Attribution Process Research Articles

Organizational Creativity as an Attributional Process: The Case of Haute Cuisine

In this paper, we develop a framework that conceptualizes organizational creativity as an attributional process in which organizational creativity is constantly negotiated between an organization and its environment through ‘entre-relating activities’. Based on an empirical analysis of this process in the haute-cuisine restaurant Rutz in Berlin, we explore four entre-relating activities – surprising, satisfying, stimulating and savouring – through which ‘being creative’ and ‘being considered creative’ are set in relation to negotiate the attribution of organizational creativity. Our findings demonstrate how the sequential performance of these entre-relating activities is consequential for the gradual transition of external evaluations of an organization’s outcomes, from being considered ‘different’ to ‘one of a kind’, and thus the increasing attribution of organizational creativity over time. Our study contributes to the literature on organizational creativity by exploring the interplay between ‘being creative’ and ‘being considered creative’ through entre-relating activities, which is foundational for understanding organizational creativity. Furthermore, our findings put aesthetic responses at the centre of organizational creativity and demonstrate the playfulness of the process through which the attribution of organizational creativity is produced.

Examination of spacecraft anomalies provides insight into complex space environment

Spacecraft operations are affected by a variety of natural and manmade features that create significant ambiguity as to root cause determination for many anomalies and failures of satellites. The natural space environment comprises dynamic radiation, energetic atomic particles, and particulates (micrometeoroids and orbital debris) that vary temporally and spatially across relevant Earth orbits. Some of the failure mechanisms are further obfuscated by intricate local interactions, the fact that failures are often the result of more than one environmental effect, and lack of diagnostic sensors onboard spacecraft. At the same time, manmade influences on spacecraft anomalies and failures include design, manufacture, integration/installation, parts quality, testing completeness, and operations. These manmade aspects of the anomaly/failure attribution process are equally daunting as much of the relevant information is either not collected or not widely distributed for a variety of reasons. This paper details these dimensions of the anomaly/failure attribution process and provides data from a variety of operational examples to illustrate quantitative and specific actions to enhance the anomaly/failure attribution process short-term and long-term.

Strategic eco-design map of the complex products: toward visualisation of the design for environment

With growing sustainability and environmental concerns regarding the products, decision-makers and business managers need to integrate sustainability into business strategies and support it via systematic business processes and decision support tools. With the integration of the eco-efficiency attributes to the product development, more data should be analysed in engineering design. This integration also increases the complexity of the design process due to the large volume of data processing and diversity of the different attributes and features of the products. In this paper, we used the stock market metaphor to develop a visual data mining approach to the strategic eco-design assessment of the complex products. We presented a fresh framework using clustering and visualisation techniques to analyse the eco-efficiency profile of the different modules, components and parts of a complex product, and provide an efficient data exploration tool for decision-makers to facilitate processing of eco-design attributes, and strategic objectives at the same time. An illustrative example is provided to show the procedure of the application and the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

The sixteenth century panel Virgin with the Child and an Angel, confluences of material characterization and iconography

Abstract Attribution of the panel The Virgin with the Child and an Angel today in the Art Museum of Girona is under study due to the existence of two hypotheses, both of them not thoroughly documented, pointing Jan Massys and Bernardo Luini as potential authors. Attribution process is an important issue in many museums and collections. In this article, the question is addressed by combining material and iconographic information, paying special attention to the information yielded by minor components, and by following the material characteristics of the existing restoration interventions. In addition to imaging and classical analytical techniques (SEM and FTIR), the capability of a new developed Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry system for minor elements and thin layers detection is also discussed. Results confirmed a 16th century palette and revealed the use of specific pigments such as Verditer and Smalt. Analytical results combined with iconographic characteristics, permitted the contextualization of the painting in North Europe in the circle of production of Antwerp between 1500–1550. This conclusion does not allow the direct attribution to Jan Massys but minimize the probabilities of Bernadino Luini as author.

Trustworthiness attribution: Inquiry into insider threat detection

Insider threat is a “wicked” contemporary organizational problem. It poses significant threats to organizational operations and information security. This article reviews insider threat research and outlines key propositions to conceptualize the interpretation of dynamic human information behavior in an organizational setting, which represent an integration of trustworthiness and human sensors’ attribution in close relationships. These propositions posit that when a focal individual violates integrity‐based trust, the group can collectively attribute a shift in trustworthiness, triggering a natural peer attribution process that assigns cause to observed behavior. Group communication can thus reflect subtle changes in a focal individual's perceived trustworthiness. The ability to understand group‐based computer‐mediated communication patterns over time may become essential in safeguarding information assets and the “digital well‐being” of today's organizations. This article contributes a novel theoretical lens to examine dynamic insights on insider threat detection.

PB 4 Neural correlates of intent attribution and laughter processing in children and adolescents

Introduction The attribution of intent during social interaction is a cornerstone of the social adjustment process ( Crick and Dodge, 1994 ). In particular, the tendency to attribute hostile intent has consistently been associated with and argued to play a role in the development and maintenance of aggressive behavior in childhood and adolescence ( Dodge, 2006 ). However, little is known about the neural correlates of hostile intent attributions ( Erdley et al., 2010 ). We used fMRI and behavioral measures to investigate intent attributions and attention biases for hostile social stimuli using social laughter processing in children and adolescents under consideration of gender and age effects. Methods 35 girls and 28 boys in three age groups (9–12, 13–15 and 16–18y; mean 15.3, SD 2.39) without current psychiatric diagnoses rated 1.5s audiovisual laugh sequences in a 3T MRI scanner. 20 friendly, 20 tickling and 20 taunting sequences ( Szameitat et al., 2009 ) were rated as friendly or taunting on a four-point scale. Rating, reaction time (RT) and attention bias (RT friendly – RT taunting laughter) differences were calculated with three 2 (gender) × 3 (age group) × 3 (laughter type) mixed model ANOVAs. Participants with excessive movement or spurious responding were removed from analysis. Neural responses were calculated in SPM8 in a whole brain analysis of the BOLD response to each laughter type and the correlations to hostile intent rating, physical aggression ( Buss and Perry, 1992 ) and callous unemotional traits ( Frick, 2003 ). Results A significant main effect of laughter type ( F = 100.62, p F = 2.829, p = .068) and the main effect of age on attention bias ( F = 2.634, p = .083) approached significance, with younger participants showing attention bias to taunting and older participants to friendly laughter. Callousness and physical aggression correlated with hostile ratings of friendly ( r = .288, p r = .315, p r = −.404, p A broad network showed increased BOLD response during laughter processing, including bilateral medial and superior temporal gyri (MTG, STG), inferior and medial frontal gyri (IFG, MFG), caudate nuclei and left superior parietal lobe (whole brain FWE p Conclusions The current study found an extended neural network involved in laughter processing in children and adolescents, similar to that found in adults ( Szameitat et al., 2010 ). In addition, attribution of hostile intent in laughter was found to associate with changes in BOLD signal strength across these processing areas. This association strength was modulated by youth’s aggressive behavior and callous personality traits.

The Analysis of Interpersonal Meaning (MOOD), Ideational Meaning (TRANSITIVITY) and Textual Meaning (THEME) of News Item Text Entitled “Nikita Mirzani: I`m Not a Prostitute”

Today, media has become primary needs as food and clothing. It has played significant role in strengthening the society that is as a "mirror" of the modern society. It’s used not only to inform people about current, new affairs and what is happening around them and the world but also to form opinions and make judgments regarding various issues. Cohen, (1963); McCombs & Shaw, (1972) stated that when mass media emphasize a topic, the audience/public receiving the message will consider this topic to be important. However, systemic functional grammar is concerned primarily with the grammar choices makes available to speakers and writers. These choices relate speakers' and writers' intentions to the concrete forms of a language. This study is attempt to investigate the interpersonal meaning (mood), ideational meaning (transitivity) and textual meaning (theme) of news item text entitled “Nikita Mirzani: I`m Not a Prostitute”.The news becomes very interesting for some people, because this news is indicated as distractor issue for Freeport cases.After analyzing the mood system in this text, so the writer can conclude that all of the information in this news is declarative mood. For example when the Nikita stated you can confront me with O and F (pimp suspects). I do not know them. This proof gives us justification that the speakers indeed intentionally give fruitful and clear information to each other. The use of full declaratives here also indicates that the text shares a common focus on the giving of information. There is only full declarative in this text, there is no full polar interrogative, full WH-interrogative, imperative and so on. After we discuss the mood types, and then move on the next table, about Modality and Polarity. There are four modality used in this text. Those are the use of can (two times), could and might. So, it assumes that some information given is in the form of “advice”.Based on the table above, it also can be concluded that there are five transitivity process used in this text. The major process used in this text is attributive process. In the second place is material, mental and verbal process with 17,7 %. Then, the last is 5,8% process of this text used behavioral process. In this text, there are also three major circumstance used those are location, extent and manner with frequency 25%. Then it’s continued by role and cause circumstance with 12,5%. In this text the system of Theme and Rheme provides important ways in which textual meanings at the clause level may be established. Theme-Rheme structure allows information to flow from one clause to another. The logical flow helps create cohesiveness of the text in the news. Theme is realized by position (initial). In the SFL an analysis of language, pattern of thematic choice are seen as realizing textual meanings, which in turn are the realization of mode dimensions of the context of situation, thus thematic choice realize meanings about the organization of the communicative event and the experiential and interpersonal distance.

At the Interface: A Model of Freedom and Agency

In this essay, we develop a model of the relationship between agency and freedom, which we argue lies at the core of organizational determinism and action and lies at the interface of agentic decision-making and organizational outcomes. The model that we develop in this paper, which we call Tri-Modal Theory of Agency, is intended to (a) explain cognitive, conative and affective modes of agency with respect to the freedom-based capability view of decisions; (b) measure agency with respect to both positive and negative aspects of freedom; and (c) determine how agency and freedom are related based on Weberian rationality types, dialogism, and attribution emotions, resulting in 32 permutations of the possible relationships of cognitive, conative and affective modes of agency in four value-driven states of agency-freedom relationships. This is an innovative freedom-oriented theoretical contribution to the field of managerial and organizational cognition, focusing on the interface of employee agency and organizational context, and contributing to managerial judgment, decision-making and attribution process in the areas of personnel selection, appraisal, and employee retention.

Meaningfulness and Meaninglessness of Work in Charles Bukowski

In psychological and managerial literature, the meaning of work boasts a long tradition; in this topic, scholars and researchers have explored sources of meaning and meaningfulness of the working activity in workers' motivations, values, and beliefs. Less attention, however, is given to the function work has in terms of signifier of each individual's personal identity. This article aims at deeply examining the relationship between identity construction and meaning of work, focusing on this theme through the exploration of Charles Bukowski's narrative world. My attention was particularly focused on representations and emotional connotations characterizing the relationship between identity and work, deduced by the content analysis of his literary production. Bukowski's difficult working experience sustainability intersects with the instability scenario of the second postwar period in the United States, recursively affecting the development of a self-reflexive thought around which an idea of oneself could be modeled. In this sense, the author's experience is paradigmatic for the contemporary condition, in so far as today's work experience, deprived of a shared meaning system, negatively influences the meaning attribution process involving one's own life experiences.

Prevalence and direct costs of emergency department visits and hospitalizations for selected diseases that can be transmitted by water, United States.

National emergency department (ED) visit prevalence and costs for selected diseases that can be transmitted by water were estimated using large healthcare databases (acute otitis externa, campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis, Escherichia coli infection, free-living ameba infection, giardiasis, hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, Legionnaires' disease, nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection, Pseudomonas-related pneumonia or septicemia, salmonellosis, shigellosis, and vibriosis or cholera). An estimated 477,000 annual ED visits (95% CI: 459,000-494,000) were documented, with 21% (n = 101,000, 95% CI: 97,000-105,000) resulting in immediate hospital admission. The remaining 376,000 annual treat-and-release ED visits (95% CI: 361,000-390,000) resulted in $194 million in annual direct costs. Most treat-and-release ED visits (97%) and costs ($178 million/year) were associated with acute otitis externa. HAV ($5.5 million), NTM ($2.3 million), and salmonellosis ($2.2 million) were associated with next highest total costs. Cryptosporidiosis ($2,035), campylobacteriosis ($1,783), and NTM ($1,709) had the highest mean costs per treat-and-release ED visit. Overall, the annual hospitalization and treat-and-release ED visit costs associated with the selected diseases totaled $3.8 billion. As most of these diseases are not solely transmitted by water, an attribution process is needed as a next step to determine the proportion of these visits and costs attributable to waterborne transmission.

From Faces to Prosocial Behavior: Cues, Tools, and Mechanisms

In this review, we ask how looking at people’s faces can influence prosocial behaviors toward them. Components of this process have been studied in two disparate literatures: one focused on the perception of faces and judgments based on them, using both psychological and neuroscience approaches, and a second focused on actual social behaviors as studied in behavioral economics and decision science. Bridging these disciplines requires a mechanistic account of how processing of particular face attributes or features influences social judgments and behaviors. We review these two lines of research and suggest that combining some of their methodological tools may reveal the bridging mechanistic explanations.

Da decodificação à produção de sentido:

Na perspectiva da Linguística de Texto e da Psicolinguística, a leitura adquire a categoria de processo incontestavelmente marcado pela elaboração/construção de sentido. Esse processo é viabilizado pela articulação de um amplo contingente de saberes prévios do leitor, bem como práticas cognitivas e metacognitivas projetadas pelos leitores, como: antecipações, inferências, paráfrases, seleções, entre outras (KLEIMAN, 1989; KOCH & ELIAS, 2006). Hoje, o ensino da leitura tem como meta efetivar a formação de leitores autônomos, competentes e proficientes. Isso envolve um trabalho didático ancorado nos gêneros do discurso. Entre estes, estão os gêneros multimodais. Estes são resultantes do entrelaçamento de distintos modos semióticos. Devido e essa propalação de semioses na sociedade pós-contemporânea, surgiu a necessidade da efetivação de um trabalho didático alicerçado na perspectiva dos multiletramentos. Isso transcende a perspectiva da decodificação e extração de informações. Este trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre a relevância da efetivação de um trabalho didático do ensino da leitura ancorado na perspectiva da multimodalidade discursiva e dos multiletramentos. Decorrente disso, analisamos seis exemplares de gêneros multimodais (Charges, Memes e Tirinhas), objetivando identificar as marcas multimodais que contribuem, para a efetivação do processo de atribuição de sentido.

Functional neuroanatomy of speech signal decoding in primary progressive aphasias

The pathophysiology of primary progressive aphasias remains poorly understood. Here, we addressed this issue using activation fMRI in a cohort of 27 patients with primary progressive aphasia (nonfluent, semantic, and logopenic variants) versus 15 healthy controls. Participants listened passively to sequences of spoken syllables in which we manipulated 3-key auditory speech signal characteristics: temporal regularity, phonemic spectral structure, and pitch sequence entropy. Relative to healthy controls, nonfluent variant patients showed reduced activation of medial Heschl's gyrus in response to any auditory stimulation and reduced activation of anterior cingulate to temporal irregularity. Semantic variant patients had relatively reduced activation of caudate and anterior cingulate in response to increased entropy. Logopenic variant patients showed reduced activation of posterior superior temporal cortex to phonemic spectral structure. Taken together, our findings suggest that impaired processing of core speech signal attributes may drive particular progressive aphasia syndromes and could index a generic physiological mechanism of reduced computational efficiency relevant to all these syndromes, with implications for development of new biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.

The learned reinterpretation of fluency in amnesia.

Fluency is one of many cues that are involved in memory decisions. To date, however, the extent to which fluency-based decisions are preserved in amnesia is not yet clear. In this study, we tested and found differences in how patients with amnesia (n=8) and control participants (n=16) use fluency when making recognition decisions (Experiment 1). Our results suggested that these differences could be due to changes in the readiness with which patients attribute the subjective feeling of fluency to pre-exposure when an alternative explanation is available (i.e., the perceptual quality of the item). Secondly, we explored the hypothesis that changes in attribution processes in patients with amnesia are explained by a decrease in contingency between processing fluency and previous occurrence of stimuli in patients' daily lives, leading them to consider that fluency is not a relevant cue for memory (Experiment 2). Specifically, 42 healthy participants were put either in a condition where the positive contingency between fluent processing and previous encounters with an item was systematically confirmed (classic condition) or in a condition where the classical association between fluency and prior exposure was systematically reversed (reversed condition). Results indicated that participants more readily attribute fluency to the alternative external source than to past experience in the reversed condition than in the classic condition, mimicking the pattern of results shown by participants with amnesia in Experiment 1. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Menor uso pese a mayor estatus: discursos sobre el valor de la lengua en Galicia

AbstractThis paper contributes to the literature on the current discrepancy between the use of and attitudes towards Galician. Previous studies attribute this conflict to the higher prestige of Spanish as the language of social mobility, together with stereotypes of rurality still linked to the vernacular language. Instead of focusing on prestige as a value that explains the progressive shift to Spanish, this paper examines the discursive processes of prestige attribution to uncover the ideological underpinnings of speakers’ motivations. The critical analysis of the attitudes expressed in 72 semi-structured interviews reveals that, when discursively constructing their evaluations, speakers do not necessarily reproduce traditional linguistic prejudices. Instead, they resort to discourses of authenticity, anonymity, linguistic rights, or discourses about the value of bilingualism vs monolingualism to justify their opinions. Sometimes, the ideologies mobilized by these discourses naturalize attitudes and behaviors that undermine the normalization of Galician, even if the speakers overtly express positive attitudes towards the language.

Extending attribution theory: Considering students’ perceived control of the attribution process.

Research in attribution theory has shown that students’ causal thinking profoundly affects their learning and motivational outcomes. Very few studies, however, have explored how students’ attribution-related beliefs influence the causal thought process. The present study used the perceived control of the attribution process (PCAP) model to examine the motivational impact of these beliefs. PCAP consists of 2 subconstructs: perceived control of attributions (PCA), which refers to students’ perceived capability to influence attributional thought and awareness of motivational consequences of attributions (AMC), which refers to students’ understanding that attributions have behavioral and psychological consequences. We pursued 4 research goals and found evidence to support the following: (a) PCA and AMC are structurally independent beliefs; (b) PCA and AMC are differentially related to motivational outcomes; (c) levels of PCA and AMC vary significantly between controllable and uncontrollable events; and (d) the validity of the PCAP model where PCA and AMC related to cognitive reappraisal strategies, which, in turn, mediated a path toward an adaptive attribution style, autonomy, and subjective well-being. Students who adopted PCA and AMC experienced more favorable motivational outcomes than students who adopted 1 or neither of the beliefs. The results suggest that these attribution-related beliefs enhance the quality of students’ causal thinking and help to sustain a sense of autonomy and well-being.

Nurses' response to parents' 'speaking-up' efforts to ensure their hospitalized child's safety: an attribution theory perspective.

To understand how attribution processes (control and stability), which the nurse attributes to parental involvement in maintaining child safety, determine the nurse's response to a safety alert. Participation of parents in maintaining their child's safety is shown to reduce the incidence of and risk of clinical errors. Unless nurses respond appropriately to parents' safety alerts, this potential source of support could diminish. A 2 (controllability: high vs. low)×2 (consistency: high vs. low) factorial design. Data were collected during the period 2013-2014 in paediatric wards. Four variants of scenarios were created corresponding to the different combinations of these variables. A total of 126 nurses read a scenario and completed self-report questionnaires measuring their response to the parent's safety alert. Additional data were collected about the manipulation check, safety norms in the ward and demographic variables. Data were analysed using analysis of variance. Results showed a main effect of stability and a significant two-way interaction effect of stability and controllability, on a nurse's tendency to help the parent and fix the safety problem. Furthermore, safety norms were significantly related to nurses' response. These findings contribute to the understanding of antecedents that affect nurses' responses to parents' speaking-up initiatives: whether nurses will reject or heed the alert. Theoretical and practical implications for promoting parents' engagement in their safety are discussed.

Emotional facial recognition in proactive and reactive violent offenders.

The purpose of this study is to analyse individual differences in the ability of emotional facial recognition in violent offenders, who were characterised as either reactive or proactive in relation to their offending. In accordance with findings of our previous study, we expected higher impairments in facial recognition in reactive than proactive violent offenders. To assess the ability to recognize facial expressions, the computer-based Facial Emotional Expression Labeling Test (FEEL) was performed. Group allocation of reactive und proactive violent offenders and assessment of psychopathic traits were performed by an independent forensic expert using rating scales (PROREA, PCL-SV). Compared to proactive violent offenders and controls, the performance of emotion recognition in the reactive offender group was significantly lower, both in total and especially in recognition of negative emotions such as anxiety (d = -1.29), sadness (d = -1.54), and disgust (d = -1.11). Furthermore, reactive violent offenders showed a tendency to interpret non-anger emotions as anger. In contrast, proactive violent offenders performed as well as controls. General and specific deficits in reactive violent offenders are in line with the results of our previous study and correspond to predictions of the Integrated Emotion System (IES, 7) and the hostile attribution processes (21). Due to the different error pattern in the FEEL test, the theoretical distinction between proactive and reactive aggression can be supported based on emotion recognition, even though aggression itself is always a heterogeneous act rather than a distinct one-dimensional concept.

Follower moral reasoning influences perceptions of transformational leadership behavior

Transformational leadership reflects charismatic, but ethical, influence on followers. However, leadership ultimately occurs through the perceptual and attribution processes within followers. Accordingly, the perception and evaluation of transformational leadership is likely to be influenced by followers' moral reasoning, which is the ability that allows individuals to identify and interpret ethically-salient issues in social environments. As predicted by social-cognitive principles of self-schemas, observers' moral reasoning positively related to the perception and positive evaluation of transformational leadership behavior, but not to positive affective reactions towards that behavior. These same relationships did not occur for the perception and evaluation of transactional leadership behavior. Implications for whistle-blowing behavior, organizational ethics, and the measurement of transformational leadership are discussed.

Which product characteristics are preferred by Chinese consumers when choosing pork? A conjoint analysis on perceived quality of selected pork attributes.

Due to the economic growth achieved by China over the past 20 years, Chinese consumers have changed their purchasing behavior regarding meat. Instead of buying locally produced pork, they are increasingly willing to purchase imported pork. A conjoint analysis investigated how intrinsic pork attributes (fat content and processing) and extrinsic pork attributes (origin, price, and packaging) relate to the perceived quality of pork and the choices made by Chinese consumers. A questionnaire distributed among a sample of Chinese consumers (n = 81) revealed that processing (fresh/frozen) is the most important determinant of pork choice (36%), followed by fat content (27%), origin (18%), price (12%), and packaging (6.6%). Estimates of utility showed that Chinese consumers value fresh pork highly (0.147), followed by lean pork (0.111) and pork imported from countries other than China (0.073). The findings indicate that Chinese consumer's value both intrinsic and extrinsic attributes, and these results may help the meat industry improve China's competitive meat market by developing new and more products that are tailored to the needs of the consumer.