Habituation Process Research Articles

Character-based Prophetic Education in Pondok Pesantren Wali Songo Ponorogo Indonesia

Pondok pesantren as an Islamic educational institution is unique in imparting character education. The character education takes place in accordance with Islamic teachings exemplified by Prophet Muhammad SAW. The formation of pesantren culture based on prophetic values is imperative for an effective character education. Prophetic-based character education in pesantren is conducted through intervention and habituation processes. The process of intervention is implemented and developed through various structured learning activities carried out within pesantren boarding schools. The process of habituation on the other hand is created and developed through various situations and conditions accompanied by enforcement that enable santri (students) to apply prophetic values in their daily activities – an important element for shaping their character.
 Keywords: pondok pesantren, character education, santri, Prophetic

Serial and strategic memory processes in goal-directed selective remembering

People often rely on habitual, serial processing when presented with to-be-learned information. We tested how strategic processing can override more bottom-up, serial processes when remembering information by having participants study a list of word triads (e.g., “dollar phone pizza”). Participants' goal was manipulated by maximizing either (i) their recall for each of the studied words or (ii) their total score associated with recalling certain words in each triad that were more valuable (worth more points) to engage either serial or strategic processing and retrieval mechanisms. Results revealed that when learners were told to maximize their total recall, they frequently engaged in serial remembering—remembering guided by an item's location within the study phase (i.e., words were retrieved according to a habitual reading bias). However, when words were paired with point values that counted towards participants' scores if recalled, participants were not only selective for high-value words but also attempted to overcome the tendency to engage in serial remembering; instead, they appeared to engage in strategic remembering whereby retrieval is guided by value. Thus, to maximize memory utility, it may be beneficial to override habitual processes and initiate retrieval with high-value words, and when making recall transitions, to recall high-value words together. Importantly, when certain to-be-remembered words were more valuable than their neighbors, participants still demonstrated some serial processing of the to-be-remembered words, indicating that even when engaging in strategic memory, some habitual processes can persist.

Factors influencing the water conservation desire and behavior intention of urban households: a survey study in Hangzhou, China

ABSTRACT Exploring the mediating role of water conservation desire between various factors and water conservation behavior intention helps to explore the formation mechanism of pro-environmental behavior intention. Drawing on the Model of Goal-directed Behavior and taking Hangzhou as a sample, we analyzed the influence of water conservation desire together with other factors on the water conservation behavior intention of Chinese urban households. Water conservation desire was proved to transmit the effects of other factors on water conservation behavior intention. This study showed that perceived behavior control and water conservation desire have the strongest effects on water conservation intention. Moreover, the emotional process was proved to be equally important as the motivational process for activating water conservation desire. This study provides valuable insights on how normative, emotional, and habitual processes relate to the urban household pro-environmental behavioral intentions.

Prenatal ethanol exposure impairs sensory processing and habituation to visual stimuli, effects normalized by enrichment of postnatal environmental.

Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) often show processing deficits in all sensory modalities. Using an operant light reinforcement model, we tested whether prenatal ethanol exposure (PE) alters operant responding to elicit a contingent sensory stimulus-light onset (turning on the light) and habituation to this behavior in rats. We also explored whether postnatal environmental enrichment could ameliorate PE-induced deficits. Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were gavaged twice/day with 0 or 3g/kg/treatment ethanol (15% w/v) during gestational days 8-20, mimicking second-trimester heavy PE in humans. The offspring were reared in a standard housing condition or an enriched condition. Adult male and female offspring underwent an operant light reinforcement experiment with either a short-access or a long-access procedure. A dishabituation test was also conducted to characterize the habituation process. In the short-access procedure, PE led to increased operant responding to the contingent light onset in both sexes reared in the standard housing condition. Such an effect was not observed in rats reared in enriched conditions due to an overall decrease in responding. Moreover, rats reared in enriched conditions showed greater short-term habituation. In the long access procedure, PE rats showed increased responding and impaired long-term habituation. The long-access procedure facilitated both short-term and long-term habituation in control and PE rats. Prenatal ethanol exposure increases responding to contingent light onset and impairs the long-term habituation process. The PE-induced deficits were ameliorated by rearing in the enriched environment and increasing the duration and frequency of exposure to light onset. The PE-induced effects are like increased sensation-seeking, a subtype of sensory-processing deficit that is often observed in individuals with FASD. Our findings could inform a suitable animal model for investigating the underlying mechanisms and possible intervention strategies for sensory deficits in FASD.

Targeting Anxiety to Improve Sleep Disturbance: A Randomized Clinical Trial of App-Based Mindfulness Training.

Sleep disturbance is experienced by nearly 20% of Americans and is highly comorbid with anxiety. Sleep disturbances may predict the development of anxiety disorders. Mindfulness training (MT) has shown efficacy for anxiety yet remains limited by in-person-based delivery. Digitally delivered MT may target habitual worry processes, yet its effects on sleep have not been studied. This study tested if app-based MT for anxiety could reduce worry and improve sleep and examined the underlying mechanisms. Individuals reporting worry interfering with sleep were randomized to treatment as usual (TAU; n = 40) or TAU + app-based MT (n = 40). Treatment-related changes in worry-related sleep disturbances (WRSDs), worry, nonreactivity, and anxiety were evaluated via self-report questionnaires at 1 and 2 months after treatment initiation. Fitbit devices were used to record total sleep time and estimate sleep efficiency. At 2 months, TAU received access to app-based MT, and both groups were reassessed at 4 months. In a modified intent-to-treat analysis, WRSD scores decreased by 27% in TAU + MT (n = 36) and 6% in TAU (n = 35) at 2 months (median [IQR] change = 11 [4.3] versus 15 [5.0], p = .001). These WRSD reductions were mediated by decreased worry, particularly improved nonreactivity (p values < .001). At 4 months, TAU reported a significant 29% reduction after beginning app-based MT at 2 months and TAU + MT maintained its gains. No significant between-group differences in average estimated total sleep time or sleep efficiency were found after 2 months of using the app. Few mindfulness-related apps have been evaluated for clinical efficacy and/or mechanism. Results from this study demonstrate a mechanistic link between MT and increased emotional nonreactivity, decreased worry, and reduction in reported sleep disturbances, suggesting that app-based MT may be a viable option to help individuals who report that worry interferes with their sleep.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03684057.

An increase in spontaneous activity mediates visual habituation.

SUMMARYThe cerebral cortex is spontaneously active, but the function of this ongoing activity remains unclear. To test whether spontaneous activity encodes learned experiences, we measured the response of neuronal populations in mouse primary visual cortex with chronic two-photon calcium imaging during visual habituation to a specific oriented stimulus. We find that, during habituation, spontaneous activity increases in neurons across the full range of orientation selectivity, eventually matching that of evoked levels. This increase in spontaneous activity robustly correlates with the degree of habituation. Moreover, boosting spontaneous activity with two-photon optogenetic stimulation to the levels of visually evoked activity accelerates habituation. Our study shows that cortical spontaneous activity is linked to habituation, and we propose that habituation unfolds by minimizing the difference between spontaneous and stimulus-evoked activity levels. We conclude that baseline spontaneous activity could gate incoming sensory information to the cortex based on the learned experience of the animal.

Impact of repeated military conflicts on civilian patterns of emergency medical services utilization: A retrospective cohort study.

To assess the impact of repeated rocket attacks on a civilian population during successive military conflicts on the patterns of emergency medical services (EMS) utilization. This retrospective cohort study (2008-2021) analyzed EMS data from one region of Israel characterized by intensive rocket attacks on a civilian population during four successive military conflicts. EMS activity for the periods prior to, during, and after the conflicts was compared. Data included call volume, type of calls ("medical illness," "motor vehicle collision (MVC)," and "other-injuries"), and level of response (advanced life support (ALS) or basic life support (BLS)). Compared to the Pre-Conflict period, there were statistically significant decreased volumes of calls during the 2008 (-20 percent), 2012 (-13 percent), and 2021 (-11 percent) military conflicts for "medical illness" and during the 2008 (-23 percent), 2012 (-30 percent), and 2021 (-31 percent) for "MVC." Decreases in calls for "medical illness" were accompanied by decreased ALS dispatches (-28, -33, and -18 percent for 2008, 2012, and 2021, respectively). The number of calls returned to preconflict values during the Post-Conflict periods. No change was evidenced in numbers of calls during the 2014 military conflict. Military conflicts involving a civilian population were usually found to be associated with lower numbers of calls for the categories of "medical illness" and "MVC." Less calls for "medical illness" were associated with fewer ALS dispatches. There was a rapid return of call volumes to preconflict levels shortly after a ceasefire was reached. The absence of change in calls during the 2014 conflict suggests involvement of habituation processes.

Predictors of the dependence on smartphones: the neglect of studies among Muslim students

PurposeThis study aims to posit the extended version of the technology acceptance model to explain the psychological factors of Muslim university students’ smartphone addictive behaviour and neglect of studies. In particular, this research conceptualised addictive behaviour as smartphone dependency and proposed process usage, flow, habitual smartphone behaviour and preference for online social interaction (POSI) as the associated factors. Besides, this study investigated the effect of smartphone dependency on the neglect of studies.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the quantitative research design, this research tested the proposed model using data collected from Muslim students’ smartphone users in Malaysia. The analyses were based on the partial least squares–structural equation modelling technique.FindingsThe results revealed that flow has the most significant influence on smartphone dependency. Habitual behaviour and process usage were also significant predictors, but POSI was not significantly associated with smartphone dependency. Also, smartphone dependency was significantly related to the neglect of studies.Research limitations/implicationsThis study provides empirical support to guide university management in preventing Muslim students’ over-dependence on smartphones. The Muslim community is synonymous with time management, where overdependence would diminish students’ religious and academic responsibilities. Such overdependence can cause neglect of studies; thus, the research findings can assist the university in introducing policies and campaigns that can educate students on the negative consequences of this pervasive digital addiction and ways to overcome them. This study contributes to the body of knowledge in understanding Muslim students coping mechanisms through smartphone usage.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by demonstrating the psychological factors of smartphone addiction and the resultant effect on the neglect of studies among Muslim university students.

Sensory over-responsivity and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Measuring habituation and sensitivity through self-report, physiological and behavioral indices

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may report Sensory Over Responsivity (SOR), but evidence for specific shared mechanism is limited. This study investigated a habituation–sensitivity mechanism in individuals with OCD (n = 30). Sensory habituation and sensitivity were compared with a neurotypical sample, divided to high (n = 30) and low (n = 30) obsessive-compulsive symptoms (HOCS and LOCS). Participants completed self-report sensory questionnaires and a physiological protocol measuring Electro Dermal Activity (EDA) while presenting aversive and neutral sounds in two conditions: Aversive stimuli followed by neutral stimuli (AVfirst), or neutral stimuli followed by aversive stimuli (NEfirst). In addition, participants could shorten the stimulus duration by pressing a key. LOCS differed from HOCS and OCD in most sensory self-report scores, with no significant difference between OCD and HOCS. HOCS had no significant differences in habituation patterns across conditions, while OCD had no differences in habituation patterns in AVfirst (p = .08) but significantly slower habituation patterns to the NEfirst neutral stimuli (p < .001). Condition order determined sensitivity for LOCS (AVfirst p = .017; NEfirst p = .045) but not for OCD and HOCS. HOCS and OCD shortened aversive stimuli by key pressing more than LOCS, with no significant difference between OCD and HOCS.The habituation process of individuals with OCD and HOCS was more influenced by stimulus type than by condition order, which might be due to a cognitive bias of prediction. Individuals with elevated OCS have difficulty relying upon sensory input to respond adaptively to the environment. This process can explain the avoidant behavior and complains of individuals with OCD not being able to ignore and to habituate to the sensory environment. These evidence warrants design of psychoeducation and intervention methods for relying on prior sensory information to improve functioning in individuals with OCD and SOR.

Family as An Educational Environment That Can Provide Science Education for Children with Special Needs

The purpose of this study was to determine the science education provided by families to students with special needs. We used qualitative research methods. The subjects in this study were families and students with special needs (students with visual impairment, hearing impairment, intellectual disabilities, physical impairment, and Down syndrome) in one of the special schools in Indonesia. The results showed that most families fully gave up the responsibility for providing science education to school teachers. In addition, they thought that learning science is very complicated because it relates to formulas and numbers, so they thought children with special needs unable to learn about science. Whereas science education is very broad because it deals with natural phenomenon that occurs in everyday life. Students with special needs learned easily through the habituation process.

Temporally dynamic neural correlates of drug cue reactivity, response inhibition, and methamphetamine-related response inhibition in people with methamphetamine use disorder

Cue-induced drug craving and disinhibition are two essential components of continued drug use and relapse in substance use disorders. While these phenomena develop and interact across time, the temporal dynamics of their underlying neural activity remain under-investigated. To explore these dynamics, an analysis of time-varying activation was applied to fMRI data from 62 men with methamphetamine use disorder in their first weeks of recovery in an abstinence-based treatment program. Using a mixed block-event, factorial cue-reactivity/Go-NoGo task and a sliding window across the task duration, dynamically-activated regions were identified in three linear mixed effects models (LMEs). Habituation to drug cues across time was observed in the superior temporal gyri, amygdalae, left hippocampus, and right precuneus, while response inhibition was associated with the sensitization of temporally-dynamic activations across many regions of the inhibitory frontoparietal network. Methamphetamine-related response inhibition was associated with temporally-dynamic activity in the parahippocampal gyri and right precuneus (corrected p-value < 0.001), which show a declining cue-reactivity contrast and an increasing response inhibition contrast. Overall, the declining craving-related activations (habituation) and increasing inhibition-associated activations (sensitization) during the task duration suggest the gradual recruitment of response inhibitory processes and a concurrent habituation to drug cues in areas with temporally-dynamic methamphetamine-related response inhibition. Furthermore, temporally dynamic cue-reactivity and response inhibition were correlated with behavioral and clinical measures such as the severity of methamphetamine use and craving, impulsivity and inhibitory task performance. This exploratory study demonstrates the time-variance of the neural activations undergirding cue-reactivity, response inhibition, and response inhibition during exposure to drug cues, and suggests a method to assess this dynamic interplay. Analyses that can capture temporal fluctuations in the neural substrates of drug cue-reactivity and response inhibition may prove useful for biomarker development by revealing the rate and pattern of sensitization and habituation processes, and may inform mixed cue-exposure intervention paradigms which could promote habituation to drug cues and sensitization in inhibitory control regions.

HABITUASI REMAJA PECANDU NARKOBA PADA YAYASAN REHABILITASI DHIRA SUMAN TRITOHA

Social deviations against adolescents are increasingly prevalent because of their curiosity to find identity so that for those who have the wrong association, it will have an impact on social deviations and become drug addicts. While drugs are increasing, there are not many people around to suggest addicts to rehabilitation. This study aims to identify and describe the habituation process of adolescent drug addicts at the stage of Mental, Narcotics, and Geriatrics rehabilitation at the Dhira Suman Tritoha Foundation. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods, observation, interviews, and documentation techniques. The results of the research in this matter were analyzed using Pierre Bordieu’s theory of Cultural Reproduction, showing that the Dhira Suman Tritoha rehabilitation foundation played a role in shaping the character of adolescent drug addicts through four aspects, namely (1) habitus: adaption of adolescent former drug addicts, (2) capital: there are four, namely economic capital (rehabilitation costs borne by parents of drug-addicted adolescent patients, social capital (establishment of the closeness of a relationship with one another in rehabilitation foundation), cultural capital (habituation in behavior is formed well), symbolic capital (providing self-control to adolescent addicted patients). (3) Arena: a form of struggle for drug addicts to recover, (4) Symbolic Violence: formation of the character of former drug addicts through control. Adolescent drug addicts during rehabilitation form good character and understanding of social norms.

Proportional Cerebellum Size Predicts Fear Habituation in Chickens.

The cerebellum has a highly conserved neural structure across species but varies widely in size. The wide variation in cerebellar size (both absolute and in proportion to the rest of the brain) among species and populations suggests that functional specialization is linked to its size. There is increasing recognition that the cerebellum contributes to cognitive processing and emotional control in addition to its role in motor coordination. However, to what extent cerebellum size reflects variation in these behavioral processes within species remains largely unknown. By using a unique intercross chicken population based on parental lines with high divergence in cerebellum size, we compared the behavior of individuals repeatedly exposed to the same fear test (emergence test) early in life and after sexual maturity (eight trials per age group) with proportional cerebellum size and cerebellum neural density. While proportional cerebellum size did not predict the initial fear response of the individuals (trial 1), it did increasingly predict adult individuals response as the trials progressed. Our results suggest that proportional cerebellum size does not necessarily predict an individual’s fear response, but rather the habituation process to a fearful stimulus. Cerebellum neuronal density did not predict fear behavior in the individuals which suggests that these effects do not result from changes in neuronal density but due to other variables linked to proportional cerebellum size which might underlie fear habituation.

The Habituation Process in Two Groups of Wild Moor Macaques (Macaca maura)

When studying animal behavior in the wild, some behaviors may require observation from a relatively short distance. In these cases, habituation is commonly used to ensure that animals do not perceive researchers as a direct threat and do not alter their behavior in their presence. However, habituation can have significant effects on the welfare and conservation of the animals. Studying how nonhuman primates react to the process of habituation can help to identify the factors that affect habituation and implement habituation protocols that allow other researchers to speed up the process while maintaining high standards of health and safety for both animals and researchers. In this study, we systematically described the habituation of two groups of wild moor macaques (Macaca maura), an Endangered endemic species of Sulawesi Island (Indonesia), to assess the factors that facilitate habituation and reduce impact on animal behavior during this process. During 7 months, we conducted behavioral observations for more than 7,872 encounters and an average of 120 days to monitor how macaque behavior toward researchers changed through time in the two groups under different conditions. We found that both study groups (N = 56, N = 41) became more tolerant to the presence of researchers during the course of the habituation, with occurrence of neutral group responses increasing, and minimum distance to researchers and occurrence of fearful group responses decreasing through time. These changes in behavior were predominant when macaques were in trees, with better visibility conditions, when researchers maintained a longer minimum distance to macaques and, unexpectedly, by the presence of more than one researcher. By identifying these factors, we contribute to designing habituation protocols that decrease the likelihood of fearful responses and might reduce the stress experienced during this process.

Enlarging sustainability learning through integrative thinking with a focus on cultivating virtues

PurposeIn the African context of business practice, the authors face two interrelated challenges. First, executives need to deal strategically and sustainably with growing levels of inequality, under-employment and declining levels of wellness and safety. Second, executive development needs to develop virtues to help executives to address these problems. This paper aims to articulate an integrated, sustainable business education approach that aims to prepare executives to practice integrative thinking while simultaneously cultivating virtues that enhance their lives, thereby enabling them to make ongoing sustainable impacts to their worlds.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a mixed method analysis including both quantitative and qualitative data from student course feedback evaluations from Business Model Innovation (BMI) and Phronesis Development Practice courses run over four consecutive years between 2018 and 2021 at the University of Cape Town’s Graduate School of Business as part of the Executive Masters of Business Administration degree.FindingsThe program’s pedagogical approach integrates a philosophical habituation process with a core course on BMI practice. This philosophical integration is one in which there is a sustainable focus on cultivating specific “process” and “practice” virtues which foster awareness amongst executives of their everyday mundane skilful coping in the world. This leads to candidates becoming attuned to ways, in which they can strive for more authenticity and to step into newer ways of being, that allow them to reflect their values and evolve cultural practices.Originality/valueAs the first business school in Africa to base a BMI course on the affordances of the phenomenon of being-in-the-world and a philosophical habituation process, the authors hope to inspire more business schools to adopt holistic, sustainable approaches to executive development that goes beyond the competence paradigm.

Environmental, ecological and methodological factors of Tonic Immobility (TI) modulation.

Modulation of Tonic Immobility (TI) concerns environmental and individual factors. TI is modulated by processes of habituation and sensitization. In poikilotherm frog and lizard, TI duration is much shorter at usual environmental temperatures and is potentiated at higher or lower temperatures, as the last resource for survival. During ontogeny, age may differentially affect TI susceptibility to the induction procedures, as in the case of newborn ectothermic and older endothermic rabbits. TI duration displays a daily rhythm, with longer TI in the night. Its resistance to habituation indicates that in the dark TI is the most prominent defense against nocturnal predators. In all studied species, there is synchronization of the prey's defensive responses with the feeding activity of predators. Ecological factors and exposure to different anthropogenic environmental pressures may alter morphology, behavior and TI in wild populations. TI duration has been associated with a genomic region comprising the dystrophin gene on quail chromosome 1.

Animal models of action control and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) has historically been considered a motor disorder induced by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. More recently, it has been recognized to have significant non-motor symptoms, most prominently cognitive symptoms associated with a dysexecutive syndrome. It is common in the literature to see motor and cognitive symptoms treated separately and, indeed, there has been a general call for specialized treatment of the latter, particularly in the more severe cases of PD with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Animal studies have similarly been developed to model the motor or non-motor symptoms. Nevertheless, considerable research has established that segregating consideration of cognition from the precursors to motor movement, particularly movement associated with goal-directed action, is difficult if not impossible. Indeed, on some contemporary views cognition is embodied in action control, something that is particularly prevalent in theory and evidence relating to the integration of goal-directed and habitual control processes. The current paper addresses these issues within the literature detailing animal models of cognitive dysfunction in PD and their neural and neurochemical bases. Generally, studies using animal models of PD provide some of the clearest evidence for the integration of these action control processes at multiple levels of analysis and imply that consideration of this integrative process may have significant benefits for developing new approaches to the treatment of PD.

Caressing the Earth

This joint article draws on artistic practices that showcase how relations to nature can articulate rituals of care and reciprocity in embodied experiences and sympoesis. It discusses active approaches to practicing sympathetic interaction with Nature by challenging our habitual processes of forming connection. The paper revolves around modes of exploitation in animal experiments and the lack of emotional knowledge and connection in science, in The Touch ofSoil by Dominik Fleischmann; and advocates for attention to soil, in Palpating Landscape by celine s diaz, as ritualistic extension of inclusiveness for thelandscape. Through creative writing, theoretic reflection and the photographic medium, both unravel deep concerns for the human-centred approach of viewing and engaging with the natural world and its habitants and advocate for a broader agency, action invoked in caring. Finding overlapping questions, this paper shows two practices of responsibility as empathy and care are evermore significant in our relationship with nature. These vulnerable acts comprehenddisruptive temporalities and propose a kinder but equally relevant message: “I care”.

IJTIHAD POLITIK KYAI: PERGESERAN OTORITAS KHR. ACH. FAWAID AS’AD SITUBONDO

This study found that the relationship between santri and kyai is a pattern of emotional relations such as the feudal system. Kyai has three pillars. They are the mass base as a pattern of social structure, the ulama base as a leadership structure and the cultural base as a scientific basis. However, these three pillars have experienced a shift due to the kyai's entry into practical politics due to his political ijtihad. This shift places the authority of the kyai from a spiritual teacher (central position) to a politician (peripheral position). In this case, the kyai is still obeyed when he is in a central position as a spiritual teacher and not obeyed when his position is marginal as a politician. Of course, this becomes an authority dilemma as experienced by kyai Fawaid who is directly involved in practical politics. The involvement of kyai Fawaid in politics does not belong to the opportunist category but is a form of concern for carrying out the commands of ma'ruf nahi munkar in social transformation. Kyai Fawaid's political ijtihad was strongly influenced by the habituation of Islamic boarding schools based on fiqh. Habituation here is to create a political situation and condition (persistence life situation) through a process of internalization and habituation in accordance with the values ​​of the pesantren, not to be carried away by the flow of political habituation which is always pragmatic and materialistic. The result of his Ijitihad that winning in politics by deception must be abandoned and losing in the right way must be maintained. Thus, the findings of this study can invalidate the theory from the results of research that has been carried out by Ernst Utrecht, Mochtar Naim, Daneli Lev, Justus van der Kroef, Arnold Brackman and Munir Mulkan, where they say that kyai or pesantren of Nahdlatul Ulama who participate politics are opportunists.

The ontogeny of efficient second-order action planning: The developing interplay of controlled and habitual processes in goal-directed actions

The ability to act efficiently plays an important role in everyday human life. The current study investigated efficient motor planning in 2- to 14-year-old children and adults (N = 246) in two different object manipulation tasks that involved everyday objects (a cup and a spoon). Importantly, we manipulated whether or not the efficient controlled grasp was incongruent with the habitual use of the object. We assessed to what extent participants planned their grasping action in an anticipatory controlled manner or relied on the habitual use of an object. We found the ability of efficient movement planning to be correlated between the two conceptually different tasks. Furthermore, the interplay of controlled and habitual processes of action control showed different developmental patterns for the two tasks and does not indicate a simple linear developmental trend. Thus, this study expands our knowledge on the ontogeny of efficient motor planning and highlights the developmental dynamics of the interplay of controlled and habitual processes in goal-directed action control.