Codification Process Research Articles

Sustainability reporting assurance practice in Indonesia: assuror and academician perspective

PurposeThis study aims to uncover fundamental challenges pertaining to sustainability reporting assurance practice (SRAP) in Indonesia. This study uses assuror and academician perspectives to examine the SRAP discourse in Indonesia.Design/methodology/approachThe research method was qualitative approach by conducting online semi-structured interviews with ten informants, including four from assuror representatives and six from academician representatives. Qualitative data analysis, such as codification process and data triangulation, was used to understand the opinions of each informant and to develop a comprehensive discussion.FindingsThis study has identified the issues in the context of SRAP in Indonesia. Several recommendations have been made for the relevant stakeholders to improve the quality of SRAP in the Indonesian context.Practical implicationsThe results of this study can be used by the stakeholders to improve the quality of SRAP in Indonesia.Social implicationsThe results of this study can be used by the stakeholders in Indonesia, for example, the authority of the financial services industry, to formulate policies related to SRAP in Indonesia.Originality/valueThere are still few previous studies that include an academician’s perspective related to the SRAP and examine SRAP in a developing country context.

Optimal planning of photovoltaic and distribution static compensators in medium-voltage networks via the GNDO approach

This research employs the generalized normal distribution optimizer (GNDO) to address the simultaneous integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) sources and distribution static compensators (D-STATCOMs) in medium-voltage distribution networks. Through a discrete-continuous codification process, the GNDO method determines the optimal locations (nodes) and capacities (sizes) of PV systems and D-STATCOMs. A power flow approach based on the successive approximations method is used to solve the power flow equations and assess the solution's technical characteristics, including voltage profiles and power injections. Using a master-slave optimization strategy, the GNDO and the power flow method are used to address the studied problem. Numerical results in the 33- and 69-bus grids demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, showing superior performance compared to the vortex search algorithm (VSA) and the sine-cosine algorithm (SCA). The results indicate reductions of approximately 35.5554% and 35.6839% when using the GNDO in both test feeders. Additionally, the GNDO reduces the computational efforts required to find solutions in both test feeders, in comparison with the VSA and the SCA. All numerical validations were performed using MATLAB 2024a.

La teoría fundamentada en la investigación social: experiencia en un estudio sociocultural en salud

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the process of theory building based on Grounded Theory, from the analysis of empirical data on the right to health information (RHI) in the detection and medical care of breast and cervical cancer. These data derive from qualitative research, in which focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted with women between 25 and 45 years of age in a city in northern Mexico, to find out how they exercised the DIS in medical care, what their experiences in management were and what their perceptions of care were like. In the analysis of the first data and at the beginning of the open coding, self-perception was identified as an emerging category, defined as the interviewees' self-perception of their position vis-à-vis the physician and the health institution during the management of care. This category was analyzed in axial and selective coding, showing its explanatory potential for understanding the practices of women in exercising their right to health information. This empirical exercise shows that grounded theory implies a systematic and rigorous process of codification, comparison and integration of data and theory. This paper contributes to the understanding of theoretical and methodological decisions based on grounded theory in social research.

CHALLENGES RELATED TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

The article discusses the current state of Kazakh medical vocabulary, more specifically, its fixation in bilingual or multilingual paper or online dictionaries, as well as translation problems. This is done by overview of the translations of medical vocabulary presented in existing bilingual and multilingual (translation) printed medical dictionaries and the web-based bilingual dictionary of the Termincom.kz portal. The results of the research are as follows: First, our research identified a lack of specialized bilingual and multilingual medical dictionaries. Second, in the analyzed dictionaries, we defined several Kazakh translations for a given Russian or English medical word. Third, the source languages of most bilingual or multilingual dictionaries are Russian, English, or Latin. Finally, despite the State Terminology Committee’s approval of the term, there is a discrepancy in the use of translated terms in phrases. This phenomenon demonstrates the lengthy processes of codification, unification, and standardization of medical terms in the Kazakh terminology system. These shortcomings provide crucial insights for future research. Keywords: language policy, standardization, web-based platform, linguistic aspect, inconsistency.

Seeing like a donor: the unintended harms of rendering civil society legible

ABSTRACT Following the Grand Bargain, there has been increasing focus on aid localisation and partnerships between international and local aid agencies. Yet there has been less scholarly attention on how and why international agency policies and partnerships can cause unintended harm to civil society organisations and their staff. Drawing on James Scott’s seminal work Seeing like a State, and interviews with Myanmar civil society organisation leaders in 2023, this article argues that international agencies often attempt to render civil society “legible” through processes of systematisation and codification. However, these processes can in turn sideline accrued experiential and contextual knowledge, or metis, which is necessary for local organisations’ survival, especially in times of instability. The article highlights several instances in Myanmar where the marginalisation of this more contextual knowledge results in unintended harms. The article concludes that international agencies’ acknowledgement of metis is a crucial and yet still under-recognised pillar of aid localisation.

Principles of European Family Law Regarding the Divorce by the Public Notary in Hungary

Thanks to the principles of the Commission on European Family Law on divorce law, extrajudicial divorce by mutual consent is becoming increasingly widespread in many European countries. The possibility of introducing this legal institution was also raised in Hungary in 2012 during the codification of the new Civil Code, but was ultimately rejected. The aim of this study is to examine the possibility of introducing divorce by the public notary as a possible alternative to divorce by mutual consent, in the light of the principles of European Union divorce law as well as the arguments and counter-arguments raised during the codification process.

Knowledge management in the agriculture sector: a systematic literature review

ABSTRACT The agriculture sector is becoming increasingly important, with knowledge management (KM) seen as a vital component. This paper uses a systematic literature review of 44 peer-reviewed publications, in KM and non-KM journals, to examine how KM processes are used in agricultural research. Studies were mostly published in non-KM journals resulting in an absence of KM theory. Three key themes were identified as important for KM research in agriculture: stakeholder heterogeneity, informality of contexts and the presence of indigenous knowledge. All three themes affected the processes of knowledge creation, codification, transfer, sharing, and application. While agriculture provides a unique context for KM research, there is a need for a more nuanced understanding of how KM can be applied to create a future research framework that can be cumulatively built upon. To help achieve this, the paper also identifies several research gaps and suggests future research directions.

CIVIL LAW CODIFICATION PROCESS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA

Civil Law as a branch of the private law is very important because of the regulation of the relations between two natural or legal persons in the field of property law, family law or law on obligations. The Republic of North Macedonia had a different story on its codification of civil law since it was part of the Former Yugoslavia, and its initiative started in 2009 with the process of drafting the civil code. This process continues due to the change of the Macedonian Government in 2016, which prolonged the work on the civil law codification for a couple of years. Now more than ever, the Republic of North Macedonia is ready to adopt the new Civil Code, and the last chapter is expected to be completed by the end of 2023 or the beginning of 2024. On the other side, the codification process of civil law in the Republic of Albania was long, and it emanated since its pre-state formation with the customary law and establishment of institutes, continuing with the declaration of independence and formation of the Albanian state in November 28, 1912 and the first Civil Code of 1929, the second Civil Code in the period of socialism in 1981, and the third Civil Code in the period of transition in 1994 until today. All this legal process of codification has brought development in the fields of private law, one of them being family law.

영국 형법의 성문화가 이루어지지 않은 이유에 대한 고찰

Britain was the first country in the world to develop the rule of law, starting with the Magna Carta, and it has long used its maritime power to influence many countries around the world, and countries that were colonised by Britain, such as India and Australia, still retain the culture, institutions, etc. of the colonial era. This influence is not limited to culture and institutions, but is even more pronounced in the realm of law. The British did not simply use the ideology of the rule of law in their mainland politics and institutions, but also used it as a tool for governance in their colonies, either in the name of promoting modernisation in the colonies, or in the direction of the colonies themselves using the rule of law to develop. In the case of India and Australia, two of Britain's major colonies, they went beyond the British common law system to enact modern laws through the process of codification, which is considered a symbol of modernisation. In the case of India, the British saw it as a bridgehead to Asia and, given its importance, actively used the rule of law as a tool to govern India, while in Australia, the rule of law was further developed. Civil law was perceived to be the domain of each country, so there was little need for codification, but criminal law was used as an efficient means of imperial power, so codification proceeded more quickly than civil law. In contrast to this trend in the colonies, however, the common law system in England has remained essentially uncodified to the present day. This behaviour seems quite unusual for a country that was one of the first to develop the rule of law. There were many people in England, such as Jeremy Bentham, who believed that codification was necessary for the development and efficient administration of criminal law. However, due to the fact that the common law system was already deeply entrenched in England and the lawyers did not want to change it, the political situation at the time when the opinions of the lawyers could not be ignored due to the majority of lawyers in Parliament, and the sense of superiority that England could not have the same form of law as the colonies as a country ruling over the colonies, codification in the essential sense did not proceed. The criminal law, which was perceived as a universal law at the time, is now in a situation where crimes have diversified due to advances in technology and require active responses based on in-depth discussions, so it seems best to actively promote codification even now to proactively respond to the diversification of crimes.

Systematic evaluation of common natural language processing techniques to codify clinical notes.

Proper codification of medical diagnoses and procedures is essential for optimized health care management, quality improvement, research, and reimbursement tasks within large healthcare systems. Assignment of diagnostic or procedure codes is a tedious manual process, often prone to human error. Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been suggested to facilitate this manual codification process. Yet, little is known on best practices to utilize NLP for such applications. With Large Language Models (LLMs) becoming more ubiquitous in daily life, it is critical to remember, not every task requires that level of resource and effort. Here we comprehensively assessed the performance of common NLP techniques to predict current procedural terminology (CPT) from operative notes. CPT codes are commonly used to track surgical procedures and interventions and are the primary means for reimbursement. Our analysis of 100 most common musculoskeletal CPT codes suggest that traditional approaches can outperform more resource intensive approaches like BERT significantly (P-value = 4.4e-17) with average AUROC of 0.96 and accuracy of 0.97, in addition to providing interpretability which can be very helpful and even crucial in the clinical domain. We also proposed a complexity measure to quantify the complexity of a classification task and how this measure could influence the effect of dataset size on model's performance. Finally, we provide preliminary evidence that NLP can help minimize the codification error, including mislabeling due to human error.

Measuring irreversibility via trend pattern lengths

In this work, we present a method to assess irreversibility in real-valued time series. Our approach introduces a novel measure based on the statistics of what we term “trend patterns.” By dividing a real-valued time series into subsequences that exhibit either increasing or decreasing trends, we define distributions representing the duration of uptrend and downtrend subsequences. When the process is reversible, these distributions should coincide. Consequently, we quantify the degree of irreversibility by measuring the statistical deviations between them. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of this approach in identifying reversible and irreversible time series, even when working with not-so-long sample sizes. We have successfully applied this irreversibility index to real-world time series, particularly financial data sourced from cryptocurrency markets and heartbeat time series. Our analysis proves that the introduced method is effective in evaluating the irreversibility of real-valued time series without implementing any codification process.

Better Regulation and its Evolution in the Hellenic Legislative and Parliamentary System

Abstract This article highlights the state-of-play in law-making in Greece especially following the adoption of law 4622/2019 aiming at establishing a culture of principles and means for enhancing the quality of laws. The revised model for new legislation, as well as the approach taken for the transformation of existing laws into the new model, the so-called codification process, are presented. In this framework, the role of the Hellenic Parliament is discussed and its position vis-à-vis other regulatory authorities is highlighted. The ongoing legislative modernization activities are approached under the light of digital tools and services that are being developed to further advance law-making processes in Greece.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF PREVENTING THE INVOLVEMENT OF CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICT

The article is devoted to defining the essence and peculiarities of application of the norms of international law in cases of involvement of children in armed conflicts. The article establishes that in the course of development of international law, a number of international instruments, both legally binding and non-binding, have been adopted in order to minimize the risks to which children involved in armed conflicts are exposed. Such instruments pay special attention to the issue of the minimum age of children involved in hostilities and the types of actions that should be prevented in this regard. The gradual process of codification of the international legal protection regime for children has undoubtedly improved their overall protection from the impact of armed conflict. The author draws the following conclusions. The recruitment of children under the age of 15 is directly prohibited by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the I and II Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, as well as customary international humanitarian law. In addition, the recruitment of children into armed forces is a crime under the Rome Statute. Military duty and the forced recruitment of children under the age of 18 are prohibited by the Optional Protocol and International Labor Organization Convention No. 182. States must take comprehensive measures at the national level to fulfill their obligations regarding the recruitment of children and their participation in hostilities. The implementation of international obligations at the national level undoubtedly begins with the adoption of laws, which are then followed by regulatory and practical measures. Effective protection of the rights of the child, in particular with regard to the involvement of children in armed conflict, is based on such legal documents.

Novels 1914-1916 to the General Civil Code of the Austrian Empire 1811

The article is devoted to clarifying the reasons and prerequisites for the adoption of the Novels of 1914-1916 to the Austrian General Civil Code of 1811, a general characterization of their content and substantiation of their historical and legal significance.
 The author analyzed the state of problem processing; first of all, the author used the works of two professors of Lviv University of 20th century - the outstanding Polish civilian Ernest Till, who published the German text and the Polish translation of the Novel with his own explanations, as well as the prominent Ukrainian jurist Stanislav Dnistrіanskyі, who in 1919 translated the Code of 1811 and three Novels to it into Ukrainian. At the same time, the main attention in the article is given to the figure of the Austrian lawyer and statesman, professor of the University of Vienna, Joseph Unger, who presented the program of novelization of the Code of 1811 in his article of 1904 and later acted as its main developer at the head of the Special Commission.
 The author revealed the decisive influence of J. Unger on the spread of the historical school of law in the legal science of the Austrian monarchy, including its fundamental provisions regarding the reception of Roman law, the tradition of German pandectism; and, instead, critics of the theory of natural law; as well as on the introduction by scientists of a comparative legal approach in Austrian civil studies, thanks to which the reform of the General Civil Code of the Austrian Empire in 1811 was initiated. The author considered the 10-year codification process of changing the Code, which resulted in its novelization in 1914-1916.
 Therefore, the article elaborates the main content of the three Novels to the Code: the First Novel of October 12, 1914, the Second Novel of July 22, 1915, and the Third Novel of March 19, 1916, which made certain changes to personal, family, property, inheritance and obligation law. At the same time, the author stated that the revision of the General Civil Code of the Austrian Empire in 1811 did not fundamentally change its structure, nor the main principles and provisions, but was only aimed at adapting the Code to the contemporary conditions and needs.

Elaborazione e cambio linguistico: considerazioni sulle ‘lingue minori’ sull’esempio della scritturalità friulana

Abstract Since Friulian has been recognized as a minority language by the region Friuli-Venezia Giulia (1996) and by the Italian Republic (Law 482/1999), the elaboration process has been accelerated and intensified. Friulian has advanced into text types in which it had not been used before, such as scientific papers, administrative texts, journal articles, etc. In order to fulfill the needs of these new communicative purposes, an extensive and intensive elaboration of language is needed. This happens on the one side through a conscious codification process, especially by intense lexicographical activity, and on the other side “by doing”. In both cases, the influence of more elaborated languages – mainly of Italian, but partially also of other languages, especially English – plays a central role. Lexical items, but also morphological processes and syntactical structures are borrowed from these languages. This fact has structural consequences on Friulian, and, in the long run, could cause a typological change. After a brief outline of the recent history of the elaboration of Friulian and its legal framework, I will focus on some morphological and syntactical structures: the formation of relational (denominal) adjectives instead of prepositional phrases (which also triggers some less productive morphophonological patterns) and the borrowing of Italian adjectives and nouns derived from a present participle, provoking Friulian loan formations, although in Friulian present participles are no usual grammatical structures. In the end, I will focus on stâ+gerund periphrases, which are built on the Italian model. These are compatible with some aktionsart verb classes that the ‘genuine’ Friulian aspectual periphrases jessi che+indicative present or imperfect and jessi daûr a+infinitive cannot be used with and therefore it can be seen as a change in the semantic-syntactic system of Friulian.

Inheritance law in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The subject of the study is the development of legislation on inheritance of property in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The object of the study is the hereditary legal relations of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the XV-XVI centuries. The purpose of the work is to reveal the evolution of hereditary legal relations, to identify their essence and patterns of development. From the standpoint of the achievements of modern historical and legal science, the aim is to analyze the main provisions of the inheritance law of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, to note the characteristic features of the codification process of the XVI century, to analyze the causes and identify trends in the evolution of the institutions of inheritance law. To achieve the goal, general scientific and special research methods were used, including dialectical, historical-legal, comparative-legal and systemic. The result of the work was the first in modern Russian historical and legal science study of the problem of inheritance of property under the legislation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The peculiarities of inheritance by law are revealed. A number of controversial issues in historical and legal science (veno, extortionate property, etc.) are touched upon. Provisions describing trends in the development of hereditary legal relations in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are introduced into scientific discussion. A comparative analysis of inheritance of property in the male and female line in the Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is made. In the course of the study, the main features and patterns of the development of the inheritance law of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania are revealed, thereby filling a gap in the national historical and legal science.

За мисията на съвременния български езиковед

The article deals with the role of the contemporary Bulgarian linguist in the complex processes of codification of literary-linguistic norms. The text is linked to the 75th anniversary of the eminent Bulgarian linguist Prof. Vladko Murdarov. The object of the analytical observations in the text are problems related to the codification of literary-language norms, to the curricula and textbooks on Bulgarian language in secondary school; to the notion of language policy, as well as to the issues of the public image of the Bulgarian language in the media space. A brief overview is given of important historical processes that have shaped the development of the Bulgarian language and its science. The author summarizes the important features that every contemporary linguist should possess - depth of linguistic knowledge in synchronous and diachronic terms, a sense of the dynamics of linguistic processes in order to be able to objectively reflect the complex processes of language development, linking them to the complex and dynamic processes of social development.

Introducing Academic Freedom in Constitutions: a new global dataset, 1789–2022

AbstractThe Academic Freedom in Constitutions dataset is a new resource that empirically maps constitutional guarantees of the freedom of science, of academic freedom, and of university autonomy in 203 countries, spanning the period from 1789 to 2022. While the topic of academic freedom has been gaining increasing prominence in political and legal research over the past decade, it is so far largely absent from the comparative constitutional literature. However, its global codification process holds interesting insights for the study of international norm diffusion, both with respect to its functional connection to higher education development and its distinct constitutional genealogies. The paper first introduces the dataset and explains how it is different from previous coding efforts, before discussing its significance and potential contributions to the comparative legal literature, political science, and other research.

Features of the codification works on the Josephine Code of 1787

The author considered the peculiarities of the codification process of concluding the Josephine Code of 1787 in the Habsburg monarchy. At the same time, first of all, the state of the scientific research of the specified problem was analyzed both in the science of the history of Austrian law, in the 19th century and in modern, as well as in Ukrainian historical and legal science. The article reveals the prerequisites for concluding the Josephine Code as a result of the revision of the Draft of Codex Theresianus of 1766. The main focus of the study is on highlighting the stages of long-term codification work on the Josephine Code, namely, such as: presentation of expert comments on the Draft, lectures-responses to them by the Legislative Commission under the leadership of Hofrat Zenker, remarks of the conceptualist of the State Council Johann Bernhard Horten on these lectures-responses, consultations-discussions of the Draft in the State Council and consultations of the Legislative Commission headed by J.-B. Horten.The article provides examples of opposition to the adoption of the Josephine Code, in particular the demand for the complete abolition of Roman law as the source of law of the Habsburg monarchy. Particular attention is paid to the legal and technical guidelines, principles of such revision established in the patent of Empress Maria Theresa on the revision of the Draft of Codex Theresianus of 1772.The author revealed the influence of Emperor Joseph II on the final adoption of the first part of the Josephine Code (on personal law), which provided for the rights of individuals and, most importantly, regulated marriage and family law, namely the relationship between spouses and parents and children, as well as the institution of guardianship. In addition, the article describes the structure of the first part of the Code. Moreover, the author clarified the peculiarity of the name of this legislative act and clarified the name of its original source. In conclusion, the author substantiates the historical and legal significance of the Josephine Code.

How “modern” has German Modern Dance Remained?—The Case with the 2022 UNESCO Inscription

This research focuses on the process of heritagization and how it functions to both legitimize a dance practice and generate a new set of values for the practice. More specifically, I explore how the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) inscribed Modern Dance in Germany as Humanity’s Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) on its Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2022. I argue that this designation is a gradual recontextualization, that impacts both the practice itself and its status among global communities. Ultimately, this discursive change puts into question the categorization of German Modern Dance as “modern” in the midst of other “traditional” dances inscribed as heritage on the same list, and sparks questions about the influence of labels and categories on dance practices. I illustrate how the creation of dance as ICH enhances comprehension of national agendas linked to heritage appreciation, illuminates institutional participation in the formation of “national heritage,” and significantly contributes to the necessary definition and codification process for inscription, while also acknowledging the evolving and mutable nature of Modern Dance in Germany.