Process Of Athletes Research Articles

Do we need a guideline for all: a qualitative study on the experiences of male athletes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundConsidering the low rate of qualitative studies on athletes with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), aiming to access in-depth data, we thought that the utilization of the qualitative method would allow us to collect the appropriate and sufficient data to yield novel findings and achieve sound conclusions. The study’s aim was to investigate anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury experience processes in athletes who had undergone isolated ACLR, reveal the clinically related milestones, and highlight the necessary gaps.MethodsSemi-structured interview techniques, in-depth follow-up questions, and thematic analysis were used to explore the experiences of participants with isolated ACL injuries 1–3 years after surgical treatment. The study was conducted in the Orthopaedics and Traumatology outpatient clinic of the Adana City Training and Research Hospital and included 14 male athletes who had undergone isolated primary ACLR. The study group’s demographic and qualitative data were collected in the first week of September 2023. The member checking process was completed in the third following week. A thematic analysis checklist was used to ensure the reliability of the thematic analysis. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting of Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines were followed.ResultsThe experiences of 14 patients (22.78 ± 3.76 years, all males) were summarized into four themes that emerged from the data analysis process: ‘The Distinctions in the Participants’ Experiences Regarding the Moment of Injury,’ ‘Gathering Information about the ACL Injury,’ ‘Factors That Facilitate The Treatment Process and Reinforce Positive Experiences,’ and ‘Desperate Plight: Main Points of Patients’ Negative Experiences.’ Based on the main themes, there were 14 subthemes.ConclusionsOur study revealed that varying perceptions of ACL injury presented by the participants, which were caused by all stakeholders, including themselves, the professional environment, family members, social network, and the healthcare staff, showed that the physical and psychological impacts of the injury were observed in different severity levels at each stage of the process. We believe that an extensive guide for athletes with ACL injuries that includes all components of well-being and displays the required details for the sports club/coach, family/companion, and physician.

Model for predicting metabolic activity in athletes based on biochemical blood test analysis

Improving the efficiency of athletic performance and reducing the likelihood of overtraining are primarily determined goals that can be achieved by the correct organization of the training process. The nature of adaptation to physical stress is associated with the specificity, focus, and degree of biochemical and functional changes that occur during muscular work. In this study, we aimed to develop a diagnostic model for predicting metabolic processes in athletes based on standard biochemical blood analysis indicators. The study involved athletes from the track and field athletics team (men, n ​= ​42, average age was [22.55 ​± ​3.68] years). Blood samples were collected in the morning at the beginning and end of the training week during the annual cycle. During the entire period, 3 625 laboratory parameter tests were conducted. Capillary blood sampling in athletes was conducted from the distal phalanx of the finger after overnight fasting, according to standard diagnostic procedures. To determine the predominance of anabolic or catabolic processes, equations were derived from a linear discriminant function. The discriminant function of predicting metabolic processes in athletes has a high information capacity (92.1%), as confirmed by the biochemical results of neuroendocrine system activity, which characterized the body's stage of adaptive regulatory mechanisms in response to stress factors. The classification matrix used to predict the metabolic processes based on the results of the discriminant function calculation demonstrates the statistical significance of the model (p ​< ​0.01). Consequently, an informative mathematical model was developed, which enabled the reliable and timely prediction of the prevalence of one of the metabolic activity phases in the athlete's body. The use of the developed model will also allow us to assess the nature of adaptation to specific muscular work, identify an athlete's weaknesses, forecast the success of their performance, and timely adjust both the training process and the recovery program.

Action of cannabidiol in interaction with microRNAs and exosomes in modulation of inflammatory and immune processes in athletes: a systematic review

Introduction: The correct interaction between elements of the endocannabinoid system plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that cannabidiol (CBD) may be useful for athletes due to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties and its influence on the sleep-wake cycle. In addition, a series of implications for epigenetic processes have also been proven, through changes in the expression of microRNAs responsible for modulating the immune and inflammatory systems. Objective: It was to develop a systematic review study to highlight the main aspects of cannabidiol in the interaction with microRNAs and exosomes in the modulation of inflammatory and immunological processes in athletes. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The research was carried out from February to April 2023 in Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 228 articles were found, and 84 articles were evaluated in full and 33 were included and developed in this systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 20 studies with a high risk of bias and 90 studies that did not meet GRADE. CBD has been reported to exert a range of physiological, biochemical, and psychological effects with the potential to benefit human health. For example, there is preliminary supporting evidence for the anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, analgesic, and anxiolytic actions of CBD and the possibility that it may protect against gastrointestinal damage associated with inflammation and promote the healing of traumatic skeletal injuries. The combination of Δ9-THC and CBD can alter the activity of microRNAs responsible for increasing the biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators, leading to a reduction in the inflammatory profile. However, it is important to recognize that these findings are very preliminary, sometimes inconsistent, and largely derived from preclinical studies. These studies are limited in their generalizability to athletes and often administer high doses of CBD. The central observation is that there is a lack of studies that directly investigate CBD and sports performance.

The Hydration Process in Athletes and its Analysis

We all know that water is important, but have you ever wondered why? Drinking enough water throughout the day helps regulate body temperature, moisturizes the eyes, nose and mouth, helps protect organs, delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells, and has many other functions. Without water and proper hydration, many of these functions cannot be performed.&#x0D; In this article, we'll look at the importance of proper hydration for athletic performance, how to determine how much you need, signs that you may not be getting enough fluids, and practical tips for optimizing your hydration levels.

Monitoring the recovery-stress states of athletes: Psychometric properties of the acute recovery and stress scale and short recovery stress scale among Dutch and Flemish athletes

ABSTRACT The Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS) and the Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS) are recently-introduced instruments to monitor recovery and stress processes in athletes. In this study, our aims were to replicate and extend previous psychometric assessments of the instruments, by incorporating recovery and stress dimensions into one model. Therefore, we conducted five confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and determined structural validity, internal consistency, and construct validity. Dutch and Flemish athletes (N = 385, 213 females, 170 males, 2 others, 21.03 ± 5.44 years) completed the translated ARSS and SRSS, the Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport-76), the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the Total Quality of Recovery (TQR). There was a good model fit for the replicated CFA, sub-optimal model fit for the models that incorporated recovery and stress into one model, and satisfactory internal consistency (α=.75 – .87). The correlations within and between the ARSS and SRSS, as well as between the ARSS/SRSS and the RESTQ-Sport-76 (r = .31 – -.77 for the ARSS, r = .28 – -.63 for the SRSS), the RPE (r = .19 – -.23), and the TQR (r = .63 – -.63) also supported construct validity. The combined findings support the use of the ARSS and SRSS to assess stress and recovery in sports-related research and practice.

TAEKWONDOCULARIN PSİKOLOJİK SAĞLAMLIK DÜZEYLERİ İLE DURUMLULUK VE SÜREKLİ KAYGI DÜZEYLERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ

The study aimed to examine the relationship between the psychological resilience levels of taekwondo players and their state and trait anxiety levels.Taekwondo is a martial art originating from the Far East. Taekwondo is a very popular sport in our country because it is an Olympic sport. In the literature, the contribution of Taekwondo sport to both physical and mental development is expressed. Normally, 3 rounds are played over 2 minutes, and the competition may conclude at the end of the 2nd round, provided that the athletes close the rounds with a 2-0 advantage. Athletes play an average of 6-8 competitions a day and experience a high physical and mental process until the end of the day. It is thought that the competition process may cause some psychological processes in athletes. In this process; Athletes are expected to experience some psychological processes such as anxiety, worry, fear and stress. The universe of the study consisted of 270 taekwondo athletes participating in the U-21 Taekwondo Turkey Championship. While 130 of the participants were male athletes, the remaining 140 were female participants. While 72 participants were national athletes, the age range of the total participants was found to be 16-20. The data were collected from the athletes through a questionnaire during the Turkish Taekwondo Championships. The athletes were informed before the weigh-in and they were asked to fill in the questionnaires on a voluntary basis. The completed questionnaires were collected from the athletes and stored. The socio-demographic information form for the demographic information of the athletes, the Brief Psychological Resilience Scale, and the STAI-I and STAI-II Anxiety Scales (Stated and Continuous) were used to collect the data. The analyses done in line with the options specified by the athletes were made in the SPSS 23.0 program. After the reverse items of the scales were translated, the scores obtained from the scales were summed. Then, the data were evaluated with Kolmogorov Smirnov analysis of normality. According to the results of the normality test, it was determined that the data showed normality. According to the demographic variables of the athletes, t-test was used in independent groups for paired groups and Tukey-corrected One Way Anova test was used for groups of more than two. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between the self-esteem mean score and the resilience scale mean score. The results were evaluated at the p

Differences between hemispheres and in saccade latency regarding volleyball athletes and non-athletes during saccadic eye movements: an analysis using EEG.

The saccadic eye movement is responsible for providing focus to a visual object of interest to the retina. In sports like volleyball, identifying relevant targets quickly is essential to a masterful performance. The training improves cortical regions underlying saccadic action, enabling more automated processing in athletes. We investigated changes in the latency during the saccadic eye movement and the absolute theta power on the frontal and prefrontal cortices during the execution of the saccadic eye movement task in volleyball athletes and non-athletes. We hypothesized that the saccade latency and theta power would be lower due to training and perceptual-cognitive enhancement in volleyball players. We recruited 30 healthy volunteers: 15 volleyball athletes (11 men and 4 women; mean age: 15.08 ± 1.06 years) and 15 non-athletes (5 men and 10 women; mean age: 18.00 ± 1.46 years). All tasks were performed simultaneously with electroencephalography signal recording. The latency of the saccadic eye movement presented a significant difference between the groups; a shorter time was observed among the athletes, associated with the players' superiority in terms of attention level. During the experiment, the athletes observed a decrease in absolute theta power compared to non-athletes on the electrodes of each frontal and prefrontal area. In the present study, we observed the behavior of reaction time and absolute theta power in athletes and non-athletes during a saccadic movement task. Our findings corroborate the premise of cognitive improvement, mainly due to the reduction of saccadic latency and lower beta power, validating the neural efficiency hypothesis.

Unsupervised field-based exercise challenge tests to support the detection of exercise-induced lower airway dysfunction in athletes

BackgroundAthletes are at risk for developing exercise-induced lower airway narrowing. The diagnostic assessment of such lower airway dysfunction (LAD) requires an objective bronchial provocation test (BPT).ObjectivesOur primary aim was to...

Major aspects of cannabidiol in the interaction with microRNAs and exosomes in the modulation of inflammatory and immunological processes in athletes: a systematic review

Introduction: The correct interaction between elements of the endocannabinoid system plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that cannabidiol (CBD) may be useful for athletes due to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties and its influence on the sleep-wake cycle. In addition, a series of implications for epigenetic processes have also been proven, through changes in the expression of microRNAs responsible for modulating the immune and inflammatory systems. Objective: It was to develop a systematic review study to highlight the main aspects of cannabidiol in the interaction with microRNAs and exosomes in the modulation of inflammatory and immunological processes in athletes. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The research was carried out from February to April 2023 in Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 228 articles were found, and 84 articles were evaluated in full and 60 were included and developed in this systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 20 studies with a high risk of bias and 90 studies that did not meet GRADE. CBD has been reported to exert a range of physiological, biochemical, and psychological effects with the potential to benefit human health. For example, there is preliminary supporting evidence for the anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, analgesic, and anxiolytic actions of CBD and the possibility that it may protect against gastrointestinal damage associated with inflammation and promote the healing of traumatic skeletal injuries. The combination of Δ9-THC and CBD can alter the activity of microRNAs responsible for increasing the biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators, leading to a reduction in the inflammatory profile. However, it is important to recognize that these findings are very preliminary, sometimes inconsistent, and largely derived from preclinical studies. These studies are limited in their generalizability to athletes and often administer high doses of CBD. The central observation is that there is a lack of studies that directly investigate CBD and sports performance.

Depressive and anxiety symptoms, and neural correlates of reward and punishment anticipation in female athletes with amenorrhea.

Studies in estrogen deficiency states such as primary ovarian insufficiency and Turner syndrome suggest that estrogen status may be an important modulator of mood and emotions. In this study we compared depressive and anxiety symptoms between adolescent and young adult female oligo-amenorrheic athletes (AA) and eumenorrheic females (EM), and explored structural, and functional changes in related brain areas during reward processing, a behavioral construct that is altered in depression and anxiety. We included (i) 24 AA participating in ≥4 hours/week of aerobic exercise or running ≥20 miles/week for ≥6 months in the preceding year, with lack of menstrual cycles for ≥3 months within at least 6 preceding months of oligo-amenorrhea, OR in premenarchal girls, absence of menses at >15 years), and (ii) 27 EM aged 14-25 years. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ). Structural MRI and brain activation during a functional MRI (fMRI) task that probes reward and punishment processing was examined in a subset of 10 AA and 23 EM. Median (IQR) age and BMI of AA and EM groups were 20.6 (19.0-22.6) vs. 20.6 (19.2-23.7) years, p=0.6 and v 20.3 (18.8-21.5) vs. 21.9 (19.6-23.5) kg/m2, p=0.005, respectively. While groups did not differ for BDI-II scores, AA had higher anhedonic depression MASQ scores (p=0.04), and STAI (p=0.03) scores vs. EM. In the fMRI subset, AA had higher caudate volumes vs. EM [F(1, 29)=9.930, p=0.004]. Lower activation observed in the right caudate during reward anticipation in AA compared with EM (p=0.036) suggests blunted reward processing in the striatum in estrogen deficient states. Athletes with amenorrhea had higher depressive and anxiety symptomatology compared to eumenorrheic young women. Exploratory analyses demonstrated increased caudate volumes and decreased caudate activation during reward processing in athletes with amenorrhea suggesting that estrogen may play a role in reward processing.

O efeito da baixa temperatura na regeneração esportiva

Abstract Introduction Intense physical activity and increased exercise significantly reduce the body's adaptive capacity, negatively affect the recovery processes of athletes, and can significantly impair athletic performance. Objective To identify how low temperatures can affect the regenerative processes in athletes, assess the effectiveness and feasibility of cold therapy in sports, and identify the key parameters that determine the effectiveness of the stated recovery method. Methods A systematic review of studies related to the use of cold therapy in sports guided by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, and reported through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The scientific material was selected by finding keywords and phrases, including “the effect of cold on athletes”, “athletes’ recovery”, “cold therapy”, etc. Following the selection criteria, only 30 studies were included. Results Cold exposure has significant benefits for sports regeneration, including pain relief (100%), inflammation reduction (93%), and restoration of sprint capabilities (89%). However, its impact on muscle strength (33%), endurance (11%), and lactate reduction (8%) is more limited. It moderately improves the psycho-emotional state (65-75%). Conclusion The use of low temperatures in sports has a beneficial effect on the recovery of sports performance for at least 24 hours after intense physical activity (training).

The combination of traditional cardiorespiratory markers during treadmill testing “to failure” in athletes, depending on professional activity

Exercise tolerance test with the use of the spiroergometry technique is a reliable diagnostic method which provides objective information about cardiorespiratory system condition when performing physical activity. Both new and traditional, well-proven cardiorespiratory markers obtained in the process of treadmill testing “to failure”, are described in this article. The nature of the influence of physical exertion on the indicators of cardiorespiratory system functional activity is presented. The interpretation for planning and subsequent monitoring of the training process in athletes of various professional activities is proposed.

EEG reveals deficits in sensory gating and cognitive processing in asymptomatic adults with a history of concussion

ABSTRACT Objective Individuals with a concussion history tend to perform worse on dual-tasks compared controls but the underlying neural mechanisms contributing to these deficits are not understood. This study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate sensory gating and cognitive processing in athletes with and without a history of concussion while they performed a challenging dual-task. Methods We recorded sensory (P50, N100) and cognitive (P300) ERPs in 30 athletes (18 no previous concussion; 12 history of concussion) while they simultaneously performed an auditory oddball task and a working memory task that progressively increased in difficulty. Results The concussion group had reduced auditory performance as workload increased compared to the no-concussion group. Sensory gating and cognitive processing were reduced in the concussion group indicating problems with filtering relevant from irrelevant information and appropriately allocating resources. Sensory gating (N100) was positively correlated with cognitive processing (P300) at the hardest workload in the no-concussion group but negatively correlated in the concussion group. Conclusion Concussions result in long-term problems in behavioral performance, which may be due to poorer sensory gating that impacts cognitive processing. Significance Problems effectively gating sensory information may influence the availability or allocation of attention at the cognitive stage in those with a concussion.

Changes Of Bone Metabolism Markers In Japanese Male Long Distance Runners During In-season

Stress fracture is one of the most common overuse injuries in runners and there are many risk factors that predispose to this injury. Previous studies have focused on bone metabolism and the correlation between stress fractures and bone metabolism has been reported. However, most studies are on female athletes, and little is known on male athletes. Moreover, long-term bone metabolic process in athletes is unknown. PURPOSE: To investigate changes bone metabolism markers in male long distance runners during in-season METHODS: Twenty-five male long distance runners participated in this study, and total of 11 athletes were qualified for analysis (24 ± 4.3 yrs, 170.4 ± 5.0 cm, 55.9 ± 3.7 kg) after excluding those who were injured and/or were not able to run more than 200 km per month. Blood samples were collected from 9 am to 11 am during pre-season (PRs), post-track season (PTs), and road-race season(RRs). Athletes were instructed to refrain from training prior to blood collection. To assess bone metabolism bone-specific alkaline phosphatase(BAP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b(TRACP-5b) were measured. In addition, athletes reported their monthly training volume of one month prior the first measurement. Changes of bone metabolic markers were assessed by one-way ANOVA with repeated measures and correlations between training volume and both markers were made using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS: BAP in PTs (14.98 ± 3.11 vs. 16.62 ± 3.76 p = 0.004) and RRs (14.85 ± 3.68 vs. 16.62 ± 3.76 p = 0.004) were significantly lower than that of PRs. There were no statistically significant changes in TRACP-5b. Moreover, there were not any correlations between monthly training volume and both bone metabolism markers. CONCLUSIONS: We found that BAP lower than PRs from the latter half of track season to the road race season.

Modeling of training and competitive activity of athletes and reasons for a conflict of interest

The features of modeling the training-competitive process of athletes and the reasons for the conflict of interest between its participants at various stages of training and competitive activity are highlighted. Modeling should be carried out taking into account certain regularities in the formation of a sports form, the effectiveness of participation in competitions, the individual characteristics of athletes, objective and subjective conditions in which the training process and competitive activity take place. The effectiveness of the preparation process lies in the correspondence of the content of practical modeling to the conditions and features of competitive activity. The main objective and subjective reasons for the emergence of a conflict of interest at various stages of training and competitive activity are identified through the prism of the main didactic principles of education. Conclusions: The organization and effective management of the process of training athletes provides for the development and implementation of various models. The initial data for modeling competitive activity are the results of athletes' performances in previous competitions, taking into account performance stability indicators, and not just the best result achieved in one competition. The features of the methodology for modeling the process of training athletes are in the individualization of the training process and the compilation of a predictive model for the implementation of their level of preparedness. Failure to respect the formal and informal relationship between the coach and the athlete leads to a conflict of interest. The grounds for contradictions and the emergence of conflicts can be both objective and subjective reasons, as well as mixed, objective- subjective reasons.

Machine Learning Based Distribution of Sports Video Stream Assisting Physical Training

The rapid development of Olympic Games and the intensification of professional sports events make the competition between excellent athletes and teams become more and more fierce, so the demands on athletes’ psychology, techniques, and physical strength are becoming higher and higher, especially that the demands on physical strength are more prominent. Therefore, physical training is an important part of sports training and the core link of competitive sports, which is widely valued by coaches and athletes all over the world. At the same time, with the influence and penetration of the rapid development of modern information technology and network big data on competitive sports, the scientific and digital process of athletes’ physical training has also been accelerated, and many new ideas, scientific training methods, and advanced sports technology have emerged. During the pandemic, many aggregation activities have been disrupted, as well as physical training. Therefore, this paper improves the quality of physical training through video, so that athletes can do physical training at any time and any place. A cut vertices spanning tree algorithm based on machine learning is proposed to distribute layered multicast streaming and dynamically adjust the number of layers of sports video streaming. The cut vertices spanning tree algorithm is mainly applied to the situation when the network bandwidth resources are relatively scarce. The evaluation results indicate that the proposed method can improve the estimated quality of experience (QoE), packet loss rate, link utilization, and video delay on Mininet simulation platform. Furthermore, it can be seen from the experiments that the proposed method has a good performance on distribution of sports video stream assisting physical training.

Features of active and passive joints mobility of skiers and skaters athletes

Introduction. In the vast majority of sports, joint mobility is a necessary basis for effective technical self-improvement. Insufficient mobility of joints sharply complicates and slows down the process of motor skills mastering, and some of it (mainly the key components of an effective technique for performing competitive exercises) cannot be mastered.Aim of the study is to reveal the features of the active and passive mobility of extremities joints in skiers and skaters athletes.Materials and methods. The study involved 46 athletes, including 27 skiers and 19 skaters. The inclusion criteria for the study were: age 18–24 years; lack of complaints from the musculoskeletal system; experience of constant sports activities for at least 2 years; absence of competitive practice during the research period. The protocol for the study of the joint mobility included 5 types of active and passive movements, the values of which were expressed in angular degrees: flexion and extension in the wrist joint, flexion in the knee joint, plantar flexion and dorsal extension in the ankle joint. The range of motion (both active and passive) in the joints was measured in both limbs using a goniometer.Results. In all the examined joints of all studied subjects, the volume of passive movements statistically significantly exceeded the volume of active ones (p&lt;0,05). Among athletes-skiers, the greatest differences were observed in the ankle joint during dorsal extension (29,4 %), and the smallest — in the knee joint (14,1 %). In the group of skaters, the smallest difference between passive and active mobility was recorded in the ankle joints — with plantar flexion (8,1 %). The maximum differences in passive and active performance of movements were found in the wrist joint — in flexion (29,4 %). Correlation analysis according to Spearman showed strong and moderate negative associations between active mobility and differences in active and passive movements. Conclusion. The amount of passive mobility in the joints always exceeds the amplitude of active movements. This creates the prerequisites for the development of active mobility at the expense of the reserve. This reserve in each joint has its own value and decreases with increased load on the joint, therefore, for different sports, the indicators of the reserve of mobility in the same joints differ due to the movements stereotyped for each sport. The maximum difference in active and passive movements is in the joints with the least load in the training process of athletes of a certain specialization. A decrease in the reserve of mobility increases the risk of injury and disrupts the athlete′s work capacity. Accordingly, the knee joints are the most vulnerable in skiers, and the ankle joints in skaters.

A Novel Deep Learning-Enabled Physical Education Mechanism

Race walking is one of the key events in the Tokyo Olympic Games, and also one of the strengths of China in athletics events. In recent years, China has made remarkable achievements in various race-walking competitions. However, with the improvement of the performance of race walkers, more and more technical problems have emerged, and the number of fouls due to nonstandard movements has increased significantly. It is a pity that athletes are disqualified for technical fouls in long-distance race-walking competitions. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce scientific training methods to help coaches strictly monitor the training process of athletes and accurately detect their standard degree of action in real-time. This paper mainly proposes a novel mechanism for foul recognition in race walking based on deep learning. Firstly, the image frames in the video are preprocessed by the Yolo algorithm to obtain the athletes' separated images. The U-Net network mixed with the attention mechanism is used to detect the athletes’ actions to identify fouls and nonstandard actions, so as to assist the coach to identify the athletes’ nonstandard actions in training and adjust them in time. Experiments show that the above method can identify the foul actions and nonstandard actions of multiple athletes in training at the same time quickly, and the recognition accuracy is higher than human eyes. It is more conducive to assist the coach to monitor and standardize the athletes’ actions in the long-term training process, so as to reduce the error rate and improve the performance.

Return to Play in Long-Standing Adductor-Related Groin Pain: A Delphi Study Among Experts

BackgroundGroin pain is a very common injury in multidirectional sports such as soccer, ice hockey, rugby and Australian football. Long-standing adductor-related groin pain is a persistent clinical condition and a frequent complaint in athletes involved in sports that require multiplanar movement patterns (change of direction, high-speed sprinting and kicking). To date, the lack of rehabilitation guidelines and return-to-play criteria makes this clinical entity difficult to manage. The aim of the present Delphi was to suggest, based on opinion and practical experience of a panel of experts, potential criteria that could be taken into consideration by clinicians in the RTP decision-making process in athletes suffering from long-standing adductor-related groin pain.MethodsThirty two out of 40 experts participated to a 3-Round Delphi questionnaire. In round 1, open-ended and closed questions about 9 different sections (palpation, flexibility, strength, patient-reported outcome measures, imaging, intersegmental control, performance tests, sport-specific skills, training load) were proposed to investigate return to play evaluation criteria used by each expert. Responses were analysed and coded to produce round 2 questionnaire that investigated only the sections and the items that reached the cut-off value (≥ 70%). Round 3 questionnaire was based on sections and items that reached cut-off value in previous rounds and experts rated their agreement for return to play criteria with a 5-point Likert Scale. Descriptive statistics enabled interpretation of consensus.ResultsHigh participation rate (80%) and response rate across the 3 rounds (100%) were recorded. 6 sections reached positive consensus in round 1, 1 section reached negative consensus. In round 2 positive consensus was confirmed only for 3 sections and negative consensus for 1 section. In round 3, positive agreement was established for strength (3 items), performance tests (3 items) and sport-specific skills (2 items) sections. Negative consensus was confirmed for imaging section.ConclusionExperts agreed that strength, performance tests and sport-specific skills can be used to support RTP decision, while imaging cannot be used. These findings could be useful in assisting clinicians in the RTP decision making.

Viability and socio-psychological adaptation of athletes of different qualifications in fire and applied sports

Purpose: to study the peculiarities of the relationship between resilience and socio-psychological adaptation to activities in novice athletes; to develop a program of social and psychological training for the development of resilience and optimization of the adaptation process in athletes.&#x0D; Material and methods. The study involved 42 sportsmen of fire-applied sports at the age from 17 to 20 years. Research methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific literature, system analysis and data interpretation; testing; methods of mathematical statistics.&#x0D; Results. As a result of the research, a resilience training was developed for novice athletes in order to optimize adaptation processes. The main goals of the training are: achieving a deeper understanding of stressful circumstances, ways to overcome them; finding ways to actively solve problems; constant use of feedback, thereby deepening the self-perception of involvement, control and risk taking. After the training, the level of resilience increased, the maladjustment of the participants decreased.&#x0D; Conclusions. The article presents a theoretical analysis and empirical study of the problem of the relationship between resilience and socio-psychological adaptation to sports activity of young sportsmen of adolescence. The results obtained in empirical research indicate that the level of resilience is associated with indicators of adaptation. The socio-psychological training has been developed to optimize the process of adaptation to sports activity by increasing the level of vitality. The effectiveness of the developed training program for athletes has been proven.