Oxidation Process Research Articles

Degradation of Nile Blue by Photocatalytic, Ultrasonic, Fenton, and Fenton-like Oxidation Processes

The aim of this study is to investigate new catalytic systems for the degradation of a dye that has been classified as first-degree toxic pollutant. Advanced oxidation process such as photocatalytic oxidation, ultrasonic oxidation, Fenton, and Fenton-like constitute a promising technology for the treatment of wastewater containing organic compounds. Waste effluents from textile industries are a major source of water pollution. These wastewaters contain dyes, which have high toxicity and low biodegradability. In this study, degradation of Nile Blue (NB), an azo dye, was studied using the photocatalytic oxidation (TiO2 and silver-loaded TiO2 (Ag-TiO2) as catalyst), ultrasonic oxidation, Fenton (Fe(II)/H2O2), and Fenton-like (Cu(II)/H2O2, V(IV)/H2O2) processes. It was found that the photocatalytic degradation of NB increased with decreasing pH, and the degradation rate also increased in the presence of TiO2/UV compared to UV irradiation alone. In addition, Ag loading on TiO2 dramatically reduced the degradation time. The ultrasonic degradation of NB was also studied using different initial dye concentrations at different pH values and amplitudes. Concentrations of Fe(II), Cu(II), V(IV) and H2O2 on degradation ratio were investigated. It is found that Fe(II) ion is more effective than Cu(II) and V(IV) ions in the degradation of NB.

Methods for Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils In Vitro-A Review.

Essential oils (EOs) have been gaining popularity in the past decades among researchers due to their potential to replace conventional chemicals used in the fight against pests, pathogenic and spoilage microbes, and oxidation processes. EOs are complex mixtures with many chemical components, the content of which depends on many factors-not just the plant genus, species, or subspecies, but also chemotype, locality, climatic conditions, phase of vegetation, method of extraction, and others. Due to this fact, there is still much to study, with antimicrobial effect being one of the key properties of EOs. There are many methods that have been frequently used by researchers for in vitro evaluation; however, although the research has been going on for decades, an internationally accepted standard is still missing. Most of methods are based on time-proven standards used for the testing of antibiotics. Due to the specific properties of EOs and their components, such as volatility and hydrophobicity, many modifications of these standard procedures have been adopted. The aim of this review is to describe the most common methods and their modifications for the testing of antimicrobial properties of EOs and to point out the most controversial variables which can potentially affect results of the assays.

Microbial mechanisms for CO2 and CH4 emissions in Robinia pseudoacacia forests along a North–South transect in the Loess Plateau

Forest soil microbes play a crucial role in regulating atmospheric-soil carbon fluxes. Environmental heterogeneity across forest types and regions may lead to differences in soil CO2 and CH4 emissions. However, the microbial mechanisms underlying these emission variations are currently unclear. In this study, we measured CO2 and CH4 emissions of Robinia pseudoacacia forests along a north–south transect in the Loess Plateau. Using metagenomic sequencing, we investigated the structural and functional profiles of soil carbon cycling microbial communities. Results indicated that the forest CO2 emissions of Robinia pseudoacacia was significantly higher in the north region than in the south region, while the CH4 emission was oppositely. This is mainly attributed to changes in gene abundance driven by soil pH and moisture in participating carbon degradation and methane oxidation processes across different forest regions. The gene differences in carbon fixation processes between regions primarily stem from the Calvin cycle, where the abundance of rbcL, rbcS, and prkB genes dominates microbial carbon fixation in forest soils. Random forest models revealed key genes involved in predicting forest soil CO2 emissions, including SGA1 and amyA for starch decomposition, TYR for lignin decomposition, chitinase for chitin decomposition, and pectinesterase for pectin decomposition. Microbial functional characterization revealed that interregional differences in CH4 emissions during methane metabolism may originate from methane oxidation processes, and the associated gene abundances (glyA, ppc, and pmoB) were key genes for predicting CH4 emissions from forest soils. Our results provide new insights into the microbial mechanisms of CO2 and CH4 emissions from forest soils, which will be crucial for accurate prediction of the forest soil carbon cycle in the future.

Influence of long-term ecological reclamation on carbon and nitrogen cycling in soil aggregates: The role of bacterial community structure and function

Understanding the influence of microbial taxa and functions on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling, particularly concerning soil aggregate sizes, is crucial for ecosystem management. This study examines the taxonomic and functional dynamics of soil bacterial communities within different aggregate sizes over time. Soil samples from a reclamation forest on the Loess Plateau in North China were collected across reclamation ages of 0, 3, 18, and 28 years. Soil aggregates were categorized into large macro-aggregates (>2000 μm), small macro-aggregates (250–2000 μm), and micro-aggregates (<250 μm) using a modified dry-sieving method. Soil aggregate stability, C and N concentrations, newly derived plant C, enzyme activities, bacterial communities, and functional genes in each aggregate fraction were systematically analyzed. There was a notable increase in soil aggregate stability and a higher proportion of large aggregates was found with increasing forest age. There were significant differences in bacterial community structures, particularly between micro-aggregates and large macro-aggregates and across different forest ages. Reclamation led to an increased abundance of copiotrophic bacterial taxa. Decreases in N-acquiring enzyme activity in micro-aggregates were contrasted by an increase in C, N, and phosphorus (P) acquisition activities in larger aggregates over time. Larger aggregates showed a faster recovery of C and N cycling genes accompanied by a significant enhancement in acetyl-CoA and ammonia oxidation processes, underscoring their importance in soil nutrient cycling. These results highlight the critical role of aggregate size in shaping microbial community structures and functions that influence soil C and N cycling during reclamation and provide new perspectives highlighting the significance of incorporating aggregate size considerations into soil management and reclamation strategies.

Enhancing catalytic oxidation of benzene with Cu-Doped MnO2: Insights into structural defects and electronic modifications

The present research focuses on the role of copper (Cu) doping in enhancing the catalytic efficacy of manganese dioxide (α-MnO2) for benzene oxidation, a representative volatile organic compound (VOC). Despite the abundance and low cost of MnO2, its pristine form requires improvement for industrial VOC oxidation processes. Utilizing a range of characterization methods, the study reveals that Cu doping generates oxygen vacancies and increases the Mn3+ content within the catalyst structure, which are crucial for enhancing the adsorption and activation of reactants. The findings indicate that Cu-doped α-MnO2 exhibits superior catalytic activity and lower activation energy for benzene oxidation compared to the undoped counterpart. The electronic interactions induced by the doping of Cu and the effect on the catalytic process are demonstrated and discussed in depth. This work emphasizes the strategic importance of dopant optimization and contributes to the advancement of MnO2-based catalysts for environmental remediation, aligning with goals of environmental protection and human health safety.

Biocompatibility analysis of titanium bone wedges coated by antibacterial ceramic-polymer layer

This paper presents the surface treatment results of titanium, veterinary bone wedges. The functional coating is composed of a porous oxide layer (formed by a plasma electrolytic oxidation process) and a polymer poly(sebacic anhydride) (PSBA) layer loaded with amoxicillin (formed by dip coatings). The coatings were porous and composed of Ca (4.16%-6.54%) and P (7.64%-9.89% determined by scanning electron microscopy with EDX) in the upper part of the implant. The titanium bone wedges were hydrophilic (54° water contact angle) and rough (surface area (Sa):1.16 μm) The surface tension determined using diiodomethane was 68.6 ± 2.0° for the anodized implant and was similar for hybrid coatings: 60.7 ± 2.2°. 12.87 ± 0.91 µg/mL of amoxicillin was released from the implants during the first 30 min after immersion in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. This concentration was enough to inhibit the Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228 growth. The obtained inhibition zones were between 27.3 ± 2.1 mm–30.7 ± 0.6 mm when implant extract after 1 h or 4 h immersion in PBS was collected. Various implant biocompatibility analyses were performed under in vivo conditions, including pyrogen test (3 rabbits), intracutaneous reactivity (3 rabbits, 5 places by side), acute systemic toxicity (20 house mice), and local lymph node assay (LLNA) (20 house mice). The extracts from implants were collected in polar and non-polar solutions, and the tests were conducted according to ISO 10993 standards. The results from the in vivo tests showed, that the implant’s extracts are not toxic (mass body change below 5%), not sensitizing (SI < 1.6), and do not show the pyrogen effect (changes in the temperature 0.15ºC). The biocompatibility tests were performed in a certificated laboratory with a good laboratory practice certificate after all the necessary permissions.

Insight into the Rate-Determining Step in Photocatalytic Z-Scheme Overall Water Splitting by Employing A Series of Perovskite RTaON2 (R = Pr, Nd, Sm, and Gd) as Model Photocatalysts.

Photocatalysis is an intricate process that involves a multitude of physical and chemical factors operating across diverse temporal and spatial scales. Identifying the dominant factors that influence photocatalyst performance is one of the central challenges in the field. Here, we synthesized a series of perovskite RTaON2 semiconductors with different A-site rare earth atoms (R = Pr, Nd, Sm, and Gd) as model photocatalysts to discuss the influence of the A-site modulation on their local structures as well as both physical and chemical properties and to get insight into the rate-determining step in photocatalytic Z-scheme overall water splitting (OWS). It is interesting to find that, with a decreasing ionic radius of the A-site cations, the RTaON2 compounds exhibit continuous blue shift of light absorption and a concomitant reduction in the lifetime of photogenerated carriers, revealing a significant influence of A-site atoms on the light absorption and charge separation processes. On the other hand, the A-site atomic substitution was revealed to significantly modulate the valence band positions as well as surface oxidation kinetics. By employing the Pt-modified RTaON2 as H2-evolving photocatalysts, the activity of photocatalytic Z-scheme OWS for hydrogen production on them is found to be determined by its surface oxidation process instead of light absorption or charge separation. Our results give the first experimental demonstration of the rate-determining step during the photocatalytic Z-scheme OWS processes, as should be instructive for the design and development of other efficient solar-to-chemical energy conversion systems.

Temperature-Dependent Oxidation Behavior of Silicon Carbide Surface: Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

The high-temperature oxidation mechanism of silicon carbide (SiC) is crucial for designing thermal protection systems in aircraft. This study explored the oxidative chemical reaction processes and mechanism on SiC surface and interfaces within the temperature range of 300-2300 K by using reactive molecular dynamics simulation. The oxygen impact on the silica (SiOx) growth of the SiC surface was analyzed, which shows a progressive increase of silica thickness. The simulation results indicated that the oxidation process of SiC was a typical passive oxidation mechanism. With the environmental temperature rising and oxygen impact, the increase of oxidation thickness on the SiC surface undergoes three oxidizing reaction processes: little chemical adsorption of oxygen molecules on the initial surface, rapid oxidation of silicon and carbon, and dramatic oxidation of the interface between the oxidation layer and SiC. Additionally, this work studied the mechanism of oxidation thickness growth and chemical diffusion of oxygen. The oxidation rate is weakened according to the oxygen atom diffusion barrier effect of silica repulsion. Moreover, the kinetic parameters were statistically calculated by fitting the growth of Si-O bonds and their reaction rate constants. Subsequently, the activation energy and pre-exponential factors were derived by using the Arrhenius equation to model the chemical reaction kinetics of the thermal oxidation process. The chemical reaction behaviors of the two stages could be concluded as follows: (i) in stage I, the initial oxidation is reaction rate limiting; (ii) in stage II, SiC oxidation is limited by both the oxidation reaction rate and the oxygen diffusion coefficient of the oxidation layer. The activation energy of stage II increased compared with stage I due to the oxygen atoms diffusion barrier between the oxidation layers. This study on the oxidation and ablation mechanism of the SiC surface at the atomic scale would provide insight into understanding thermal oxidation behavior and the design of ceramic materials.

High-fidelity propionaldehyde functionalized Poly(ethylene glycol): Synthesis and applications

An economical and efficient approach for synthesizing high-fidelity PEGn-Alds through a substitution and oxidation process has been developed, providing a new pathway for obtaining high-purity PEGn-Alds, particularly addressing the issue of peroxidation and breakage of PEG main chains in the oxidation step. The synthesis of a series of high-fidelity PEGn-Alds with different functional groups or topological structures further proves the versatility of this new method. Additionally, PEGn-Alds also exhibit good biocompatibility, and potential ability to modify peptides and self-assembly to micelles, this lays a foundation for synthesizing high-quality drugs and developing novel therapeutics.

Oxygen vacancies engineering in Mn3O4 for regulating peroxymonosulfate activation and efficient bisphenol A degradation

In this work, oxygen vacancies (VO)-rich Mn3O4 was synthesized via changing reactive solvent. The effects of VO amount on PMS activation mechanism and bisphenol A (BPA) degradation were explored. Introduction of moderate amount of VO in Mn3O4 facilitated charge transfer and the exposure of surface Mn3+ species, which could oxidize BPA. Meanwhile, VO content could affect the PMS adsorption and activation modes. PMS adsorbed on bridged Mn-Mn sites in Mn3O4-x with more VO was likely to extract electrons from BPA to oxidize it directly. SO4•–, •OH, and 1O2 made negligible contributions to BPA degradation due to the presence of these two oxidation processes, but they were effective in the VO-free Mn3O4 system. Mn3O4-x/PMS system had good anti-interference ability in the degradation of BPA in complicated matrixes. The normalization kinetic constant was 103.2 min−1 M−1, which was 8.3 times higher than that of VO-free Mn3O4. The good catalytic activity (BPA = 20 ppm, with a removal ratio of above 90.0% in 180 min) in the continuous-flow experiment further revealed the potential of Mn3O4-x/PMS in practical wastewater applications. This study provides a new method to regulate the amount of VO in Mn3O4 and presents deep insights into the influence of VO on PMS activation.

Kinetic research of red mud waste oxidative pyrolysis and comparison under different atmospheres

Red mud, as a solid waste with high alkalinity, had a detrimental impact on the environment and required urgent attention. Currently, the mass processing and consumption of red mud were typically conducted under thermal conditions, so it was essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of the oxidative pyrolysis process. The thermogravimetric experiments were conducted at multiple heating rates in air and exhibited three obvious stages. The activation energy and reaction mechanism of three oxidative pyrolysis stages were explored using model-free and model-fitting methods, revealing the activation energies of 162.2, 265.8, 214.1 kJ/mol and the most suitable reaction mechanisms of g(α)=[-ln(1-α)]³, g(α)=1-(1-α)1/⁴, g(α)=[-ln(1-α)]1/2 for each stage, respectively. Furthermore, the estimated kinetic parameters and reaction mechanisms were applied to extra heating rate to verify the accuracy. More important, the effect of air on the pyrolysis process of red mud was examined by comparing the results with those obtained from pure nitrogen pyrolysis. The obtained oxidative pyrolysis characteristics of red mud could provide valuable insights of its co-pyrolysis or combustion for resources recycling.

Voltage-Driven Molecular Photoelectrocatalysis of Water Oxidation.

Molecular photocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis have been widely used to conduct oxidation-reduction processes ranging from fuel generation to electroorganic synthesis. We recently showed that an electrostatic potential drop across the double layer contributes to the driving force for electron transfer (ET) between a dissolved reactant and a molecular catalyst immobilized directly on the electrode surface. In this article, we report voltage-driven molecular photoelectrocatalysis with a prevalent homogeneous water oxidation catalyst, (bpy)Cu (II), which was covalently attached to the carbon surface and exhibited photocatalytic activity. The strong potential dependence of the photooxidation current suggests that the electrostatic potential drop across the double layer contributes to the driving force for ET between a water molecule and the excited state of surface-bound (bpy)Cu (II). Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to analyze the products and determine the faradaic efficiencies for the generation of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Unlike electrocatalytic water oxidation by (bpy)Cu (II) in the dark, which produces only O2, the voltage-driven photooxidation includes an additional 2e- pathway generating H2O2. DFT calculations show that the applied voltage and the presence of light can alter the activation energy for the rate-determining water nucleophilic attack steps, thereby increasing the reaction rate of photo-oxidation of water and opening the 2e- pathway. These results suggest a new route for designing next-generation hybrid molecular photo(electro)catalysts for water oxidation and other processes.

Advancing Nanopulsed Plasma Bubbles for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Water: From Lab to Pilot Scale

The transition from lab-scale studies to pilot-scale applications is a critical step in advancing water remediation technologies. While laboratory experiments provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms and method effectiveness, pilot-scale studies are essential for evaluating their practical feasibility and scalability. This progression addresses challenges related to operational conditions, effectiveness and energy requirements in real-world scenarios. In this study, the potential of nanopulsed plasma bubbles, when scaled up from a lab environment, was explored by investigating critical experimental parameters, such as plasma gas, pulse voltage, and pulse repetition rate, while also analyzing plasma-treated water composition. To validate the broad effectiveness of this method, various classes of highly toxic organic pollutants were examined in terms of pollutant degradation efficiency and energy requirements. The pilot-scale plasma bubble reactor generated a high concentration of short-lived reactive species with minimal production of long-lived species. Additionally, successful degradation of all pollutants was achieved in both lab- and pilot-scale setups, with even lower electrical energy-per-order (EEO) values at the pilot scale, 2–3 orders of magnitude lower compared to other advanced oxidation processes. This study aimed to bridge the gap between lab-scale plasma bubbles and upscaled systems, supporting the rapid, effective, and energy-efficient destruction of organic pollutants in water.

Engineered biochar for advanced oxidation process towards tetracycline degradation: Role of iron and graphitic structure

The excessive accumulation of tetracycline (TC) presents significant challenges to both human health and the ecological environment. This study explores the impact of Fe-loaded sawdust graphitic carbon (engineered biochar) on TC degradation in water, utilizing an advanced oxidation process facilitated by H2O2 activation. The investigation encompasses an examination of the structural characteristics of Fe-loaded sawdust graphitic carbon and an in-depth analysis of its catalytic degradation mechanism concerning TC. Density functional theory (DFT) was utilized to construct an adsorptive degradation system for TC in water, thereby scrutinizing the optimal treatment process for TC. The findings highlight that Fe-loaded biochar exhibits not only a substantial pore structure but also inherent defects and a graphitic structure. The porous configuration enhances the TC adsorption capacity of the biochar system, while the graphitic structure bolsters the stability of the carbon framework, ensuring efficient charge transfer via the carbon defects. The activation effect of Fe(III) on H2O2 into ·O2- is dependent on its specific location within the carbon structure. In the presence of 5 mmol H2O2, Fe-loaded biochar achieves a nearly 100 % degradation rate of TC, with its degradation proficiency minimally influenced by varying pH conditions.

Critical trigger of self-assembled bimetallic Fe/Mn-MOF with SnS2 heterojunctions by persulfate activation for efficient tetracyclines photodegradation

Developing advanced strategies, including exposing active site centers, regulating coordination environments, controlling crystallographic facets, optimizing electronic structures and constructing defects for enhancing photocatalytic performance is of great significance to improving the ecosystem. In this study, a novel self-assembled bimetallic Fe/Mn-MOF with SnS2 Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst was designed using a facile multistep solvothermal method. Benefiting from the interfacial heterojunction synergistic effect, the photocatalysts exhibited an outstanding catalytic performance. Nearly 91.4% efficiency of tetracyclines was degraded within 80 min through the assistance of a persulfate-based advanced oxidation process. DFT calculations utilizing the Fukui index identified the sites vulnerable to attack by the active species. As demonstrated by the trapping experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR), the involved oxygen-active species (•O2− and 1O2) facilitated the rapid degradation of tetracycline. The degradation pathways were further guided in the elucidation of the rationale mechanism and the toxicity of derived intermediates was revealed. This work opens a new strategy for the rational design of bimetallic photocatalysts, emphasizing interface-modulated heterojunctions for efficient solar energy conversion.

Performance Modeling of the Fenton Process Used as a Single Unit for Treating Raw Textile Effluent

This study investigates the direct application of the Fenton Oxidation Process (FOP) to untreated textile wastewater, specifically from a woven fabric production facility. Under optimized conditions (pH 3, 0.7 g/L Fe+2, 2 mM H2O2), the process achieved significant removal efficiencies: 81% Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), 80% Suspended Solids (SS), and 93% color removal. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and NARX-ANN were utilized in Matlab R2020a to model FOP performance, employing Levenberg-Marquardt (trainlm) and Scaled Conjugate Gradient (trainscg) algorithms. With a 9-20-3 network topology, the ANN model demonstrated superior predictive capability, achieving an R2 of 0.9843.

Persistent luminescent ZnAl-LDH nanosheets for all-weather degradation of nitenpyram and tetracycline: Superoxide radical induction, life cycle analysis and engineering applications

Photocatalysts designed for all-weather applications, capable of efficient charge carrier separation, are set to transform the adoption of photocatalysis-driven advanced oxidation processes in wastewater management. In this investigation, an energy-storing ZnAl-LDH@SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ (SALDH) was synthesized successfully, optimized for the photocatalytic selective degradation of NTP and tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) under varying weather conditions, with 100 % degradation of both NTP and TC within 75 min. Remarkably, SALDH demonstrates energy storage capabilities that markedly reduce energy demands relative to traditional photocatalytic approaches. The primary reactive species identified were O2−, and the Fukui index, computed via density-functional theory (DFT), identified the specific interaction sites of O2− on NTP molecules. Utilizing the energy retention properties of SALDH, a novel, environmentally friendly device was engineered for processing organic pollutants in agricultural wastewater. This system harness the energy from solar radiation to induce the oxidation of pollutants. The experiments that were performed in the both artificially prepared lab-scale and actual agricultural WWT plants indicated the degradation efficiencies of 36 % and 37 %, respectively. As seen during the day, both SALDH and persulfate were capable of effectively decomposing organic contaminants; at night, the SA’s luminescence maintained the oxidative ability of ZnAl-LDH. Meanwhile, SALDH combines the corrosion resistance of ZnAl-LDH with good metal compatibility, enabling SALDH to effectively improve the photostability of long afterglow. This work contributes to the existing knowledge on the degradation of organic pollutants by efficient photocatalysts and points to possible implementations in water treatment processes.

External oxide layers formed by the oxidation procedure in FeMnSi and FeMnSiCr shape memory alloys and their effects

Shape memory alloys are exposed to high temperatures to improve their properties and functionality. Through this process, oxidation inevitably occurs due to the presence of oxygen in the environment, which interacts with the alloying elements. Oxidation adversely affects the hardness of alloys, leading to a decline in their overall quality. In this study, the oxidation behavior parameters of FeMnSi and FeMnSi-Cr alloys and the oxide layers formed during this process were investigated in Fe-based alloys with high usage potential. Both non-isothermal and isothermal oxidation processes were applied to alloys and the oxidation parameters were determined. Subsequently, the changes in the crystal structure, microstructure, and magnetic properties of the alloys subjected to isothermal oxidation at 400-500-600-700-800 °C were investigated. It was found that the oxidation behavior of both alloys intensified with rising oxidation temperatures, as evidenced by crystal structure and microstructural analyses, which indicated deeper penetration into the alloys at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, an increase in magnetization values was noted alongside the oxidation process. A comparison of the oxidation characteristics between FeMnSi and FeMnSi-Cr alloys revealed that the oxidation parameters for the chromium doped FeMnSi alloy were comparatively lower.

Biomimetic folding strategies for chemical synthesis of disulfide-bonded peptides and proteins.

Disulfide-bonded peptides and proteins, including hormones, toxins, growth factors, and others, are abundant in living organisms. These molecules play crucial physiological roles such as regulating cell and organism growth, development, and metabolism. They have also found widespread applications as drugs or tool molecules in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. However, the chemical synthesis of disulfide-bonded proteins is complicated by the challenges associated with their folding. This review focuses on the latest advancements in disulfide-bonded peptide and protein folding technologies. Particularly, it highlights biomimetic folding strategies that emulate the naturally occurring oxidative folding processes in nature. These strategies include chaperone-assisted folding, glycosylation-assisted folding, and organic-based oxidative folding methods. The review also anticipates future directions in folding technology. Such research offers innovative approaches for the chemical synthesis of complex proteins that are otherwise difficult-to-fold.

Sulfamethoxazole degradation pathways in wastewater treatment: Bayesian network-based approach for a meta-analysis of scientific papers.

Given the widespread presence of micropollutants in urban water systems, it is imperative to gain a comprehensive understanding of their degradation pathways. This paper focuses on sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as a model molecule due to its extensive study, aiming to elucidate its degradation pathways in biological (BIO) and oxidative (AOP) processes. Numerous reaction pathways are outlined in scientific papers. However, a significant deficiency in current methodologies has led to the development of a novel meta-analytical approach, seeking consensus among researchers by synthesizing data from studies characterized by their heterogeneity and contradictions. As an innovative alternative, probabilistic graphical models such as Bayesian networks (BNs) could illuminate the relationships and dependencies between various transformation products, providing a holistic view of the degradation process. Based on the analysis of an extensive bibliography gathering more than 45 articles for more than 140 molecules and 177 reaction pathways, this study proposes a meta-analysis methodology based on Bayesian networks.