and corporate governance goals.The aim of this study is to identify the peculiarities of industrial objects, energy flows, and the specifics of conducting an energy audit in light industry enterprises. It has been found that the particular feature of these enterprises is that capital structures were mainly built in the 1940s-1980s. The enterprises vary in structural solutions and energy parameters. Leather production is the most energy-intensive. According to the research results, some light industry enterprises belonging to different sub-sectors have unsatisfactory conditions of buildings and energy-intensive production with high energy consumption and losses. The following recommendations are provided to enterprises to reduce energy costs and increase energy potential: timely conduct an energy audit, use alternative energy sources, and implement the concept of Smart Grid. This will enable optimizing overall costs, reducing the cost of final products, and strengthening strategic positions in the market by decreasing dependence on energy resources.

ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES FOR CATTLE BASED ON FEED RESOURCES IN MANDAILING NATAL DISTRICT, NORTH SUMATRA


 
 
 This research aims to analyze the potential and strategy for developing livestock based on feed resources in Man- dailing Natal Regency, North Sumatra. The method used in this research is the SWOT analysis survey method. The results of the research show that the potential feed resources in Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatra come from intercrop forage (orange, oil palm) forage in galengan rice fields, agricultural crop waste and agricultural/ agricultural processing waste with a total feed production of 41,028,554 Kg Dry Ingridients/year and can accommo- date 14,987 Livestock Unit. The cattle development strategy based on SWOT analysis is to build a cattle feed proces- sing industry by utilizing feed resources, industrial raw materials, geographical location and government support.
 
 

Increasing the productivity of hydrolase producers by induced mutagenesis and their comparative characteristics

In order to study the increase in productivity of natural hydrolase producers B. subtilis (producer of amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes) and T. harzianum (producer of xylolytic and cellulolytic enzymes), the efficiency of various approaches to non-directed induced mutagenesis was studied and their comparative characteristics were carried out. Using chemical and physical mutagenesis, new highly active producers of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes B. subtilis strain MB085-1457, B. subtilis strain MB085-2701, B. subtilis strain MB085-3689, T. harzianum strain MF091-962, T. harzianum strain MF091-2093 and T. harzianum strain MF091-3416 were obtained. Comparison of various methods of induced mutagenesis, namely methods of mutagenesis using nitrosoguanidine and nitrosomethylurea, UV and gamma irradiation showed that the greatest efficiency was achieved after mutagenesis using gamma rays. Various methods of induced mutagenesis can be used not only to create effective schemes for increasing the level of accumulation of target enzymes of producers, but also to obtain new drugs based on highly productive strains of microorganisms with hydrolase activity for the purpose of using them in resource-saving technologies for processing agricultural waste (into useful resources) and reducing the negative impact on the environment.

Upaya berkelanjutan: peningkatan pupuk kompos plus berbasis limbah nilam dan abu sekam padi di Gampong Teungoh Geunteut, Aceh Besar (Sustainable efforts: enhancing compost plus fertilizer based on patchouli waste and rice husk ash in Teungoh Geunteut Village, Aceh Besar)

Teungoh Geunteut Village is one of the enormous patchouli cultivation centers in Aceh. The high quality of the patchouli oil produced creates great potential for the community to carry out agriculture. However, the large number of patchouli farmers in Teungoh Geunteut Village has resulted in a massive accumulation of patchouli waste thrown out from distillation using steam boilers. The patchouli waste has not yet been utilized properly, resulting in environmental problems. To overcome the uncontrolled accumulation of patchouli waste, PKM-PM teams took the initiative to utilize the patchouli waste into compost plus fertilizer. Compost plus fertilizer can overcome environmental problems and be an alternative solution to replace the undersupply of subsidized fertilizer the government provides. Producing compost plus fertilizer can be enhanced by adding bio silica from rice husk ash. Bio silica contained in rice husk ash has an important role in absorbing the nutrients plants need to initiate quality compost plus fertilizer. The service activities were carried out in August-September 2023 in Teungoh Genteut Village on one of the residents' lands. In carrying out this activity, the team carried out 3 series of stages, namely: (1) socialization on making compost plus fertilizer, (2) direct practice on making solid and liquid compost plus fertilizer, and (3) packaging compost plus fertilizer. The results achieved in this activity are solid and liquid compost fertilizer products that can be used as commercial materials to improve the economy of the Teungoh Geunteut community. Apart from that, this service activity can be used as a forum to increase residents' knowledge and understanding regarding the processing of agricultural waste into compost and techniques for marketing strategies.

Waste Corn Straw as a Green Reductant for Hematite Reduction Roasting: Phase Transformation, Microstructure Evolution and Process Mechanism

Mineral phase transformation (MPT) of hematite to magnetite by reduction roasting is a viable means of developing refractory iron ore resources. However, conventional coal-based reductants are prone to high carbon emissions and environmental pollution. Biomass, as a renewable green reductant, can make the MPT process more environmentally friendly while reducing the environmental impact associated with processing agricultural waste. This study systematically explored the feasibility of waste corn straw as a green reductant for hematite. Under the conditions of 8 min, 700 °C, a mass ratio of corn straw to hematite of 1:4, and a N2 flow rate of 300 mL/min, the best beneficiation indexes were achieved, with an iron grade of 69.82% and an iron recovery of 93.95%. During the MPT process, hematite was reduced under the action of corn straw, and the new magnetite particles were loose and porous, showing an acicular crystal structure. Meanwhile, the corn straw was converted into porous biochar.

Sosialisasi Kelayakan Aspek Keuangan Pembuatan Briket pada UMKM Produksi Arang di Desa Waringinkaya

Waringinkarya is one of the villages located in the Lemah Abang subdistrict of Karawang Regency. Waringinkarya Village is known for its extensive potential in rice farming areas. Based on the livelihood aspect of the village's population, it is quite diverse, with the majority engaged in farming. The processing of agricultural waste such as rice shells into charcoal briquettes holds high economic value and can serve as an alternative to enhance the economic well-being of the village residents. The focus of this project is a UMKM engaged in charcoal production. The main objective of the project is to promote the utilization of agricultural waste in the production of high-value charcoal briquettes. The results of the service project include providing information on production methods and financial projections obtained from the processing of agricultural waste into briquettes.
 Keywords: Waste, Agriculture, Briquette, UMKM, Financial

APPLICATION OF RATION FORMULATION BASED ON AGRICULTURAL WASTE AS GOAT COMPLETE FEEDING IN KALIMPORO VILLAGE, JENEPONTO REGENCY

This community service was carried out in Kalimporo Village, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi, and aimed to increase farmers' knowledge, especially the Kalimporo Village farmers group, regarding the utilization and processing of agricultural waste into complete feed for livestock. Community Service was held on Sunday, 4th June 2023 in Kalimporo Village, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi, attended by 25 out of 30 farmers (83.3%). The method used was discourse and plot demonstration. The results of this community service were the use of several types of agricultural waste such as bran, green bean skin, corn cobs, lamtoro, cassava, copra meal, and pollard available around the village to be formulated into complete feed with added minerals and salt. The ration was tested in the laboratory and showed good quality with a crude protein content of 12.13%. The feed was highly palatable when given to the goats. Ration based on agricultural waste can be used as a complete feed for goats with economic value so as to reduce livestock production costs and improve the farmers' well-being in Kalimporo Village, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi.

Properties and applications of α-galactosidase in agricultural waste processing and secondary agricultural process industries.

Agriculture products form the foundation building blocks of our daily lives. Although they have been claimed to be renewable resources with a low carbon footprint, the agricultural community is constantly challenged to overcome two post-harvest bottlenecks: first, farm bio-waste, a substantial economic and environmental burden to the farming sector, and second, an inefficient agricultural processing sector, plagued by the need for significant energy input to generate the products. Both these sectors require extensive processing technologies that are demanding in their energy requirements and expensive. To address these issues, an enzyme(s)-based green chemistry is available to break down complex structures into bio-degradable compounds that source alternate energy with valuable by-products and co-products. α-Galactosidase is a widespread class of glycoside hydroxylases that hydrolyzes α-galactosyl moieties in simple and complex oligo and polysaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. As a result of its growing importance, in this review we discuss the source of the enzyme, production and purification systems, and enzyme properties. We also elaborate on the enzyme's potential in agricultural bio-waste management, secondary agricultural industries like sugar refining, soymilk derivatives, food and confectionery, and animal feed processing. Insight into this vital enzyme will provide new avenues for less expensive green chemistry-based secondary agricultural processing and agricultural sustainability. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Utilization of Bokashi Composting and Animal Feed Silage for Sustainable Agricultural Waste Management and Environmental Impact Analysis

<p>Agriculture is a major driver of sustainable development in developing countries. However, with the increase in the global population, the amount of waste generated by agriculture has also increased, leading to environmental pollution. The increase in agricultural activity is proportional to the increase in livestock activity. As livestock production increases globally, increasing amounts of manure are produced. Out of the many methods for processing agricultural waste, only a few prioritize aspects of soil quality in the agricultural environment and can be used to improve crop quality. This paper presents a utilization and recycling method using bokashi composting and silage animal feed, and the environmental impact of these methods. The analysis was performed using Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The number of sites and site locations was calculated based on the number and location of existing farmer groups. Future bokashi composting and animal feed silage are expected to be utilized by more people, given their small environmental impact and improved soil and crop quality. In addition, further research needs to discuss this method to optimize the increased utilization of agricultural waste.</p>

Processing Agricultural Waste as complete feed at DZN Farm

DZN Farm is a sheep farming group located in the village of Senden RT 10/04, Ngawen, Klaten which has potential in the agricultural sector, especially in the livestock sector. There are 10 breeders with a total of 150 sheep, which have been kept since 2020. One of the potential commodities of Senden village is sheep which are kept as additional income. The DZN Farm livestock group was formed with the aim of ensuring that sheep farmers who are members of the livestock group are able to collaborate with each other, and become a dynamic and growing group. Priority problems faced by partners include: 1) Production aspects including: Quality and availability of feed, namely the decreasing availability of natural animal feed in nature and lack of knowledge of utilizing agricultural waste, Utilization of livestock waste, namely the livestock waste produced has not been utilized optimally; 2) Management and Marketing Aspects, namely Marketing is still semi-conventional, livestock marketing is done by word of mouth between communities and via social media Facebook. The solution for implementing the PKM program is 1) increasing the economic income of livestock groups through engineering complete feed and adding value to livestock waste which is processed into fertilizer. 2) entrepreneurship development which can be achieved through digital-based marketing planning via websites, social media and marketplaces. Meanwhile, the PKM Program's output target is to create an environmentally friendly livestock model to improve the economy.

OPTIMALISASI LIMBAH PERTANIAN MELALUI PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK DALAM UPAYA PENINGKATAN KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT DI DESA TEMPOS KECAMATAN GERUNG

Tempos Village is a village located in Gerung District, West Lombok Regency. Some of the agricultural areas in Tempos Village are corn, rice, honey, and several fruit plantations. One of the efforts to maximize the growth and productivity of plants is by applying compost. Compost Fertilizer is organic fertilizer derived from plant residues and animal waste that has undergone a process of decomposition or weathering. Socialization and training on the processing of agricultural waste or livestock waste into compost or organic fertilizer were tried. The application of the activity is carried out in a participatory manner, the procedure for this activity puts into practice the concept of integration between the socialization of lecture procedures and the direct application of directly linking residents. The socialization activity can be declared successful in terms of the participants' descriptions of the modules that have been informed and the enthusiasm of all participants can be said to be great. If the socialization participants are able to make processed products that are well exemplified and get a bonus of knowledge about making compost, starting from equipment and materials to the manufacturing process. So that the training on making compost can be declared a success. From the participants showing positive reactions related to product labeling and packaging, they felt optimistic that this could increase the selling value of the product itself and make it more desirable in the market. The compost produced in this practice can be used by residents for sprinkling on agricultural land, plantations, or rice fields. The implementation of the UNRAM Thematic KKN work program with the theme "Advanced and Sustainable Agriculture" which was carried out in Tempos Village began with socialization activities regarding organic fertilizers, manufacturing practices, packaging practices, and product assessments that had been carried out properly.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY

The article substantiates the expediency of implementing organic agricultural production in order to ensure sustainable development and the restoration of post-war agriculture, and suggests ways of solving the problem of the utilisation of agricultural waste by agricultural enterprises. Methodology. In the process of research the scientific works of domestic scientists on the problems of development of entrepreneurship in the agrarian sector of economy were processed. In order to achieve the goal, general and special methods of scientific knowledge were used, namely: abstract-logical, methods of analogy and comparison, induction and deduction (for theoretical generalisation); monographic (for deepening the study of the state and features of development of agrarian entrepreneurship); formalisation method (for determining directions of solving the problem of waste disposal both in plant and animal production). Results. The results of the research show that entrepreneurial activity is spreading in Ukraine, because entrepreneurship contributes to the expansion of the field of application of agricultural labour, creates new opportunities for employment of the unemployed rural population and releases workers from inefficient enterprises. It has been established that the main task of these enterprises is to be competitive on the market and to sell products that are in demand by consumers. It was found that organic food products are superior to traditional products in terms of consumer parameters, but inferior in terms of economic parameters, especially price. It has been established that businesses, regardless of their form of ownership, are waste producers. It has been proven that the plant and animal husbandry sectors make a significant contribution to the generation of organic waste, and agricultural enterprises are therefore faced with the important task of effectively managing this waste. Practical implications. The introduction of zero-waste production is a decisive step towards the energy self-sufficiency of a farm by processing agricultural waste in biogas plants to produce an alternative fuel such as biofuel.

Study of the Рossibility of Using Waste from the Agro-Industrial Complex and the Woodworking Industry in Order to Obtain High-Energy Fuel and Carbon Adsorbents

Growing concerns about the environment are prompting the search for alternative energy sources and the possibility of processing agricultural waste into highly efficient absorbents. That is why the article considers methods for obtaining high-energy fuel from pinewood using acidic additives and the possibility of using chemically treated cherry stone shells as a carbon sorbent is evaluated. With the use of low-temperature pyrolysis, a number of carbon-containing materials have been obtained. The carbon content in these materials depends on the reagent used to treat the feedstock, the temperature and time of pyrolysis. The subsequent activation of carbonizate from the cherry stone shell with oxidizing agents revealed that nitric acid significantly increases the cation-exchange capacity of the material, which allows it to be used as an adsorbent.

Improving Soil Fertility Through Agricultural Waste Treatment in Subak Telun Ayah, Gianyar, Bali

The community service carried out aims to increase the knowledge and understanding of farmers in the processing of agricultural waste, especially composting rice straw. Community service is also held to increase farmers' knowledge regarding the role of rice straw compost in improving soil fertility. The method used is socialization or counseling as a form of knowledge transfer to farmers. The socialization involved 20 members of the Subak Telun Ayah group, Gianyar Bali. The results show that due to limited knowledge of the benefits of rice straw for soil fertility, farmers tend to burn the agricultural waste produced. Farmers also do not believe in the benefits of compost so they prefer the use of inorganic fertilizers.

PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI SILASE DAN AMONIASI SEBAGAI SOLUSI KETAHANAN PAKAN

This community service (PKM) activity aimed to increase the knowledge and skills of breeders in processing and preserving agricultural waste as a solution for feed security. The specific objective to be achieved was to increase livestock production through the provision of feed according to livestock needs, both in terms of quality and quantity. This PKM activity was carried out at the Harapan Sejahtera Farmer Group located in Aia Pacah Village, Koto Tangah District, Padang City. Counseling and practice provided to breeders were in the form of processing Sweet Corn Straw Silage (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) and Rice Straw (Oryza sativa) into Ammoniation. The method used in empowering the target group was learning techniques in the form of providing theory, counseling and practice to members of the target group. The result of this activity showed that the Harapan Sejahtera Farmers Group can provide motivation to farmers to process agricultural waste into quality feed. After counseling, farmers become aware and motivated in processing agricultural waste into quality feed for feed security, especially in the dry season. In addition, managing agricultural waste, and turned it into beneficial products with economic value.