Process Of Human Adaptation Research Articles

DAKWAH PADA MASYARAKAT PEDESAAN DALAM BINGKAI PSIKOLOGI DAN STRATEGI DAKWAH

Society is a group of people who live together in an area and form a region and form a system, both semi-closed, where the contractions that occur in it are individuals who are in the group. Psychology is the science that studies or investigates human or animal behavior as seen by birth. The flow of behaviorism focuses its attention on outward behavior, because it is considered as a description of inner feelings or the soul. While the flow of sociology defines psychology as science that studies the process of human adaptation to the natural surroundings of Da'wah that can be done in rural communities, namely the first, with the wisdom method, which is clear speech and is accompanied by propositions that reinforce the truth and eliminate doubts. Second, the oral method is a method through oral which is done in a way such as lectures, sermons, and others. Third, using the method of preaching is billati hiya ahsan is an approach that instills mutual respect between dai and mad'u. Fourth, by using the bil-hal method, it is da'wah with real deeds where the da'wah activities are carried out through role models and real charitable actions

FRANC: a unified framework for multi-way local ancestry deconvolution with high density SNP data

Abstract Several thousand genomes have been completed with millions of variants identified in the human deoxyribonucleic acid sequences. These genomic variations, especially those introduced by admixture, significantly contribute to a remarkable phenotypic variability with medical and/or evolutionary implications. Elucidating local ancestry estimates is necessary for a better understanding of genomic variation patterns throughout modern human evolution and adaptive processes, and consequences in human heredity and health. However, existing local ancestry deconvolution tools are accessible as individual scripts, each requiring input and producing output in its own complex format. This limits the user’s ability to retrieve local ancestry estimates. We introduce a unified framework for multi-way local ancestry inference, FRANC, integrating eight existing state-of-the-art local ancestry deconvolution tools. FRANC is an adaptable, expandable and portable tool that manipulates tool-specific inputs, deconvolutes ancestry and standardizes tool-specific results. To facilitate both medical and population genetics studies, FRANC requires convenient and easy to manipulate input files and allows users to choose output formats to ease their use in further potential local ancestry deconvolution applications.

Daylight affects human thermal perception

Understanding the factors that affect human thermal responses is necessary to properly design and operate low-energy buildings. It has been suggested that factors not related to the thermal environment can affect thermal responses of occupants, but these factors have not been integrated in thermal comfort models due to a lack of knowledge of indoor factor interactions. While some studies have investigated the effect of electric light on thermal responses, no study exists on the effect of daylight. This study presents the first controlled experimental investigation on the effect of daylight quantity on thermal responses, combining three levels of daylight illuminance (low ~130 lx, medium ~600 lx, and high ~1400 lx) with three temperature levels (19, 23, 27 °C). Subjective and objective thermal responses of 84 participants were collected through subjective ratings on thermal perception and physiological measurements, respectively. Results indicate that the quantity of daylight influences the thermal perception of people specifically resulting in a cross-modal effect, with a low daylight illuminance leading to a less comfortable and less acceptable thermal environment in cold conditions and to a more comfortable one in warm conditions. No effect on their physiological responses was observed. Moreover, it is hypothesised that a warm thermal environment could be tolerated more whenever daylight is present in the room, as compared to the same thermal condition in a room lit with electric lights. Findings further the understanding of factors affecting human thermal responses and thermal adaptation processes in indoor environments and are relevant for both research and practice. The findings suggest that daylight should be considered as a factor in thermal comfort models and in all thermal comfort investigations, as well as that thermal and daylight illuminance conditions should be tuned and changed through the operation and design strategy of the building to guarantee its occupants’ thermal comfort in existing and future structures.

Human adaptation to biodiversity change: An adaptation process approach applied to a case study from southern India

Adaptation to environmental change, including biodiversity change, is both a new imperative in the face of global climate change and the oldest problem in human history. Humans have evolved a wide range of adaptation strategies in response to localised environmental changes, which have contributed strongly to both biological and cultural diversity. The evolving set of locally driven, ‘bottom-up’ responses to environmental change is collectively termed ‘autonomous adaptation,’ while its obverse, ‘planned adaptation,’ refers to ‘top-down’ (from without, e.g. State-driven) responses. After reviewing the dominant vulnerability, risk, and pathway approaches to adaptation, this paper applies an alternative framework for understanding human adaptation processes and responding more robustly to future adaptation needs. This adaptation processes-to-pathways framework is then deployed to consider human responses to biodiversity change caused by an aggressive ‘invasive’ plant, Lantana camara L., in several agri-forest communities of southern India. The results show that a variety of adaptation processes are developing to make Lantana less disruptive and more useable—from avoidance through mobility strategies to utilizing the plant for economic diversification. However, there is currently no clear synergy or policy support to connect them to a successful long-term adaptation pathway. These results are evaluated in relation to broader trends in adaptation analysis and governance to suggest ways of improving our understanding and support for human adaptation to biodiversity change at the household, community, and regional livelisystem levels, especially in societies highly dependent on local biodiversity for their livelihoods.

Extreme natural and man-made events and human adaptive responses mediated by information and communication technologies' use: A systematic literature review

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are nowadays an interactive means through which humans respond to potentially stressful extreme events (e.g., natural or technological disasters). Despite growing research and reviews on ICTs' role, these often follow an event-specific approach, describing how or what people respond without explaining why they respond as they do, limiting a broader comprehension of human adaptation processes. Therefore, a systematic literature review on natural and man-made extreme events sought to identify: how people respond during extreme events through ICTs devices/platforms use, what ICTs-mediated responses take place during these, and why they respond in the way they do (i.e., the responses' adaptive functions).A database search identified 60 articles through three inclusion criteria: (1) report of events deviating in socio-physical parameters from “normal” circumstances; (2) type of ICTs devices/platforms used; and (3) longitudinal data collection method. A theory-driven content analysis showed that different ICT platforms may be used for different adaptive functions with a predominant function of allowing coordinating an individual's actions with the contingencies in the environment, through approach (e.g., problem solving) and avoidance (e.g., escape) ways of coping. ICTs seemingly are an important data source and means in enabling socio-physical systems to effectively respond to extreme events. PROSPERO CRD42016042455.

Cambios políticos, sociales y económicos en relación a la pesca y extracción del guano en la costa de Arica y Tarapacá: siglos XVI a inicios del XIX

The littoral of the Atacama Desert (North of Chile, South America) has been a source of energy and an environment relevant to the social life of prehistoric and colonial populations. Fish and other seafood were key products in the human diet. Moreover, guano (a natural fertilizer of marine origin) was also crucial for agricultural development and economic and symbolic interchanges. Hunting and collecting seafood encouraged the use of technologies and tools. These activities are reflected in the existence of complex political organizations and cultural development. Access to marine resources depended on global or imperial political changes occurring in the Andean and American social landscape. This article offers an overview based on historical sources related to the transformations in the marine economic exploitation from the Tawantinsuyu (Inca rule) to late colonial times and the early nineteenth-century. This article analyses, from an ethnohistorical point of view, the process of human adaptation, as well the relationship of power that were part of the extraction activities in the marine landscape.

There and back again: Adaptation after repeated rule changes of the game

Rule changes have offered a natural experimental setting in the sports environment and beyond for many years. However, an understanding of human behavioural adaptation processes after repeated rule changes is missing from the extant literature. The NBA offers a unique setting in which the three-point line was moved (shortened) for a period of three seasons (1994–95 to 1996–97) and then returned (lengthened) to its original position (pre 1994–95). We are therefore not only able to explore the behavioural changes after reducing distance restrictions but also how players re-adapt to the original, more difficult condition. Using a dataset of almost 700,000 player-game level observations we find that (on average) players instantaneously adjust to rule changes. Good scorers and younger players take particular advantage of the situation. On the other hand, older players decrease their 3-point attempt ratio and do not readjust after a return to the original distance. Positive feedback regarding 3-point efficiency encourages players to try more shots while efficiency gains in 2-point shots reduces this incentive, indicating that players may follow the heuristic of “win-stay”. Finally, making 3-point shots easier for a couple of seasons has positive externalities on efficiency that last more than a decade after the re-adjustment of the distance.

INTERETHNIC RELATIONSHIP AND SOCIAL HARMONY: SOCIAL INTERACTION BETWEEN MADURESE AND OTHER ETHNICS IN SUMENEP REGENCY

Indonesia is a multiethnic nation that has various physical characteristic and culture. Each ethnic has its own characteristic, the skin color, langguage, art, custom, social structurem and cultureThese variousity of human and culture is a form of human adaptation process into the different environment as the result of the wide archipelago area. In the process of a country development, since the independence era until today, it seems that one particular ethnic has a different development level to the other. In fact, today there is a high tendency of discrepancy among ethnics, whether it is the aspect of economy, social, technology, politic, or culture. This discrepency has an implicatioin of horizontal conflict trigerred by the jelousy regarding the matter of economy, social, culture. The ethnic of madura is one of some ethnics in Indonesia with a high rate of migration. They live in several area of Indonesia, particularly Java, Sumatera, and Kalimantan. Due to the natural resources limitation in madura, about 70 % Madurese live and reside the Madura island (Djojomartono, 1985). They work in various sector, particularly the informal sectors, services, and fisherman. This article is based on research focused on interethnic relationship and social harmony: social interaction between Madurese and other ethnics in Sumenep regency.

장애인생활체육지도자의 현장경험과 갈등

In order to create an environment in which sports for all instructors of the disabled can perform their profession adequately with dedication and professionalism, it is necessary to deepen our understanding of the variety of different situations they face every day. The system and policy measures for realistic professional improvement can be derived if we investigate how the sports for all instructors of the disabled may grow up through trials and errors in the area of principle, knowledge, membership management, administrative affairs, difficulty in human relations and adaptation process, and what role they play in the process. Towards this end, semi-structured interviewing method was used mainly as a data collection method and the data collected as such were then analyzed through a qualitative research method. Seven sports for all instructors of the disabled who have been practicing in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Chungnam for more than 3 years participated in the study. According to the analysis results of the field experiences and difficulties of the sports for all instructors of the disabled, the main difficulties they face were ‘experience and adaptation’, ‘difficult business reality’,‘lack of communication’, ‘calling (vocation)’, and ‘lost passion, and concerns about career transition’.

ANALISIS PHYTOLITH DAN STARCH UNTUK STUDI ARKEOLOGI LINGKUNGAN

Environmental issues in archaeology have become a very interesting theme to be researches. Those theme relates to landscapes, environmental changes, site formation and human adaptation processes. Faunal ecofact and artifact are commonly used as research data nowdays. Analysis of plants residu are less common because of the scarcity of those remains in the archaeological sites,especially prehistory. This paper attempts to explain some possible uses of microscopic plant residua analysis in the form of phytolith and starch for environmental studies. The method used in this paper is literature study on microbotani as well as imitation experiments by combining several methods ever undertaken by previous researchers. This study shows that the plants remains , especially the microbotany form of phytolith and starch provide significant information about the types of plants in the pass, environmental changes and their utilization by humans.

Large-scale sequence analysis reveals novel human-adaptive markers in PB2 segment of seasonal influenza A viruses

To elucidate the adaptive strategies of influenza A viruses (IAVs) to human, we proposed a computational approach to identify human-adaptive mutations in seasonal IAVs, which have not been analyzed comprehensively. We compared representative PB2 sequences of 1425 avian IAVs and 2176 human IAVs and identified a total of 42 human-adaptive markers, including 28 and 31 markers in PB2 proteins of seasonal viruses H1N1 and H3N2, respectively. Notably, this comprehensive list encompasses almost all the markers identified in prior computational studies and 21 novel markers including an experimentally verified mutation K526R, suggesting the predictive power of our method. The strength of our analysis derives from the enormous amount of recently available sequences as well as the recognition that human-adaptive mutations are not necessarily conserved across subtypes. We also utilized mutual information to profile the inter-residue coevolution in PB2 protein. A total of 35 and 46 coevolving site pairs are identified in H1N1 and H3N2, respectively. Interestingly, 13 out of the 28 (46.4%) identified markers in H1N1 and 16 out of the 31 (51.6%) in H3N2 are embraced in the coevolving pairs. Many of them are paired with well-characterized human-adaptive mutations, indicating potential epistatic effect of these coevolving residues in human adaptation. Additionally, we reconstructed the PB2 evolutionary history of seasonal IAVs and demonstrated the distinct adaptive pathway of PB2 segment after reassortment from H1 to H3 lineage. Our study may provide clues for further experimental validation of human-adaptive mutations and shed light on the human adaptation process of seasonal IAVs.

НЕЙРОТЕОЛОГИЯ: РЕЛИГИЯ В ФОКУСЕ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ КУЛЬТУРНОЙ НЕЙРОНАУКИ

The paper ponders over the phenomenon of religion from the standpoint of the modern neuroscience progress. The author claims that the emergence and expansion of different religions, as well as religious activity, has happened due to external (social and cultural) and internal (neurobiological) reasons. The results of neuroscience research testify to the ontogenetic sources and foundations of religion flourishing in a certain socio-cultural atmosphere. When social item grows, religion gains greater capacity to carry further expansion out. Within the society, religion plays an effective role of socialization, being the gluing factor and regulator of social relations. From the standpoint of social psychology and cultural neuroscience, the emergence of religion is conceived as the result of the process of human adaptation to the environment in which both neurophysiologic and socio-cultural factors are intertwined. The main reason is that the chances to survive of an individual in an environment that harbors a host of dangers increase significantly if he or she is a member of a particular social group and, therefore, can count upon help of its members in difficult situations...

Mid to Late Holocene Population Trends, Culture Change and Marine Resource Intensification in Western Alaska

The goal of this project is to understand the influence of population size on human adaptation processes and culture change during the Mid to Late Holocene in Western Alaska. We use a database of 1180 radiocarbon dates ranging from 6000 to 1000 14C years BP and drawn from 805 archaeological components in Alaska to construct a proxy record for relative change in regional and Alaskan metapopulation sizes over time. Our analysis indicates that a major population crash coincided with the disappearance of the Arctic Small Tool tradition (ASTt) and the subsequent emergence of the Norton tradition. The ASTt population began to decline around 3600 cal BP, and by 3500 cal BP it had disappeared almost completely from northern tundra habitats, though it persisted in coastal areas in Northwest and Southwest Alaska for another 500 years. The reduction in human population across Alaska after 3600 cal BP appears linked to a reduced carrying capacity that was perhaps driven by a caribou population crash. Such a shock would have increased population pressure and fostered increased reliance on marine resources, precipitating cultural changes associated with an increasingly complex maritime economy. The sharp decline in ASTt population size reduced the number of cultural role models for this population, resulting in the loss of some of the tradition’s characteristic cultural traits, while the influence of neighboring populations in southern Alaska and across the Bering Strait apparently increased, counteracting this attrition of cultural traits. Holistic explanations of the ASTt-Norton transition must take into account population size, ecological adaptation, and cultural transmission processes, as is true for cultural change more generally.

Modulation of proteostasis counteracts oxidative stress and affects DNA base excision repair capacity in ATM-deficient cells.

Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a syndrome associated with loss of ATM protein function. Neurodegeneration and cancer predisposition, both hallmarks of A-T, are likely to emerge as a consequence of the persistent oxidative stress and DNA damage observed in this disease. Surprisingly however, despite these severe features, a lack of functional ATM is still compatible with early life, suggesting that adaptation mechanisms contributing to cell survival must be in place. Here we address this gap in our knowledge by analysing the process of human fibroblast adaptation to the lack of ATM. We identify profound rearrangement in cellular proteostasis occurring very early on after loss of ATM in order to counter protein damage originating from oxidative stress. Change in proteostasis, however, is not without repercussions. Modulating protein turnover in ATM-depleted cells also has an adverse effect on the DNA base excision repair pathway, the major DNA repair system that deals with oxidative DNA damage. As a consequence, the burden of unrepaired endogenous DNA lesions intensifies, progressively leading to genomic instability. Our study provides a glimpse at the cellular consequences of loss of ATM and highlights a previously overlooked role for proteostasis in maintaining cell survival in the absence of ATM function.

Exploring the dynamic process of human thermal adaptation: A study in teaching building

In light of growing concerns about climate change and energy conservation, the adaptive thermal comfort theory has become a research focus. However, to date, few about the dynamic process of human thermal adaptation has been explored. In this paper, we ask the question as to whether people accustomed to one indoor climate can readapt to another one? And what about the timescale and difficulty of thermal re-adaptation? A comparative study was conducted in China where wintertime indoor thermal environments remarkably varied between the northern region (with pervasive district heating) and southern region (without district heating). Four college student groups were surveyed in teaching buildings and over 2000 valid responses were collected. The results show that occupants’ subjective thermal comfort perception is strongly influenced by their previous thermal experience. People accustomed to indoor climate excellence are able to readapt themselves to environments with lesser quality, however, the adapting process may take some time. The effort of this study shed some light on the dynamic process of human thermal adaptation, which is helpful to shape the future indoor climate.

Un modelo explicativo de la adaptación subacuática

The underwater environment is an extreme environment that requires a process of human adaptation with specific psychophysiological demands to ensure survival and productive activity. From the standpoint of existing models of intelligence, personality and performance, in this explanatory study we have analyzed the contribution of individual differences in explaining the adaptation of military personnel in a stressful environment. Structural equation analysis was employed to verify a model representing the direct effects of psychological variables on individual adaptation to an adverse environment, and we have been able to confirm, during basic military diving courses, the structural relationships among these variables and their ability to predict a third of the variance of a criterion that has been studied very little to date. In this way, we have confirmed in a sample of professionals (<em>N</em> = 575) the direct relationship of emotional adjustment, conscientiousness and general mental ability with underwater adaptation, as well as the inverse relationship of emotional reactivity. These constructs are the psychological basis for working under water, contributing to an improved adaptation to this environment and promoting risk prevention and safety in diving activities.

ECOLOGICAL DIMENSION OF CULTURE OF INDIGENOUS MINOROTIES IN RUSSIAN ARCTIC AREA

In the article, there have been analyzed the basic principles of contemporary science in study of the problem of culture code stability of the northern indigenous minorities which development was strongly influenced by the factors like nature and climate, namely by extreme conditions of human life and activity. This problem is important today as preservation of culture of the northern indigenous small ethnic communities and in fact their preservation as social, and cultural phenomena of the human civilization is of an ethic, scientific and practical interest. The authors proceeded from the assumption that the spiritual and material life of these minorities was based on the principles of "the ecological imperative" (the term is offered by the Academician N. N. Moiseev for designation of ethic content of human-nature interactions at the stage when the ecological crisis threatens the mankind). The authors have proposed to understand the reasons for sustainability of all the spheres of the minorities life under growing pressure of the external civilization by using an analysis of different culture phenomena, which are similar among the ethnic groups living independently on the vast territories and have no opportunity to communicate. That kind of culture "texts" reveals the process of human adaptation not only to the survival but also to the full value life under the conditions that are severe for representatives of other cultures.

Impedance control: Learning stability in human sensorimotor control.

The human sensorimotor control system generates movement by adapting and controlling the mechanics of the musculoskeletal system. To generate skilful movements the sensorimotor control system must be able to predict and compensate for any disturbances generated either in our own body or in the external environment. While stable and repeatable perturbations can be easily adapted through iterative learning, instability and unpredictability require a different approach: impedance control. Here I outline the arguments for impedance control as a fundamental process of human adaptation as well as describe evidence suggesting the manner in which such impedance can be learned in order to ensure the stability of the neuro-mechanical system.

Mobility of early islanders in the Philippines during the Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene boundary: pXRF-analysis of obsidian artefacts

The Philippine archipelago spans over two distinct biogeographic zones, Sundaland and Wallacea. We report in this paper on finds from Ilin Island just off the coast of SW-Mindoro, and El Nido in Northern Palawan. While the island of Palawan is linked to Sundaland, Mindoro and Ilin Island belong to Wallacea, east of Huxley's Line. Ongoing archaeological investigations at Bubog 1 Rockshelter on Ilin Island and Ille Cave & Rockshelter in northern Palawan, delivered obsidian artefacts, found in Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene layers. PXRF analysis of the obsidian samples from Mindoro and Palawan shows that they were coming from the same, yet unknown source. They clearly indicate that the two distinct paleogeographical regions were linked to each other, suggesting human interaction and maritime networks as early as ca. 12ka BP. The results of this study contribute substantially to our understanding of the mobility of early islanders during the Terminal Pleistocene and the processes of human island adaptation and enhance our current knowledge of subsistence strategies across the region.

The objective function of human adaptation: Developing the ideas of Vsevolod I. Medvedev

The article is aimed at further developing V.I. Medvedev’s ideas about the specific character of human adaptation processes described in his monograph Adaptatsiya cheloveka (Human Adaptation) (St. Petersburg: Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003). The key point is the statement that “human adaptation is a process ensuring the attainment of a particular objective.” The article elucidates and develops this statement on the basis of a cross-disciplinary approach to the problem of adaptation (including biological, psychological, and social adaptation) and the results of a number of empirical researches.