Processes In Culture Research Articles

Nanohydroxyapatite as a Biomaterial for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration after Mechanical Damage-In Vitro Study.

Hydroxyapatite has been used in medicine for many years as a biomaterial or a cover for other biomaterials in orthopedics and dentistry. This study characterized the physicochemical properties (structure, particle size and morphology, surface properties) of Li+- and Li+/Eu3+-doped nanohydroxyapatite obtained using the wet chemistry method. The potential regenerative properties against neurite damage in cultures of neuron-like cells (SH-SY5Y and PC12 after differentiation) were also studied. The effect of nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) on the induction of repair processes in cell cultures was assessed in tests of metabolic activity, the level of free oxygen radicals and nitric oxide, and the average length of neurites. The study showed that nanohydroxyapatite influences the increase in mitochondrial activity, which is correlated with the increase in the length of neurites. It has been shown that the doping of nanohydroxyapatite with Eu3+ ions enhances the antioxidant properties of the tested nanohydroxyapatite. These basic studies indicate its potential application in the treatment of neurite damage. These studies should be continued in primary neuronal cultures and then with in vivo models.

Aminopeptidase A contributes to biochemical, anatomical and cognitive defects in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) mouse model and is increased at early stage in sporadic AD brain

One of the main components of senile plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-affected brain is the Aβ peptide species harboring a pyroglutamate at position three pE3-Aβ. Several studies indicated that pE3-Aβ is toxic, prone to aggregation and serves as a seed of Aβ aggregation. The cyclisation of the glutamate residue is produced by glutaminyl cyclase, the pharmacological and genetic reductions of which significantly alleviate AD-related anatomical lesions and cognitive defects in mice models. The cyclisation of the glutamate in position 3 requires prior removal of the Aβ N-terminal aspartyl residue to allow subsequent biotransformation. The enzyme responsible for this rate-limiting catalytic step and its relevance as a putative trigger of AD pathology remained yet to be established. Here, we identify aminopeptidase A as the main exopeptidase involved in the N-terminal truncation of Aβ and document its key contribution to AD-related anatomical and behavioral defects. First, we show by mass spectrometry that human recombinant aminopeptidase A (APA) truncates synthetic Aβ1-40 to yield Aβ2-40. We demonstrate that the pharmacological blockade of APA with its selective inhibitor RB150 restores the density of mature spines and significantly reduced filopodia-like processes in hippocampal organotypic slices cultures virally transduced with the Swedish mutated Aβ-precursor protein (βAPP). Pharmacological reduction of APA activity and lowering of its expression by shRNA affect pE3-42Aβ- and Aβ1-42-positive plaques and expressions in 3xTg-AD mice brains. Further, we show that both APA inhibitors and shRNA partly alleviate learning and memory deficits observed in 3xTg-AD mice. Importantly, we demonstrate that, concomitantly to the occurrence of pE3-42Aβ-positive plaques, APA activity is augmented at early Braak stages in sporadic AD brains. Overall, our data indicate that APA is a key enzyme involved in Aβ N-terminal truncation and suggest the potential benefit of targeting this proteolytic activity to interfere with AD pathology.

Studies on Upgradation of Waste Fish Oil to Lipid-Rich Yeast Biomass in Yarrowia lipolytica Batch Cultures

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility to utilize a fish waste oil issued from the industrial smoking process in nitrogen-limited Yarrowia lipolytica yeast batch cultures. The waste carbon source was utilized by the yeast and stimulated the single cell oil production via an ex novo pathway. The yeast biomass contained lipids up to 0.227 g/g d.m.. Independently from culture conditions, high contents of very long chain fatty acids were quantified in yeast biomass including docosahexaenoic (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), eicosenic and erucic acids. The pH regulation did not influence the cellular lipids yield (0.234 g/g d.m.). Meanwhile, the intensification of the oxygenation of medium by changing the mixing speed (maximum concentration of lipids produced 4.64 g/dm3) and decreasing the amount of inoculum had a positive effect on the culture parameters in waste fish oil medium. Further work on upgradation of the original waste is advisable, especially because the oil indicated high content of polyphenols and lower susceptibility to oxidation than microbial oil derived from control olive oil medium.

ЖАНР КОНЦЕРТА ДЛЯ ДВУХ ФОРТЕПИАНО С ОРКЕСТРОМ КАК ЯВЛЕНИЕ КУЛЬТУРНОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ

Interest in ensemble performing is increasing in modern culture, so the study of the double piano concerto, a large ensemble genre, in the context of the modern understanding of culture as a universal informational and communicative space, is relevant. Culture is a means of socio-cultural communication, carried out through the generation and transmission of communicative codes that make up the text of culture. Through the realisation of a person’s creative potential in culture, art contributes to the comprehension of man’s being-in-culture, and his involvement in the cultural-creative process. This article is devoted to an analysis of the specificity of the concerto for two pianos and orchestra, in the context of the theoretical understanding of communicative processes in culture.

Проблемы смыслополагания в горизонте цифровой культуры

Meaning-constitution and creativity processes in contemporary culture have ob­viously been changed under the artificial intelligence’s conditions as “natural-ar­tificial intelligence” system starts to contribute to creativity as meaning-constitu­tion and creativity processes. Аrtificial intelligence seems to be a relatively young actor in the human culture. Its conceptual framing as well as its philo­sophical contribution to meaning-constitution processes requires special research efforts. Search for the new ways of meaning-constitution conceptual framing in conceptual culture’s horizon, is consists of different actors including artificial intelligence facilities, already posed numerous epistemological and ethical prob­lems, is the purpose of the present research. Research strategy and meaning-con­stitution analysis requires to separate meaning-constitution approaches in con­temporary research tradition on micro- and macro-levels. As for micro-level approaches to consciousness are concerned, I arrive to the conclusion, that artifi­cial intelligence contribution in creativity processes requires macro-level ap­proach to contemporary culture. I am trying to analyze artificial intelligence – within the framework of the macro-level approach – as a special actor, sophisti­cated phenomenological contemplations and B. Latur’s actor-network theory be­ing relevant to the study of this subject matter.

Архивное наследие как сфера интеграции Казахстана в научно-информационное и культурное пространство Евразии. 1998–2021 гг.

The paper is devoted to the activities of the Republic of Kazakhstan archives aimed at identifying, studying, and popularizing the historical and documentary heritage of Kazakhstan, and to the role of this area of historical and cultural activity in the development of international cultural cooperation between Kazakhstan and Russia and other states of Eurasia. The authors’ hypothesis is that the commonality of historical experience in the field of archiving and the similarity of contemporary tasks of the historical and cultural policy of the CIS countries, including Russia and Kazakhstan, are the basis for the participation of archives in the development of Eurasian integration and cooperation in the field of science and culture. In Kazakhstan, this process received significant additional incentives over the period 1998–2021. The adoption in 1998 of the Law on the National Archival Foundation of the Republic of Kazakhstan can be considered as the beginning of a large-scale project to identify, publish, and popularize the archival heritage of Kazakhstan, and this work was initially carried out both in Kazakhstani archives and abroad — in Russia, Uzbekistan, Great Britain, France, Turkey, and other countries of Greater Eurasia. In the 2000s, the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev in a series of articles and speeches had formulated an idea of referring to the history as the main source for formation of the national idea of modern Kazakhstan, including the approval of the world historical and cultural significance of the concept of the Great Steppe — the cradle of the Kazakh people. One of the central tasks in the implementation of this strategy was collection and promotion of documents related to the history of Kazakhstan in the international scientific and information space. In 2018, N. Nazarbayev came up with the “Archive – 2025” initiative, which further confirmed the role of the heuristic and archaeographic activities of archives and set the task of creating the most complete digitization of the archival heritage of Kazakhstan. The article provides an overview of the main directions of work of the Kazakhstani archives in 1998–2021: archaeographic expeditions abroad, publication of documentary collections, and scientific research on the history of the peoples, social life, and statehood of Kazakhstan in the 18th – 20th centuries, digitization of the archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan, conducting international scientific conferences and seminars. The facts revealed by the authors show that the archival heritage of Kazakhstan is an area of fruitful and productive cooperation of humanitarians of the countries of Eurasia and also an incentive for integration processes in science and culture in the post-Soviet space.

Sociocultural aspect of conflict of generations in the Tuvan society: modernity and prospects

The object of this research is the transformational processes in the Tuvan culture, which take place due to transition from the centuries-old feudal structure to the modern globalized culture. The combination of interpenetrating cultural phenomena creates a unique context for the transformation of worldview, which becomes the basis of social unrest. Special attention is given to the problem of the conflict of generations, which arises due to disruption of the succession of cultural development in the Tuvan society. Drastic change of economic patterns and methods of interaction with nature under the new socioeconomic conditions, forms up the contradictory worldview of the younger generation, who identify themselves with the Tuvan ethnos, but fail to comply in practice. The conclusion is made on the presence of factors that aggravate the conflict of generations in the Tuvan society, which is undergoing the bidirectional influence of globalization. The author indicates the processes of implementation of innovations into social relations and tendency to archaization. The dynamism of socioeconomic development opens various opportunities for adaptation to different generations, which enhances the axiological gap. Moreover, the structure of transformation of social system takes roots in the change of mechanisms of socialization and education. The article reveals correlation between the problem of the conflict of generations and multiple aspects of the development of cultural-historical traditions. This provides a more holistic picture of the long-term development of Tuvan society.

THE MEANING OF INTRODUCING OF THE STANDARDS OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE AREA OF EXPERTISE 02 “CULTURE AND ARTS”, SPECIALTY: 024 “CHOREOGRAPHY”

THE MEANING OF INTRODUCING OF THE STANDARDS OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE AREA OF EXPERTISE 02 “CULTURE AND ARTS”, SPECIALTY: 024 “CHOREOGRAPHY”

Insights into antimicrobial agent sulfacetamide transformation during chlorination disinfection process in aquaculture water.

Antibiotic addition and chlorination are two common processes in fishery culture. Antibiotic residues not only pollute aquaculture water, but are also one of the potential precursors of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during chlorination. The degradation kinetics, products identification and reaction mechanism of sulfacetamide (SFA), a new sulfonamides antibiotics, and potential formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in chlorination were explored. The results showed that the degradation of SFA followed pseudo first-order kinetic model, and chlorinating agent dose, pH of water, water temperature, NH4+, HCO3− and humic acid (HA) had various effects on the degradation of SFA and the yields of HAAs. The presence of Br− accelerated both the degradation rate of SFA and more formation of Br-DBPs. Through the identification of intermediate products, we proposed the transformation pathway of SFA during the chlorination disinfection process. Namely, in this NaClO disinfection system, the C–S bond between the sulfonyl group and benzene ring, and S–N bond between sulfonyl and acylamino of SFA were broken, and then the primary formed groups were further oxidized to produce intermediates, such as chloroanilines and chlorophenols. And then chlorophenols were subsequently chlorinated to form toxic HAAs. The present study might be of significance for the evaluation of effective degradation of SFA and potential production of halogenate-DBPs (H-DBPs) during the chlorination disinfection process in aquaculture water.

Cultural phenomenon of the rhizome concept

The article examines the manifestations of the rhizome concept proposed by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari in human narratives, using elements of the postmodern methodology with clarification of terminology tools. The research is carried out by the method of analysis and deconstruction of some cultural archetypes from the standpoint of relevance to the studied concept. The application of these methods to biblical archetypes, which have long influenced the way of thinking of mankind, will allow to analyze the ontological elements of individual ideological constructs, which are the base for the principles of liberal and conservative ideologies. The research is applied to the values called traditional but formed mainly in the XIX century, and their true relation to the deep cultural tradition of the Abrahamic religions. The analysis allows to identify the manipulation of elements of certain cultural and philosophical trends and assess their prospects, including the possible impact on global transformation processes in human culture.

ВПЕЧАТЛЕНИЯ НА ПРОДАЖУ: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ В КУЛЬТУРЕ ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ

The article discusses the dynamics of modern сonsumer culture, in which the emphasis shifts from goods and services to the impression. In this regard, the concepts of event marketing and impression marketing, widely used both in modern literature and in training courses, are understood. The analysis of modern cultural practices shows that they are designed according to the market laws and use marketing strategies applied to the material sphere, as a result of which «pseudo-events» come to the fore. Particular attention is given to the strategies of modern cultural institutions that create events to attract new visitors, as well as the role of social networks in drawing the attention of the general public to cultural events. In this regard, theories developed by cultural researchers are considered, critically analyzing the general trend of modern culture towards commercialization, spectacularity and entertainment. The importance of the concept of the cultural industry developed by the theorists of the Frankfurt School, as well as the works of J. Baudrillard and G Debord, revealing the essence of the simulative nature of сonsumer culture is emphasized. A number of conclusions is drawn regarding modern trends in сonsumer culture, which includes cultural production, as well as the inability of modern humanitarian discourse to conceptualize these phenomena using existing methods and approaches. This is confirmed by the fact that the critical theories of mass culture and сonsumer culture developed in the last century have not been continued in modern cultural thought, while the work of marketers is gaining increasing popularity and recognition. In these conditions, sociohumanitary knowledge needs to develop a new tool for analyzing dynamic processes in modern culture.

Multi-dimensional Perspectives and Differentiated Strategies of Basin-Scale Water Ecological Conservation and Restoration

The status of water ecological environment matters to the well-being of all people. A water ecological management system for high-quality development is required to meet people’s ever-growing expectations for a better life. This relies on a comprehensive understanding of water ecosystems from multi-dimensional perspectives—processes of ecosystem services, history, culture, and art—at the basin scale. Moreover, differentiated strategies should be proposed to adjust to varied natural resource endowment, and socio-economic and cultural heritage in different regions. Only by centering on both ecology and culture through multiple processes (e.g., evolution of regional river basin ecosystem, water cultures, and landscape patterns) dynamically under proper scales (basin, region, river corridor, or river reach), can the water ecosystem function more effectively. In this issue, LA Frontiers hopes to propel interaction between multiple disciplines and industries among spatial planning, hydraulic engineering, and landscape design with research and practice, so as to ensure a safe, clean, healthy, and picturesque river–lake system for people’s well-being.

Benchmarking model for culture of urban traffic-safety management in India: interpretive structural modeling framework

PurposeResearchers have studied processes of improving road traffic-safety culture by explicitly evaluating the socio-psychological phenomenon of traffic-risk. The implicit traffic-system cues play an important role in explaining urban traffic-culture. This paper aims to ascertain an interpretive framework of the alternative processes of road traffic safety culture is antecedent to promote traffic-safety behaviour in Indian urban context. Subsequently, the authors discussed the reasons for those relationships exists.Design/methodology/approachFour experts of the urban traffic-safety domain participated in total interpretive structural modelling (TISM) study by completing an interpretive consensus-driven questionnaire. The drafted interpretive model was evaluated for road users proactive action orientation about the traffic-safety decision.FindingsThe evolved directed graph (digraph) of the culture of urban traffic-safety management was a serial three-mediator model. The model argued: In the presence of traffic-risk cues, people may become apprised to safety goals that initiate traffic-safety action. Consequently, expectancy-value evaluation motivates the continuation of traffic-safety intention that may lead to the implementation of adaptation plan (volitional control), thus habituating road users to traffic-safety management choice.Practical implicationsThe modellers of traffic psychology may empirically estimate and test for the quality criteria to ascertain the applicability of the proposed mechanism of urban traffic-safety culture. The decision-makers should note the importance of arousal of emotions regarding traffic-risk, reduce the impact of maladaptive motivations and recursively improve control over safety actions for promoting safety interventions.Originality/valueThe authors attempted to induce an interpretive model of urban traffic-safety culture that might augment extant discussion regarding how and why people behave in an urban traffic system.

672. The Pediatric Endotracheal Aspirate Culture Survey (Petacs): Examining Practice Variation Across Pediatric Microbiology Laboratories in the United States

BackgroundIn the absence of evidence-based laboratory guidelines, the workup and interpretation of tracheal aspirate (TA) cultures remains controversial and confusing within the fields of clinical microbiology, infectious diseases, and critical care.MethodsBetween January 22 and February 24, 2020, we conducted a national, web-based survey of microbiology laboratory personnel in free-standing pediatric hospitals and adult hospitals containing pediatric facilities regarding the laboratory practices used for TA specimens. We hypothesized that there would be substantial center-level variability in laboratory processes of TA cultures.ResultsThe response rate for the survey was 48%. There was a high level of variability in the criteria used for all processes including specimen receipt, Gram staining and culture reporting. Nearly a quarter of respondents (23%) reject TA specimens based on Gram stain criteria, and 56% of labs require that a minimum number of Gram stain fields be reviewed prior to reporting results. Overall, non-academic hospital laboratories and pediatric-only laboratories are more likely to identify, report and perform susceptibility testing on organisms from tracheal aspirate cultures, regardless of organism quantity or predominance.ConclusionThere is a substantial amount of process variability among pediatric microbiology laboratories that affects TA culture reporting, which is used to make treatment decisions. This variation within and among labs makes clinical outcome studies related to TA cultures very difficult. Research is needed to determine best laboratory practices for TA culture workup and to provide evidence for the development of clinical guidelines.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

TRACT „AKHAK QUEBOM” („BASES OF SCIENCE ABOUT MUSIC”) AS A MIRROR OF KOREAN CULTURE

The purpose of this represented scientific article is to get acquainted with the first fundamental cultural and theoretical work of the Korean people of the 15th century, which determined the subsequent development of the musical culture of Korea. There are research methods for this scientific investigation. For a detailed study of the chosen topic, an integrative methodology is used, which combines historical, theoretical, comparative methods of scientific knowledge. The scientific novelty of the scientific article lies in the fact that for the first time in Russian musicology the phenomenon of Asian traditional ceremonial music „aak” is considered, which is devoted to all nine volumes of Song Hyun's treatise „Akhak quebom”. Conclusions. The study of the musical culture of Korea, and in particular the „aak” music, which is a part of the Far Eastern tradition, is extremely important for studying the history of the musical culture of the region. Since aak has been better documented than other types of Korean music, the study of this particular variety seems to be relevant for understanding the development processes of Korean musical culture as a whole. The musical culture of the era of the „Korean Renaissance” considers music, first of all, as a part of the ritual, a means of harmonizing the energies of the Universe and influencing the moral ideals of people. This leaves its mark on the theoretical positions of the work itself. In understanding the essence of the pentatonic scale structure, sometimes symbolic interpretations and philosophical explanations turned out to be more important (than acoustic and mathematical). A special role was played by the culturological approach, which made it possible to understand the logic of culture, which manifests itself, in particular, in musical art and music theory, not limited primarily to the analysis of scale and their structures.

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS

The role of sustainable architecture with the introduction of innovative technologies become more and more important. Today, the search for new architectural solutions is closely connected with the information age, structural processes in culture, nature and climatic conditions. This reduces to studying the current problems of design engineering of preschool educational establishments. The purpose of this paper is to identify the current trends in sustainable architecture of preschool educational establishments abroad. The paper discusses the implemented projects of preschool educational establishments in Colombia, Italy, Germany, Norway, Vietnam, China, South Korea, Japan. The analysis of the data obtained shows three main principles of sustainable architecture, namely eco-sustainability, integrity and adaptability. The paper proposes new approaches to design engineering of modern preschool educational establishments, which can become the basis for the construction development in Russia and the qualitative approach to the future project implementation of preschool educational establishments.

Applications of Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology

Applications of Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology

Co-culturing fructophilic lactic acid bacteria and yeast enhanced sugar metabolism and aroma formation during cocoa beans fermentation

Glucose and fructose are the main fermentable sugars in cocoa pulp. During fermentation, glucose is consumed within 48–72 h and fructose only after 120 h, mainly associated with the preferential use of glucose by microorganisms. In the first stage of this study, the complete genome sequence of a lactic acid bacterium with high fructose consumption capacity (Lactobacillus plantarum LPBF35) was reported. The notable genomic features of L. plantarum LPBF35 were the presence of alcohol/acetaldehyde dehydrogenase gene and improved PTS system, confirming its classification as a “facultatively” fructophilic bacterium. Subsequently, this bacterium was introduced into cocoa fermentation process in single and mixed cultures with Pediococcus acidilactici LPBF66 or Pichia fermentans YC5.2. Community composition by Illumina-based amplicon sequencing and viable counts indicated suppression of wild microflora in all treatments. At the beginning of the fermentation processes, cocoa pulp consisted of approximately 73.09 mg/g glucose and 73.64 mg/g fructose. The L. plantarum LPBF35 + P. fermentans YC5.2 process showed the lowest levels of residual sugars after 72 h of fermentation (7.89 and 4.23 mg/g, for fructose and glucose, respectively), followed by L. plantarum LPBF35 + Ped. acidilactici LPBF66 (8.85 and 6.42 mg/g, for fructose and glucose, respectively), single L. plantarum LPBF35 treatment (4.15 and 10.15 mg/g, for fructose and glucose, respectively), and spontaneous process (22.25 and 14.60 mg/g, for fructose and glucose, respectively). The positive interaction between L. plantarum LPBF35 and P. fermentans YC5.2 resulted in an improved formation of primary (ethanol, lactic acid, and acetic acid) and secondary (2-methyl-1-butanol, isoamyl acetate, and ethyl acetate) metabolites during fermentation. The primary metabolites accumulated significantly in cocoa beans fermented by P. fermentans YC5.2 + L. plantarum LPBF35, causing important reactions of color development and key flavor molecules formation. The results of this study suggest that fructophilic lactic acid bacteria and yeast is a microbial consortium that could improve sugar metabolism and aroma formation during cocoa beans fermentation.

اعتماد الشباب السعودی على مواقع التواصل الاجتماعی فی الحصول على المعلومات حول أزمة کورونا

تأتي أهمية هذه الدراسة في معرفة مدى قدرة هذه الوسيلة الجديدة (مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي) بکافة منصاتها المختلفة على مد الشباب بالمعلومات، ولا سيما عن هذه الجائحة التي شغلت العالم کله، وأدت إلى ارتفاع کبير في معدل استخدام وسائل الإعلام، خاصة مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي، باعتبار أزمة کورونا أزمة عالمية جعلت العالم کله يجمعه مصير واحد، وبات الکل يبحث عن طوق نجاة من هذه الجائحة. حيث تبلورت مشکلة الدراسة في بحث مستوى اعتماد الشباب على مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي في استقائهم للمعلومات حول جائحة کورونا، التي لاقت اهتمام العالم بأسره، في ظل ما تؤکده الشواهد من تصدر المملکة العربية السعودية عالميا في استخدام تويتر، لتتبلور المشکلة البحثية في: ما مستوى اعتماد الشباب السعودي على مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي في الحصول على المعلومات حول جائحة کورونا؟ وقد استهدفت التعرف على تأثير الإعلام الجديد (مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي) في نشر الثقافة الصحية، والتعرف على مساوئ الإعلام الجديد وأضراره على المجتمع، وکيفية تلافي مثل تلک الإشکالات من وجهة نظر الشباب، وأهم الموضوعات التي تعرض لها الشباب نتيجة اعتماده على مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي کمصدر للمعلومات عن کورونا، وکذلک التعرف على أهم المصادر التي يعتمد عليها الشباب في متابعة جائحة کورونا، وقد اعتمدت هذه الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي، واستخدمت أداة الاستبيان في الحصول على المعلومات، وأکدت النتائج أن 82.7% من أفراد العينة يرون أن أهم مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي التي تعتمد عليها في الحصول على المعلومات عن کورونا هو موقع تويتر، ونسبة 40.3% منهم يرون أنه موقع الانستجرام، ونسبة 36% منهم يرون أنه موقع سناب شات، ونسبة 34% منهم يرون أنه موقع الفيس بوک. Dependnece Saudi youth on social media to obtain information about the Corona crisis The importance of this study lies in the idea of knowing, to what extent social media platforms are capable to provide youth with sufficient information about the pandemic that occupied the world's attention, and led to remarkable increase in the use of media. Particularly social networks that look to the pandemic as a global crisis, made all people around the world (who are of the same destiny) seek to save their lives. As far as Saudi youth rely on social media as a major source of gaining information about the pandemic. Thereby the problem of study attempts to highlight that level of reliance. Regarding the ranking list of states using Twitter, It was confirmed that KSA comes first. The key question of the study is: what is the level of Saudi youth dependence on social media to get information about the pandemic? Among the objectives, the study attempts to deal with the idea of knowing the impact of social media upon processes of spreading health culture, knowing the negative impact of social media covering the entire society. And how Saudi youth, from their own perspective think to avoid that negative impact. Another goal focused by the study, is to have a look at the most important topics presented to the youth via social media as a source of information The study used to conduct a descriptive approach, and questionnaire to collect data. One of the findings of the study is that 82.7% of the sample survey see Tweeter the important source of information about the pandemic. Others with percentage of 40.3% see Instagram as the main source. While 36% see Snap chat, and 34% see Facebook.

Characterization of HCO3- secretory processes in human pancreatic ductal organoid cultures

Characterization of HCO3- secretory processes in human pancreatic ductal organoid cultures