Coevolutionary Process Research Articles

New genetic lineage of whipworm present in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)

With a global population of around 35 million in 47 countries, camels play a crucial role in the economy of many marginal and desert areas of the world where they survive in harsh conditions. Nonetheless, there is insufficient knowledge regarding camels’ parasite fauna which can reduce their milk and meat production. A molecular study for the Trichuris population of Camelus bactrianus from Spain is presented based on sequences of mitochondrial (cox1, cob, rrnL) and ribosomal (ITS1 and ITS2) DNA regions. Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood methods were used to infer phylogenies for (i) each gene separately, (ii) the combined mitochondrial data, and (iii) the combined mitochondrial and ribosomal dataset. Molecular analyses revealed the existence of two different genetic lineages in the Trichuris parasites populations of C. bactrianus. Future studies should focus on whether there is a coevolution process corresponding to the wild or domestic character of C. bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius. Furthermore, it is necessary to increase integrative taxonomic studies on Trichuris spp. based on morphological, biometric, and molecular data, which will inevitably contribute to our knowledge of the etiology of trichuriasis.

Research on the co-evolution of competitive public opinion and intervention strategy based on Markov process

Under Omni-media environment, Online Social Networks (OSN) have gradually become the most momentous platform for information propagation. Considering the interaction and coexistence of both positive and negative public opinion information (referred to as public opinion), it is of great significance for social development and economic stability to understand the co-evolution process of competitive public opinion and compress the spreading space of negative public opinion. Allowing for this point, this paper constructed a two-stage spreading model of competitive public opinion combing with the actual case of public opinion propagation, analysed the main factors influencing the co-evolution process, such as netizens’ intimacy, network literacy, and so on, and redefined netizens’ state transition probability matrix with the help of Markov process. Then, the effectiveness of the spreading model was verified and the propagation rule of public opinion was discussed in open and closed OSN through simulation experiments. Finally, the intervention strategies were proposed and optimised with the limitation of cost. The results show that the propagation of public opinion mainly depends on netizens’ behaviour with low literacy and presents difference characteristics in two types of OSN. During the intervention process of public opinion propagation, there exists an effective intervention interval and the best intervention strategy varies with the change of network topology. Our research provided a cornerstone for further understanding of the co-evolution process of competitive public opinion and the research conclusions also provided a certain decision-making reference for enterprises, governments and other regulators to reasonably respond to the propagation of public opinion.

Learning from past coevolutionary processes to envision sustainable futures: Extending an action situations approach to the Water-Energy-Food nexus

Despite near-global consensus on the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement, unresolved and politically contentious trade-offs have undermined implementation. One exemplary case facing difficult trade-offs are Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus cases. Here, we extend the nascent ‘Social-Ecological Action Situations’ framework to analyse past coevolution of WEF nexus cases (or other social-ecological systems) to envision possible futures where trade-offs are equally considered and minimized. We illustrate the value of the approach for a WEF nexus case in Switzerland with upstream hydropower reservoirs, water-bound biodiversity, and emerging downstream agricultural irrigation needs. The proposed solution-oriented, transformative approach goes beyond existing frameworks by analysing past coevolution of the intertwined system to build system understanding and to envision a future with concrete policies that would result in a higher adaptive capacity of the system and a compromise within the WEF nexus. We argue that this perspective helps to devise policies to address trade-offs in WEF nexus cases and thereby to tackle global crises.

AI시대 이웃교육

We are living in the age of artificial intelligence(AI). In other words, our daily life is based on AI. At the same time, we are facing serious global warming issues, as known as the climate crisis. Against the backdrop, this study identified the necessity to explore educational tasks based on the global warming problems in the AI era. To this end, this study first explored the value of the times with regard to community awareness education under the theme of “Community Awareness Education in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: The Third Neighbor,” and explained that the emergence of AI is a product of coevolution of living things and minerals from a fundamental level. In other words, the history of evolution is the process of coevolution between living and non-living beings. Therefore, we need to go beyond various dichotomous worldviews; in this context, the existence of AI can be positioned as another neighbor, the third one in our lives. In addition, this study emphasized that, since we have entered the age of AI, humans should get out of the limited imagination of human intelligence. In this context, this study argued that it is necessary to discuss the direction for the development of AI as co-existing intelligence and suggested AI humanities based on this.

Phylogenetic structure of the global population of <i>Helicobacter Pylori</i>

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is widely considered to be one of the oldest bacteria in the human microbiome. During the co-evolutionary relationships between humans and H. pylori bacterium, spanning at least 100 000 years, a high rate of mutation and recombination events led to extremely high genomic polymorphism of the H. pylori species. Despite this, the large diversity of H. pylori genomes is very well structured, allowing to divide it into different populations associated with the geographic location of H. pylori strains. To date, seven modern H. pylori populations have been determined globally: hpAfrica1, hpAfrica2, hpEastAsia, hpEurope, hpAsia2, hpNEAfrica and hspSahul originated from at least six ancestral populations (ancestral European 1, ancestral European 2, ancestral EastAsia, ancestral Africa1, ancestral Africa2, ancestral Sahul). The global phylogenetic analysis showed that H. pylori is organized into two superlineages: one containing hpAfrica2 and the other containing all other populations in a single monophyletic clade. This indicates that, hpAfrica2 is the most ancient of all H. pylori populations, while the others continued evolutionary development along as mankind spread beyond the African continent. Thus, the H. pylori species populational diversification, which occurred in parallel with paired hosts, allowed us to use H. pylori genetic variants as biological markers, reflecting ethnogeographic migration processes in human history. Moreover, the rapid and dynamic evolution of H. pylori informs about ongoing recombination events enabling use H. pylori as a model both for the co-evolution of pathogenic bacteria and humans as well as for within-individual host pathogen microevolution. This review summarized developments from numerous studies on coevolution process and phylogenetic pattern of the global H. pylori population. The relationships between currently known bacterial populations and subpopulations, related geographical distribution, reconstruction of evolutionary pathway for ancestral and recent populations are detailed. New data on the H. pylori strain populational pattern in Russia, as well as strains circulating in the Northern, Central and South America, are presented. Phylogenetic analysis of the H. pylori population pattern permitted to reconstruct both prehistoric and recent human migrations, demographic processes as well as multilayered evolutionary pathways of H. pylori population.

КО-ЭВОЛЮЦИОННЫЙ АЛГОРИТМ РАЗМЕЩЕНИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ СУБПОПУЛЯЦИЙ, ОТЛИЧАЮЩИХСЯ СТРАТЕГИЯМИ ПОИСКА

A new methodology and method for placing VLSI elements has been developed, which differin that the solution of the placement problem is based on the use of a fixed order of position selection,focused on the effective solution of the placement problem, and a heuristic procedure fordistributing elements by positions, which reduces the overall complexity and improves the qualityof the solution. The process of forming a list of positions on the switching field is carried out usingthe mechanisms of the wave algorithm. The choice of the final list is based on the principle of constructinga route with a minimum estimate of the total linear length of distances between routepositions. To solve the placement problem, a search algorithm based on the modified ant colonymethod has been developed. To exclude premature convergence and localization of the globalextremum of the problem, the development of the algorithm was carried out on the basis of the coevolutionaryapproach. The architecture of the co-evolutionary placement algorithm is developedon the basis of the ant colony algorithm paradigm. In the search space, sub-populations implementfour optimization strategies in parallel. In the work, the coevolution process is implemented on thebasis of the interaction of subpopulations that differ in search strategies. A distinctive feature ofthe co-evolutionary approach used is that subpopulations of solutions are actually virtual. Theprocess of co-evolution is implemented by one population of agents Z by sequential formation andmerging of virtual subpopulations of solutions into one population. In this paper, the solution ofthe placement problem is aimed at improving traceability by minimizing the resources required toimplement connections. A significant contribution to minimizing the spatial and temporal complexityof the search procedure was made by: the use by virtual sub-populations of a common evolutionarymemory, a common solution search graph, the formation of a single interpretation of thesolution in the form of a route on a complete directed graph with binary directed edges. Testingwas carried out on benchmarks 19s, PrimGA1, PrimGA2. The results compared to existing algorithmsare improved by 7-8%. The probability of obtaining a global optimum was 0.96. On average,solutions differ from the optimal by less than 1.5%. The time complexity of the algorithm forfixed values of the population size and the number of generations is O(n). The total time complexityof the hybrid algorithm is O(n2)−O(n3).

The Dynamics of University-Industry Interactions in Peripheral Contexts: Evidence from Brazil

This research aims at addressing the factors that constrain the flow of knowledge between universities and industry when these players are embedded in peripheral contexts. A multiple-case study was carried out in order to describe and understand the limitations of universities as agents of innovation in peripheral ecosystems. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with the coordinators of five Technological Innovation Centers (entities equivalent to TTO) of all Federal Institutes (five) located in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The findings show that there are constraining elements associated with the socioeconomic environment (the lack of economic dynamism and low absorptive capacity at firms), with universities (a lack of infrastructure, resources, and available researchers) and intermediary agents (the lack of staff and institutional legitimacy). The observed conditions lead to challenges in fostering dense knowledge flows, thus perpetuating regional economic asymmetries and hindering the institutional evolution of academic institutions toward the notion of entrepreneurial universities. Our research contributes to literature by addressing in detail the limitations of universities in spurring dense innovation networks in laggard ecosystems. Instead, more complex co-evolutionary processes seem to be at play – and “silver bullet” policies are likely to offer disappointing results.

A novel two-phase evolutionary algorithm for solving constrained multi-objective optimization problems

It is challenging to balance convergence and diversity in constrained multi-objective optimization problems (CMOPs) since the complex constraints will disperse the feasible regions into many diverse, small parts of the entire search region. Although there has been some research on CMOPs, existing evolutionary algorithms still cannot cause the evolutionary population to converge a diversified feasible Pareto-optimal front. In order to solve this problem, we propose a novel two-phase evolutionary algorithm for solving CMOPs, named DTAEA. DTAEA divides the population’s coevolutionary process into two phases. In the first phase, the dual population weak coevolution is combined with the complementary environmental selection strategy to improve the algorithm’s exploration under constraints, which makes the evolutionary population quickly traverse the infeasible regions and search for all of the feasible regions. When the proportion of feasible solutions in the population reaches a certain threshold or the convergence of feasible solutions reaches a certain level, the population’s evolutionary process enters the second phase, that is, the progressive phase. In the second phase, a feasibility-oriented method guides a single population to distribute itself widely in the feasible regions explored in the first phase. Comparative experiments show that the DTAEA is more competitive than other algorithms on CMOP benchmarks. • A novel two-phase evolutionary algorithm for solving constrained multi-objective optimization problems is proposed. • The first phase combines dual-population weak coevolution and complementary environmental selection to improve the algorithm’s exploration under constraints. • The second phase adapts a feasibility-oriented method to ensure the diversity of the population in the feasibility regions. • Experiments verify that our proposed algorithm can achieve better all-around performance on several new constrained multi-objective benchmarks.

Morphometric analysis of the bat wing mite Periglischrus ojastii (Mesostigmata: Spinturnicidae) related to different yellow-shouldered bat host species and its distribution

Mammals host a broad diversity of parasite lineages that radiated along with them over their evolutionary history, showing in some cases a co-phylogenetic relationship. Understanding patterns of parasite diversification could provide insights into the processes of co-evolution more broadly. Spinturnicid mites of the genus Periglischrus provide an interesting study model since they are specific to phyllostomid bats. Currently, this mite genus has 26 species that range from monoxeny, stenoxeny to, in a few cases oligoxeny. Periglischrus ojastii is one oligoxenous mite that is associated with the Yellow-shouldered bats (Sturnira), which are abundant and widespread in the Neotropics and diversified during the Pliocene. This study aimed to evaluate the morphometric and geometric variation on Periglischrus ojastii associated with the diversification and distribution of its host bat species of the genus Sturnira, as possible evidence of co-evolution.

An efficient multi-robot path planning solution using A* and coevolutionary algorithms

Multi-robot path planning has evolved from research to real applications in warehouses and other domains; the knowledge on this topic is reflected in the large amount of related research published in recent years on international journals. The main focus of existing research relates to the generation of efficient routes, relying the collision detection to the local sensory system and creating a solution based on local search methods. This approach implies the robots having a good sensory system and also the computation capabilities to take decisions on the fly. In some controlled environments, such as virtual labs or industrial plants, these restrictions overtake the actual needs as simpler robots are sufficient. Therefore, the multi-robot path planning must solve the collisions beforehand. This study focuses on the generation of efficient collision-free multi-robot path planning solutions for such controlled environments, extending our previous research. The proposal combines the optimization capabilities of the A* algorithm with the search capabilities of co-evolutionary algorithms. The outcome is a set of routes, either from A* or from the co-evolutionary process, that are collision-free; this set is generated in real-time and makes its implementation on edge-computing devices feasible. Although further research is needed to reduce the computational time, the computational experiments performed in this study confirm a good performance of the proposed approach in solving complex cases where well-known alternatives, such as M* or WHCA, fail in finding suitable solutions.

Market exposure and human morality.

According to evolutionary theories, markets may foster an internalized and universalist prosociality because it supports market-based cooperation. This paper uses the cultural folklore of 943 pre-industrial ethnolinguistic groups to show that a society's degree of market interactions, proxied by the presence of intercommunity trade and money, is associated with the cultural salience of (1) prosocial behaviour, (2) interpersonal trust, (3) universalist moral values and (4) moral emotions of guilt, shame and anger. To provide tentative evidence that a part of this correlation reflects a causal effect of market interactions, the analysis leverages both fine-grained geographic variation across neighbouring historical societies and plausibly exogenous variation in the presence of markets that arises through proximity to historical trade routes or the local degree of ecological diversity. The results suggest that the coevolutionary process involving markets and morality partly consists of economic markets shaping a moral system of a universalist and internalized prosociality.

Microbial infection risk predicts antimicrobial potential of avian symbionts.

Symbiotic bacteria on animal hosts can prevent pathogenic bacterial infections by several mechanisms. Among them, symbiotic bacteria can indirectly enhance host's immune responses or, directly, produce antimicrobial substances against pathogens. Due to differences in life-style, different host species are under different risks of microbial infections. Consequently, if symbiotic bacteria are somewhat selected by genetically determined host characteristics, we would expect the antimicrobial properties of bacterial symbionts to vary among host species and to be distributed according to risk of infection. Here we have tested this hypothesis by measuring the antimicrobial ability of the bacterial strains isolated from the uropygial-gland skin of 19 bird species differing in nesting habits, and, therefore, in risk of microbial infection. In accordance with our predictions, intensity and range of antimicrobial effects against the indicator strains assayed varied among bird species, with hole-and open-nesters showing the highest and the lowest values, respectively. Since it is broadly accepted that hole-nesters have higher risks of microbial infection than open nesters, our results suggest that the risk of infection is a strong driver of natural selection to enhance immunocompetence of animals through selecting for antibiotic-producing symbionts. Future research should focus on characterizing symbiotic bacterial communities and detecting coevolutionary processes with particular antibiotic-producing bacteria within-host species.

Bounded Entanglement: The Asymmetric Co-evolution of Institutions and Internationalization Research and Practice

ABSTRACT The institutional context of firm internationalization has become increasingly important to research and practice. Institutional influence and effects are well documented across diverse aspects of firm internationalization. However, less is known about the reciprocal interplay of relationships between institutions and internationalization, and how this may spur their asymmetric co-evolution over time – as differentially influenced by highly varying forces and factors. We contribute to the literature by unpacking these relationships, introducing a model with propositions to account for the simultaneous interactions of institutions and internationalization leading to asymmetric co-evolution over time, and by extending unique theoretical support for the co-evolution process.

Clinal versus disruptive latitudinal variation in fruit traits of a South American mistletoe.

Fruit traits have historically been interpreted as plant adaptations to their seed dispersers. On the other hand, different environmental factors, which vary spatially and temporally, can shape fruit-trait variation. The mistletoe Tristerix corymbosus has a latitudinal distribution along the South American Pacific rim that encompasses two different biomes, the matorral of central Chile and the temperate forest that extends south of the matorral. This mistletoe shows contrasting fruiting phenology (spring vs summer), fruit color (yellow vs green), and seed dispersers (birds vs marsupial) in these two biomes. We characterized geographic variation of morphological and nutritional fruit traits of T. corymbosus to evaluate which macroecological factor, biome or latitude, better explains spatial variation in these variables. For each of 22 populations, we obtained environmental data (temperature, precipitation, and canopy cover), measured fruit and seed morphology traits (size, shape, and weight), and pulp moisture and nutritional content (fiber, protein, fat, carbohydrates, ash, and caloric content). Patterns of variation for each variable were described by fitting and comparing five different simple models varying in slope, intercept or both. Fruit morphology showed a clear biome-related disruptive pattern, seed morphological traits were unrelated to either biome or latitude, whereas nutritional variables showed diverse patterns. Different environmental factors seem to affect fruit development and phenology, determining the observed fruit characteristics, with seed dispersers playing a minor role in shaping these patterns. More generally, the contrasting plant-seed disperser associations we addressed can be interpreted as the outcome of an ecological-fitting rather than of a coevolutionary process.

Free rider recognition—A missing link in the Baldwinian model of music evolution

The interactions between species-specific predispositions and cultural plasticity in the development of human musical behavior have recently become the rationale for a possible Baldwinian origin of human musicality. In the previously suggested Baldwinian scenarios of music origin, social bonding has been indicated as the crucial adaptive value that became the main cause of the co-evolutionary process that led to our musicality. However, the adaptive value of social bonding does not explain the cultural variability of musical expressions that enabled the Baldwinian evolution of musicality. The main aim of this article is to show that free rider recognition, along with social bonding and signaling commitment, could have been a possible adaptive function of hominin musical rituals. In the proposed scenario, free rider recognition became a “flywheel” of the arms race between deception and cooperation. As a result, the interplay between the canalization and plasticity of musical learning became a part of music evolution. This process created a cultural niche in which hominin vocal learning was specialized in the imitation of discrete pitch and rhythm.

A Short Tale of the Origin of Proteins and Ribosome Evolution.

Proteins are the workhorses of the cell and have been key players throughout the evolution of all organisms, from the origin of life to the present era. How might life have originated from the prebiotic chemistry of early Earth? This is one of the most intriguing unsolved questions in biology. Currently, however, it is generally accepted that amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, were abiotically available on primitive Earth, which would have made the formation of early peptides in a similar fashion possible. Peptides are likely to have coevolved with ancestral forms of RNA. The ribosome is the most evident product of this coevolution process, a sophisticated nanomachine that performs the synthesis of proteins codified in genomes. In this general review, we explore the evolution of proteins from their peptide origins to their folding and regulation based on the example of superoxide dismutase (SOD1), a key enzyme in oxygen metabolism on modern Earth.

Research on the co-evolution of temporal networks structure and public opinion propagation

Under the new media environment, social platforms, as the carrier of information propagation, have shown a drastic change in their form and structure, endowing public opinion with unique propagation characteristics. In view of this, considering the dynamic changes of online social network (OSN) structure, this article intends to analyse the spreading mechanism of public opinion in temporal networks and improve the applicability of public opinion governance strategies. Combing the changes of OSN topology with the classical susceptible–infected–recovered (SIR) dynamics model, we constructed a co-evolution model of temporal networks structure and public opinion propagation, and the propagation threshold of public opinion was derived with the help of Markov process. Then, the propagation characteristics of public opinion in temporal networks and their co-evolution process under different factors were discussed through simulation experiments. The results show that the propagation of public opinion in temporal networks has faster speed and wider scope compared with that in static networks; netizens’ social activity has a phased impact on the evolution process of public opinion and with its significant heterogeneity, the propagation of public opinion is gradually suppressed; compared with [Formula: see text], the evolution process of public opinion in temporal networks is more sensitive to the state change of public opinion [Formula: see text]. Our research can further enrich the theoretical research system of network science and information science and also provide a certain decision-making reference for the regulators to reasonably govern the propagation of public opinion in social platforms.

Applying genomic approaches to delineate conservation strategies using the freshwater mussel Margaritifera margaritifera in the Iberian Peninsula as a model

Effective conservation actions to counteract the current decline of populations and species require a deep knowledge on their genetic structure. We used Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) to infer the population structure of the highly threatened freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera in the Iberian Peninsula. A total of 130 individuals were collected from 26 locations belonging to 16 basins. We obtained 31,692 SNPs through Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) and used this dataset to infer population structure. Genetic diversity given as observed heterozygosity was low. Pairwise FST comparisons revealed low levels of genetic differentiation among geographically close populations. Up to 3 major genetic lineages were determined: Atlantic, Cantabrian and Douro. This structure suggests a close co-evolutionary process with brown trout (Salmo trutta), the primordial fish host of this mussel in the studied area. Some sub-basins showed some genetic structuring, whereas in others no intrapopulation differentiation was found. Our results confirm that genetic conservation units do not match individual basins, and that knowledge about the genetic structure is necessary before planning recovery plans that may involve relocation or restocking. The same reasoning should be applied to strictly freshwater species that are sessile or have restricted dispersal abilities and are currently imperiled worldwide.

Eco-biological interaction of Polyphenols among Acanthus ilicifolius, detritus, and Uca lactea annulipes in estuarine-ecosystem

Bio-cycling of polyphenols in estuarine ecosystem have not been documented adequately among the floraand fauna thereof. Total phenolic contents, antioxidative potential and free-radical scavenging activityhave been analysed from three types of structural components (leaves of Acanthus illicifolius, and detritusloaded estuarine soil and a benthic fauna, Uca lactea annulipes), of the estuarine mangrove ecosystem of theNorth Eastern coastal belt of India. HPLC and MALDI-TOF Mass spectrometry analysis were performed toidentify and quantify the phenolic compounds. Results reveal that all the three samples contain Polyphenols that can be related through the process and pathways of eco-biological transformation. Though quantitativelyless, the presence of deprotonated polyphenols enriches the detritus laden soil. Interestingly, very fewparent ions of phenolic acids from leaf sample show up in the crab hemolymph. It contained new metabolitesconsisting of fragmented ions. This establishes the role of the fiddler crabs as agents participating in thebio-cycling of polyphenols and also depicts the interdependence of plants, animals, and soil for the exchangeof essential life supporting ingredients as an outcome of coevolutionary process.

Effects of official information and rumor on resource-epidemic coevolution dynamics

Epidemic-related information and resources have proven to have a significant impact on the spread of the epidemic during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The various orientation role of information has different effects on the epidemic spreading process, which will affect the individual’ awareness of resources allocation and epidemic spreading scale. Based on this, a three-layer network is established to describe the dynamic coevolution process among information dissemination, resource allocation, and epidemic spreading. In order to analyze dynamic coevolution process, the microscopic Markov chain (MMC) theory is used. Then, the threshold of epidemic spreading is deduced. Our results indicated that the official information orientation intensity inhibits the epidemics spreading, while rumor orientation intensity promotes epidemic spreading. At the same time, the efficiency of resource utilization restrains the expansion of the infection scale. The two kinds of information are combined with resources respectively. Official information will enhance the inhibitory effect of resources epidemics spreading, while rumor will do the opposite.