Cassava Processing Research Articles

Analisis Nilai Tambah Pengolahan Singkong Jarak Towo Menjadi Gethuk Frozen Di Ukm Gethuk Take Tawangmangu

<em>Indonesia is a tropical country that has a lot of fertile agricultural land, so the production of agricultural commodities is also high. Cassava is one of the food crop commodities in the tuber category that can be used as raw material for an agroindustrial product. Jarak towo cassava is used as a raw material for the gethuk industry in Small and Medium Enterprises (UKM) Gethuk Take Tawangmangu. Processing cassava into frozen gethuk is one of the applications of added value to cassava commodities because during the production process additional costs are incurred so that the selling price is formed higher. This study aims to determine the costs, revenues, profits, business efficiency and added value from the business of processing cassava into frozen gethuk. This research used descriptive analysis basic method which is supported by survey method. The result of research are, total cost to produce the frozen gethuk in December 2021 was Rp148.286.358. Total revenue was Rp257.035.000 and Gethuk Take profit was Rp108.748.642. The value of R/C ratio is 1,73. The value added resulting from processing cassava into original gethuk dough is Rp9.186 with value-added ratio 54,1%, while the value added resulting from processing original gethuk dough into frozen gethuk original is Rp7.852 with value-added ratio 31,1%, value added from processing frozen gethuk with flavors is Rp8.266 with value-added ratio 32,1%, and value added from processing frozen gethuk with filling is Rp12.715 with value-added ratio 39,9%.</em>

Women cassava processors’ livelihood; implications for improved processing technology usage in Nigeria

The study compared the impact of the use of conventional and improved cassava processing technologies on the livelihood of women processors in north central Nigeria. This study adopts a quantitative method using a well-structured interview schedule for data collection from 410 respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as an independent two-sample t-test was used to analyze the data. The majority of respondents were married and between the ages of 31 and 50. The mean years of education for improved technology users (ITU) were 8 years, while that of conventional technology users (CTU) was 10 years. Majority of both ITU (88.9%) and CTU (63.9%) had more than 10 years of processing experience. Majority of ITU (89.2%) and CTU (97.1%) were educated. A little above average (ITU - 53.7% and CTU - 50.2%) had medium household sizes and average annual income of ITU: N = 528,654 and CTU: N = 294,610. It was found that improved technology users had a very high livelihood status, while conventional technology users had a low livelihood status (ITU 75.25 and CTU 52.50) which indicated that the use of improved technology enhanced women’s contribution to family welfare and improved their livelihood. The results of the independent two-sample t-test show that there is a significant difference between the livelihood of improved and conventional technology users (t = −18.614, p = 0.000). The government should therefore focus on the development of appropriate and cost-effective farm-level processing technologies and further encourage the promotion of improved investment heavily in subsidized cassava processing machinery to afford processors to acquire these machines at a reasonable cost.

Cyanide contamination assessment via target survey and physicochemical and bacteriological characterization: a case study of Akrofrom-Techiman cassava processing area in Ghana.

Improper discharge of cassava mill effluent (CME) has attracted much attention in major cassava-producing areas due to cyanide contamination. This study conducted a target survey on inhabitants and processors of the Akrofrom-Techiman cassava processing area in Ghana that aimed to assess their knowledge and perception of cyanide contamination from the CME discharge. The study further examined the effect of CME on the soil and groundwater at the processing area using physicochemical and bacteriological characterizations. Results revealed that inhabitants and processors exhibited high illiteracy on the impact of CME on cyanide contamination in the processing area. The study also indicated a wide characteristics of the soil at the processing site: pH (4.89-8.77), electrical conductivity (EC) (1063.00-1939.00 μS/cm), total dissolved solids (TDS) (523.90-963.50mg/L), soil moisture (11.90-31.70%), free cyanide (0.02-0.33mg/kg), and total cyanide (0.40-2.70mg/kg). Results also showed that the physicochemical values of the CME were all above the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) permissible limits and were unsafe for discharging into the environment. The range of physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of the two boreholes revealed the following: pH (7.85-8.74), TDS (165.77-192.37mg/L), EC (320.87-396.20 μS/cm), free cyanide (0.13-0.16mg/L), total cyanide (1.29-2.15mg/L), and bacteriological parameter (220-622cfu/mL). The two hand-dug wells also recorded pH (8.54-9.56), TDS (140.77-156.10mg/L), EC (288.53-340.67), biological oxygen demand (BOD) (21.51-1.61mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (13.5-16.5mg/L), free cyanide (0.10-0.11mg/L), bacteriological parameter (241-302cfu/mL), and total cyanide (0.79-0.86mg/L). The study concluded that the discharge of CME at the processing site contributes significantly to cyanide contamination of the soil and groundwater at the processing area.

Medium chain carboxylate production from cassava wastes pretreated by ensiling

AbstractEvery year, approximately 35 million tons of combined cassava peels (CP) and cassava wastewater (CWW) are generated from the processing of cassava in Nigeria. The improper disposal of these wastes has serious environmental consequences in the form of air and water pollution. Using these wastes for biofuel production is one way of mitigating the impact of the mass flows on the environment. However, being a lignocellulosic biomass, CP requires pretreatment before it can yield a reasonable amount of biofuel. In this study, ensiling was chosen as a method for the pretreatment of CP slurry (CPS), formed from the combination of CP and CWW, for the production of medium‐chain carboxylates (MCCs), which have been reported to be more valuable than biogas and bioethanol. Calcined egg shells (CES) were added to some of the CPS before ensiling, to enhance the formation of butyric acid. The MCCs were produced through batch fermentation of the silage. The results show that ensiling degraded the hemicellulose and cellulose content of CPS. The silage containing CES had greater loss of volatile solids, higher butyric acid content, and a higher MCCs (C6‐C8) yield of 210 gkg‐1VS while the silage without CES had an MCC yield of 137 gkg‐1VS. Out of the three kinetic models that were used to predict the production of MCCs, the dual pool model gave the best prediction.

Pemberdayaan Masayarakat Desa Watu melalui Kewirausahaan

The problem in the Watu Village, Langke Rembong District, Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province community is the limited knowledge of mothers in managing the cassava harvest and the low level of knowledge. The processed cassava is still very limited. The entrepreneurial spirit is still so low, women have not thought about how to turn cassava into a product that has a selling value and can be marketed to consumers. Therefore, the student KKN program is a means to help provide understanding to mothers in Watu Village to foster interest in entrepreneurship. The focus of this activity is on empowerment and socialization related to entrepreneurship. This program aims to foster interest in entrepreneurship for mothers so that they can increase their income. The program’s implementation method is socialization and assistance in processing cassava products. The results and impacts of the KKN students' activities for mothers in Watu Village are firstly an increase in mothers' knowledge about entrepreneurship and secondly an increase in mothers' awareness of processing cassava into several product variants with economic value.

Photocatalytic Removal of Cyanide from Cassava Processing Wastewater with Simultaneous Generation of H2 and C2H4 Using Ni-modified TiO2

Photocatalytic Removal of Cyanide from Cassava Processing Wastewater with Simultaneous Generation of H2 and C2H4 Using Ni-modified TiO2

Wastewater management for irrigated farming: Composition, morphology and production level variation in amaranthus sp. irrigated with peroxide-aeration treatment recycled cassava processing effluent

Wastewater management for irrigated farming: Composition, morphology and production level variation in amaranthus sp. irrigated with peroxide-aeration treatment recycled cassava processing effluent

Meta-analysis of the influence of dietary cassava on productive indices and egg quality of laying hens

There are an increasing number of studies on the effect of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on performance of laying hens with inconsistent outcomes. This study, therefore, used a meta-analytic approach to examine the effect of cassava-based diets on feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) end production data such as hen day egg production (HDEP), egg weight (EW), egg mass (EM), Haugh unit (HU), shell weight (SW) and shell thickness (ST) in laying hens. Two hundred and three studies were identified in a search performed in PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases of which thirteen studies were suitable for the meta-analysis. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to explore the responses of laying hens to dietary cassava and sources of heterogeneity, respectively using the following moderators: study continent, cassava type, cassava processing methods, inclusion level, layer strain, feeding durations, number of layers and hen's age. Data were pooled using a random-effects model and statistical analyses were performed in OpenMEE software. Results show that cassava increased FI (mean difference MD = 0.97 g/d; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.05, 1.90) and reduced egg weight (MD = −0.72 g; 95% CI -1.26, −0.19) and SW (MD = −0.11 g; 95% CI -0.18, −0.04) when compared to control. Laying hens fed cassava diets had HDEP, FCR, EM, ST and HU values that compared favourably with the controls. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that inclusion of cassava at ≤ 25% in layer diets had no deleterious effects on measured outcomes taking cognizance of significant heterogeneity. However, meta-regression results showed that most of the sources of heterogeneity were explained by the studied moderators. In conclusion, ≤25% of cassava (CRM and CPM) can be included in layer diets without adverse effects on feed intake, feed conversion ratio and egg production characteristics, indicating that cassava has a very bright future as an energy source in the diets of laying hens.

PELUANG ENTERPRENEUR WANITA TANI DALAM DIVERSIFIKASI UBI KAYU SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PANGAN KONVENSIONAL

The purpose of this community service activity is to carry out counseling and empowerment in the process of processing cassava into kaopi (flour) which has a soft texture, white color and a distinctive aroma (like fresh cassava) and a good packaging system and branding for business groups. women farmers in Bola Village, Batauga District, South Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The method of implementing community service is through the participatory action research (PAR) method which is carried out using participatory techniques such as Focus Group Discussions (FGD), surveys with the involvement of all members of business groups as interviewers, formal and non-formal discussions and discussions with stakeholders, so that people recognize the potential and existing problems and encourage participation in the activities carried out. The results of the implementation of community service activities show that the process of processing cassava into good and soft kaopi has been successful because the women farming business group has understood the stages in the kaopi processing process. So that the resulting kaopi has a soft texture, white color, does not smell and has been packaged properly in branded packaging.

Development of a Computational Model for Cassava Food Processing Using Coloured Petri Net

A food system is composed of a complex network of activities and processes for production, distribution, transportation and consumption, which interact with each other, thus leading to changeable behaviour. Most existing empirical studies on cassava processing have focused on the technical efficiency analysis of the cassava crop processing techniques among processors indicating that the modelling of the events and operations involved in the processing of the cassava crop is highly limited. In this context, different strategies have been used to solve difficult environmental and agro-informatic systems model-based problems such as system dynamics, agent based, rule-based knowledge and mathematical modeling. However, the structural comprehension and behavioral investigation of this modeling are constrained. In this regard, formal computational modeling is a method that enables modeling and simulation of the dynamical characteristics of these food systems to be examined. In this study, the system specification is designed using Unified Modelling language (UML) to show the structural process and system design modelled and simulated using Coloured Petri Net (CPN), a formal method for analyzing the behavioural properties of complex system because of its efficient analysis. For the purpose of observing and analyzing the behaviour of the cassava food process, a series of simulation runs was proposed.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Tempe Daun Singkong Sebagai Cemilan Bernutrisi Untuk Ibu Hamil Dan Anak-Anak Sebagai Pencegahan Stunting Di Kota Padang Panjang

Prevention of stunting in toddlers can be done starting during pregnancy. Nutritional intake in pregnant women can be done by consuming quality food. In an effort to fulfill nutrition for pregnant women and children by consuming nutritious snacks, this service conducted training on making cassava leaf tempeh to mothers in the Bukit Surungan village, West Padang Panjang, Padang Panjang City on July 29, 2022. The training activity began with an explanation of the content of cassava leaf tempeh and how to make cassava leaf tempeh. Next, there was a demonstration of how to make tempeh from cassava leaves and the processing of cassava leaf tempeh that had been prepared previously into fried cassava leaf tempeh. The training participants said they liked cassava leaf tempeh and were interested in processing cassava leaves into tempeh to get additional food with high nutritional value for pregnant women, toddlers and children

Volatile Fatty Acids Production by Acidogenic Fermentation of Wastewater: A Bibliometric Analysis

This study presents a bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on volatile fatty acids (VFA) production from wastewater fermentation published from 1981 to 21 June 2021. A total of 618 papers obtained from the Scopus database were analyzed using VOSviewer 1.6.16 software. According to the results, this topic has been capturing the attention of researchers over the years, but with different research approaches, including optimization of anaerobic digestion in two-stage reactors, biological removal of nutrients from wastewater, energy production in bioelectrochemical systems, and recovery of VFA as value-added intermediate products to be used as inputs in a variety of industries. In addition, the bibliometric networks obtained from the authors’ keyword frequency showed that wastewater treatment by using fermentation to obtain VFA as a value-added by-product is an emerging topic that undoubtedly requires further research and collaboration between scientific institutions. In this regard, different types of wastewater have been used as a substrate for acidogenic fermentation; however, and based on the results, the production of VFA from cassava processing wastewater is seen as one of the emerging issues of this field. Finally, evaluating the effect of operating conditions on the fermentation process, such as pH, hydraulic retention time, organic loading rate, temperature, inoculum and substrate concentration, independent of the final application of the VFA produced, is a relevant aspect for bioprocess optimization and implementation on a large scale.

Perancangan mesin pengiris singkong dengan menngunakan metode phal beitz

Currently, Indonesia is the 4th largest cassava producing country in the world with an average total production of 19-20 million tons. Most of the areas in Indonesia that produce cassava products are only used for daily staples, and actually cassava can also be processed as snacks, for example cassava chips. This study aims to produce a cassava slicing machine design, which can assist in the processing of cassava into snacks, namely cassava chips. The method used in this study is the Pahl Beitz method consisting of 4 types, namely, planning and task explanations are compiling product technical specifications which are the basis forproduct design that can meet the needs of the community, both product concept designs are sought for several product concepts that can meet the requirements in the specification it is usually in the form of a simple sketch or schematic drawing and contains all the existing elements and components, the three design forms at this stage the result of the product concept in the form of a sketch or schematic drawing must be shaped in such a way that the elements together compiling the shape of the product, the four detailed designs, namely the arrangement of product elements, shapes, dimensions, surface smoothness, materials of each product element are determined

Design of Experimental Lab Scale Vertical Mass Flow Type Bioreactor for Bioethanol Production by Co-Culture Strategy from Cassava Waste

Due to a surge in demand and cost, there is a requirement for alternative energy sources by devising strategies for the efficient production of biofuels. Immobilized microbial systems for the conversion of biomass to fuels have become progressively important. Cassava (Manihot esculentum) processing waste, a massive byproduct of starch processing is utilized in this work for bioethanol production. This study was an attempt to design and develop an experimental lab-scale Vertical Mass-Flow type Bioreactor (VMFB) demarcated into aerobic and anaerobic zones to produce bioethanol. The upper aerobic zone was meant for saccharification and the lower anaerobic zone for fermentation, the technique is called Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF). The feasibility of co-immobilizing saccharification strains (A. awamori and D. bruxellensis) and fermentation strains (Z. mobilis) for bioethanol production through SSF from cassava agro-waste were tested. Polyurethane foam was used in the aerobic reaction zone and calcium-alginate beads immobilized microorganisms in the anaerobic reaction zone were employed as carriers for the immobilization. The main objective of this study was to understand the usability of agricultural waste, especially cassava processing waste as raw material for bioethanol production, using SSF technology a concentration of 8 % w/w ethanol was obtained.

Use of Linamarase-producing Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast in the Production of Modified Cassava Flour from High Cyanide Cassava

Direct processing of high cyanide cassava to flour without fermentation may result in a high total cyanide level that violates food safety regulations. In this study, dry starters of linamarase-producing lactic acid bacteria and yeast, i.e., Enterococcus faecium and a mix of Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were used to ferment cassava (Bintang Wain genotype) and produce modified cassava flour (mocaf). In addition, mocaf made by adding commercial starter and beta-glucosidase were also compared. The fermentation trials were conducted twice, with a different starter dose used. This research finding shows that the use of linamarase-producing microbes to process the high cyanide cassava resulted in low cyanide mocaf that will help the local community in Eastern Indonesia to improve the potential use of the bitter cassava. The cyanide contents were reduced from 325.1 ppm in fresh cassava to 21.3±5.0, 22.3±0.2, 26.1±7.6, and 26.9±2.8 ppm in the produced mocaf, which were fermented for 17 h with mixed microorganisms, Enterococcus faecium, and commercial mocaf starters, and betaglucosidase, respectively. Raising the dosages in the second trial further reduced the total cyanide contents from 300 ppm in fresh cassava to 18.6±0.7, 16.5±3.2, 21.4±5.2, and 20.9±3.4 ppm in the produced mocaf.

Comparative Analysis of the Profitability of Cassava Value Added products in Ondo State, Nigeria

Value addition in agriculture remains an icing on the cake, and a sustainable pathway to economic growth and investment. However, in the quest to add value to agricultural produce, profitability is a great criterion to the choice and preference of various value additions. This study compared the profitability of value-added cassava products in Ondo state, Southwest Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 110 respondents. Primary data were collected and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistic (Profitability/Budgetary analysis and ANOVA). The results revealed that cassava roasted granules, Fufu and cassava flour were the common cassava value addition. Results of the profitability analysis revealed that processing cassava to pupuru (GM = ₦11,520) and cassava flour (GM = ₦10,860) were the most profitable cassava value addition. Lack of adequate technologies (x̅ = 0.96) and poor extension services (x̅ =0.93) were the major constraint to cassava value addition. Also, there was no significant differences (F = 3.107, ρ≥0.05) in the profits from the value-added products across the communities. The study therefore concluded that value addition is profitable in cassava, hence concerted efforts should be made by stakeholders in encouraging and enhancing value addition policies for agricultural produce especially cassava.

Impact of Selected Processing Methods of High-Level Cyanide in Cassava on Optic Neuropathy in Wistar Albino Rats—An Experimental Study

Background: Cassava tuber crop is a staple food rich in carbohydrates and utilized in various forms by millions of Nigerians. The storage root of the cassava contains linamarin, a cyanogenic glycoside that is easily hydrolyzed to release cyanide salt compounds which is toxic to the nervous system especially the optic nerve, sometimes leading to optic neuropathy and visual impairment. Aim: The aim of this study is to find out the impact of selected processing methods of high-level cyanide in cassava on optic neuropathy in Wistar albino rats. Methodology: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were fed with different concentration and duration of predetermined high-cyanide content cassava root cultivar which was processed using different processing methods adopted by various communities in Rivers State, Nigeria (for human consumption). A control group of 3 Wistar albino rats was fed with normal “Growth Mesh” meals. The pre and post weights of the animals and the fundoscopic optic nerve status of the rats were evaluated after 30 and 60 days. SPSS Version 25 was employed for descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The Cassava species available in Rivers State have high cyanide content (2336.79 mg CN-/kg dry weight of cassava). There was statistically significant reduction in the cyanide content (p = 0.000) depending on the various common processing methods (into garri for human consumption): 24 hours, 48 hours, fermentation; with and without red palm oil additive. The individual weights as well as the mean weight of the 24 rats in the experimental group increased gradually from the first week to the 9th week with a slight weight reduction on the third and fourth weeks which was not statistically significant (p = 0.092). However, there was a steady increase in the weights of the animals in the control group throughout the 9 weeks. Varying degrees of optic neuropathy occurred, worse with the rats that had 24-hour fermented cassava twice daily for 60 days. The intra and inter group differences in the optic disc changes was statistically significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Longer duration of processing cassava roots into garri for human consumption reduces its cyanide content and minimizes the adverse impact on the optic nerve.

Impact of Cassava Processing Mill Effluent on Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

The research aims reviewed impact of the Cassava Processing Mill Effluent (CME) on the physco-chemical properties of soils. Collected samples of three chosen areas at the Igbatoro community, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria and labeled as A B C. Soil samples free from cassava mill effluent were likewise gathered from two unique areas marked D and E to serve as control samples at an interval of 15 cm depth from the top. Chemical changes occurred in the soil because of the release of effluent from cassava handling plants; the soil samples collected were analyzed in the laboratory utilizing the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) method. The accompanying physical and chemical parameters were investigated; soil texture, soil porosity, particle size, TOC, pH, electrical conductivity, Pb, Zn, Cr, Fe, K, Ca, and Na. Results were compared with the result obtained from the control site Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Analysis shows that the soil samples with CME exceeds the WHO and FEPA standards. The result shows that the CME has contaminated the soil and made it unsatisfactory for agricultural purposes; this also affected the environment and the soil organic matter. Based on WHO and FEPA standard regulations, these metals exhibit hazardous concentrations. There was no huge expansion in Pb and Cr grouping of CME samples with the control tests. The chemical concentration of CME and its consequences for the soil propose its true capacity as a bio fertilizer particularly for K and Na contents. Findings shows that the effluent has great effect on the surrounding soil, and which leads to soil pollution, remediation should be practice.

EDUKASI MANFAAT DAUN SINGKONG DAN DAUN PEPAYA SERTA PELATIHAN PENGOLAHANNYA MENJADI DENDENG SEBAGAI PANGAN ALTERNATIF UNTUK MENGUATKAN IMUN

Until now there is no specific treatment that has been proven to cure patients infected with the Covid-19 virus. The high number of positive confirmed cases of Covid-19 makes it is important to promote preventive efforts so as not to be infected with the virus. One thing that can be done is the fulfillment of nutrition, especially those that can support the immune system. Cassava leaves and papaya leaves have been shown to increase the immune response and reduce inflammation. The magnitude of the benefits possessed by cassava leaves and papaya leaves will be more felt by the community if they can be processed into a food that tastes good and is practical to serve. Based on this background, workshop is needed to process cassava leaves and papaya leaves turn into dendeng in order to support strengthening the family's immune system in the pandemic era. The training, which was conducted in the Kebonsari area of ??Surabaya, began with the providing of information using powerpoint and video media, followed by hands-on manufacturing practice. The dendeng produced is flat, has a soft texture, savory, and does not taste bitter. At the end of the event, an evaluation of the course of the training process was carried out through the provision of questionnaires. All participants stated that they were very satisfied with this activity and suggested that similar training could be carried out regularly in their neighborhood.

Cassava wastewater valorization for the production of biosurfactants: surfactin, rhamnolipids, and mannosileritritol lipids.

The global production of cassava was estimated at ca. 303 million tons. Due to this high production, the cassava processing industry (cassava flour and starch) generates approximately ca. 0.65kg of solid residue and ca. 25.3 l of wastewater per kg of fresh processed cassava root. The composition of the liquid effluent varies according to its origin; for example, the effluent from cassava flour production, when compared to the wastewater from the starch processing, presents a higher organic load (ca. 12 times) and total cyanide (ca. 29 times). It is worthy to highlight the toxicity of cassava residues regarding cyanide presence, which could generate disorders with acute or chronic symptoms in humans and animals. In this sense, the development of simple and low-cost eco-friendly methods for the proper treatment or reuse of cassava wastewater is a challenging, but promising path. Cassava wastewater is rich in macro-nutrients (proteins, starch, sugars) and micro-nutrients (iron, magnesium), enabling its use as a low-cost culture medium for biotechnological processes, such as the production of biosurfactants. These compounds are amphipathic molecules synthesized by living cells and can be widely used in industries as pharmaceutical agents, for microbial-enhanced oil recovery, among others. Amongst these biosurfactants, surfactin, rhamnolipids, and mannosileritritol lipids show remarkable properties such as antimicrobial, biodegradability, demulsifying and emulsifying capacity. However, the high production cost restricts the massive biosurfactant applications. Therefore, this study aims to present the state of the art and challenges in the production of biosurfactants using cassava wastewater as an alternative culture medium.