Processed Soybean Meal Research Articles

Impacts of replacing soybean meal with processed soybean meal on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs challenged with F18+ Escherichia coli.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of different level of soybean meal (SBM) replaced by soy protein concentrate on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs under F18+ Escherichia. coli (E. coli). Forty-eight newly weaned pigs (6.6 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments arranged by 2 × 2 factors using randomized complete block design with initial body weight and sex as blocks. Two factors were F18+ E. coli challenge (0 or 2.1 × 1010 CFU) and the level of SBM (24% or 12% in phase 1 and 26% or 14% in phase 2). Pigs were fed for 25 d in 2 phases (phase 1 for 11 d and phase 2 for 14 d). At the end of study, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa and tissues to measure parameters related to intestinal health. Data were analyzed using a MIXED procedure in SAS. The F18+ E. coli challenge decreased (p<0.05) overall average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) and decreased (p<0.05) gain to feed ratio on d 7 to 11. The High SBM tended to have a greater overall ADG (p=0.054) and ADFI (p=0.078) compared with low SBM under F18+ E. coli challenge, but not in unchallenged conditions. The F18+ E. coli challenge increased (p<0.05) fecal score on d 7 to 18. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1β in jejunal mucosa were decreased (p<0.05) in High SBM treatments. The High SBM tended to increase (p=0.085) occludin expression in jejunum. High SBM increased crypt depth in jejunum under F18+ E. coli challenge, but not in unchallenged conditions (p<0.05). High SBM in nursery diets could alleviate the detrimental effects of F18+ E. coli challenge on growth performance of pigs under compared to low SBM inclusion, which might be attributed to decreased intestinal inflammation and improved intestinal integrity.

Influence of Various Methods of Processing Soybeans on Protein Digestibility and Reduction of Nitrogen Deposits in the Natural Environment – A Review

Abstract Soybean meal (SBM) is a significant source of protein for poultry due to its high concentration of protein and amino acids profile. The primary objective of SBM processing is the reduction and deactivation of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) to enhance nutrient digestibility. However, eliminating ANFs does not necessarily correlate with increased protein and amino acid content. Several processing methods, such as soaking, cooking, and commercial techniques, improve SBM protein digestibility. To sustain feeding qualities, soybeans must undergo heating to remove inherent chemicals that interfere with poultry digestion. However, both under and over-processing can impair meal digestibility. Extrusion heating significantly contributes to protein and starch digestibility while reducing certain ANFs. Thermomechanical and enzyme-assisted procedures reduce heat-resistant proteins more efficiently than extraction methods, producing soy protein concentrate (SPC) and fermentation. These techniques reduce ANFs in SBM, activating digestive enzymes and alleviating digestive tract pressure, leading to decreased endogenous protein deficits. Exogenous enzyme supplementation is a biotechnological approach for enhancing the nutritional content of SBM and certain other protein-rich products. However, different processing methods not only affect protein digestibility but also impact poultry production, gastrointestinal health, and the environment due to higher nitrogen excrement. Ammonia (NH3) emissions are a significant environmental concern in chicken farming, resulting from uric acid production during protein consumption. It has a negative impact on the environment and the health of birds/humans. This review investigates the impact of several processing techniques on the digestibility of SBM protein and the reduction of N2 regarding one health concept. Future research should focus on identifying optimal processing methods maximizing protein digestibility while minimizing environmental nitrogen impacts.

PSLBII-30 The effect of different soybean meal batches and protease supplementation on nutrient utilization by broiler chickens

Abstract Soybean meal (SBM) is the major protein source in broiler chicken diets. However, the thermal processing of SBM may have an impact on its protein quality, reducing its solubility when over-processed. In this context, the use of exogenous protease may reduce the negative effects that the over-processing of SBM may have on protein digestibility in broiler chickens. The present study investigated two batches of SBM in broiler chicken diets supplemented or not with protease. One-d-old male Cobb 500 (n = 360) were randomly distributed in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (SBM batches: A and B; Protease inclusion: 0 and 50 g/t of diet). SBM protein quality was evaluated through crude protein (CP), KOH solubility, and urease activity test (UA) in batches A and B. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the structural organization of particles from SBM A and B. On d 26, ileal digesta content was collected from 6 broiler chickens that were euthanized to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and ileal digestible energy (IDE). Data obtained were submitted to ANOVA and means were compared by Tukey test with a significance declared of 5% using the GLM procedure on R Software. Protein quality assessment demonstrated KOH solubility of 85% and 75% for SBM from batches A and B, respectively. For UA analysis, SBM batch A presented 0.09 and batch B of 0.01 mg N/g (Table 1). Microscopy images emphasized visual differences in particles from batches A and B. In SBM particles from batch A, disorganized cluster structures and asymmetric pores were observed, whereas in the SBM particles from batch B, insignificant pores and large cluster aggregates were visualized in a denser structure (Figure 1). The SBM batch B presented decreased AID of DM, CP, and IDE (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Protease supplementation improved the AID of CP (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in broilers at 26 d of age, regardless of SBM batches, but no effect was observed for DM and IDE (P &amp;gt; 0.05; Table 2). In conclusion, SBM from batch A had greater values of KOH solubility and UA, suggesting an appropriate thermal process, and ensuring protein quality, which is demonstrated through improvement in nutrient utilization by broiler chickens. The use of 50 g of exogenous protease per t of diet improved the ileal digestibility of CP, regardless of SBM batches.

Effect of Feeding Processed Soybean Meal on Broiler’s Performance, Immune response, carcass characteristics, Intestinal Morphology and Blood Parameters

This study aimed to assess the effect of different levels of processed soybean meal (PSBM) on growth performance, immune responses, intestinal morphology, cecal bacterial count, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters of broilers. A total of 560 Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned into seven groups. The control group received a basal diet containing a standard soybean meal. The groups S1, G1, and F1 received diets containing 2.5% of PSBM at the starter, growing, and finishing periods, while S2, G2, and F2 groups have received diets containing 5% of PSBM. The results showed that the average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly better in the groups fed the diet containing 5% PSBM than in others. A significant decrease was observed in the pancreatic parameters of the G2 and F2 groups compared to the control. Additionally, PSBM replacement did not affect the villus length of all intestinal regions (p&gt;0.05). Nevertheless, increasing dietary PSBM content has reduced intestinal goblet cell number (p

290 Commercial farm evaluation of enzymatically processed soybean meal in lactating sows

Abstract Hyper prolific sows have a high nutritional demand during lactation to produce sufficient milk for their large litters. To meet those requirements, it is common practice to include increased levels of soybean meal (SBM) in lactation diets. Which, considering the amino acid profile of SBM is a good source of protein at a reasonable cost. However, SBM cannot be digested and absorbed very rapidly in the gastrointestinal tract due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANF), like trypsin inhibitors. As most lactation diets are supplemented with synthetic amino acids the incorporation of slowly digestible protein sources causes an asynchrony in release of amino acids into the blood stream. Enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM) is a protein source in which ANF are removed and it has been found to be a fast digestible protein source (Bible et al., 2023). It is therefore expected that the replacement of a proportion of SBM by ESBM will result in improved productivity of lactating sows. To test this hypothesis, hyper prolific sows (n = 1,078; Danbred) were enrolled on a commercial farm in Denmark. Data were collected from January 2023 through June 2023. Sows were fed their normal lactation diet from January to March (CON). Then, sows were fed a diet containing ESBM. There was a one for one replacement rate of ESBM for SBM meal. The inclusion rate of ESBM was 3%. The replacement increased the total crude protein level of the diet by less than 0.3%. It should also be noted the ESBM was fed during the summer months, which was uncommonly hot for the area. Sows fed ESBM had 0.2 more pigs per litter born alive than CON sows (19.7 vs. 19.5 pigs, respectively). Sows fed ESBM also weaned 0.1 more pigs than CON sows (16.8 vs. 16.7 pigs, respectively). There was a 5% increase in ESBM sows serviced before d 7 compared with CON sows (82 vs. 77%, respectively). Farrowing rate increased by 1.5% when sows were fed ESBM (88.9 vs. 87.4%, respectively). When pigs per sow per year was calculated, there was an increase of 0.6 pigs per sow by feeding ESBM (37.1 vs. 36.5 pigs, respectively). This on-farm experiment resulted in a 3 to 1 return on investment by feeding ESBM. First indications were that the replacement of SBM with 3% of ESBM can increase sow productivity even in hyper prolific sows. However, more research is needed to further evaluate effects of feeding enzyme-treated soybean meal to sows to see if this increased nutritional support also can help to mitigate negative effects of lactation stress on sow lifetime productivity.

267 Effects of replacing soybean meal with a hydrothermal mechanical processed soybean meal on growth performance and health of nursery pigs fed a low complexity diet

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that replacing soybean meal (SBM) with a hydrothermal mechanical processed (HTM) SBM (Provisoy), optimized for digestibility, would improve growth performance of nursery pigs. In total, 1,680 weaned pigs [5.4 ± 0.2 kg initial body weight (BW)] were allotted to 16 replicate pens per treatment (21 pigs per pen) in 2 barns. Pens were blocked by location within barn and randomly allotted to 5 treatments with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% HTM SBM. A low complexity diet with 31% conventional SBM and limited inclusion of highly digestible protein ingredients and health promoting additives was used as the basal diet for the 0% HTM SBM treatment, and HTM SBM was added at the expense of conventional SBM at levels of 5, 10, 15, and 20% in phase 1 (d 0-10) and phase 2 (d 10-22), respectively. Pig and feed weights were recorded at the beginning and end of each phase. Data were analyzed using the lme4 package of R 4.1.2, and the statistical model included the fixed effect of treatment, as well as the random effects of barn and location within barn. Mortality and removals were analyzed as generalized linear mixed models, with a binomial distribution. Contrasts were used to evaluate the linear and quadratic effect of increased dietary inclusion of HTM SBM. Results indicated that increasing HTM SBM linearly improved (P &amp;lt; 0.01) gain to feed ratio (G:F) in phase 1 and tended (P &amp;lt; 0.10) to linearly improve average daily gain (ADG) and G:F d 0 to 22 post-weaning (Table 1). Mortality and removals were numerically reduced when HTM SBM was added to the diet. In conclusion, replacing SBM with HTM SBM up to 20% in a low complexity diet improved early nursery performance and numerically reduced mortality and removals.

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Phosphorous Recovery in Soybean Biodiesel Process

The over-enrichment of phosphorus in waste streams can lead to eutrophication and oxygen limitations for aquatic life. To understand the release of phosphorus from a soybean processing facility, it is imperative to track the flow of phosphorus in different streams during the processing of soybeans. The objective of the study is to develop process simulation models to study the flow of phosphorus in the soy-biodiesel process and evaluate strategies to mitigate phosphorus release by recovering phosphorous from soapstock and wastewater. Since most of the P is found in soybean meal, the processing of which releases phosphorus, a third case of lecithin recovery was also studied to reduce the amount of phosphorous in soybean meal. It was observed that phosphorus can be economically recovered from the soapstock, as well as the wastewater stream, with an estimated operating cost of USD 1.65 and 3.62 per kg of phosphorous recovered, respectively. The phosphorus recovered from both streams can be potentially applied as fertilizer to more than 13,000 acres of corn or 96,000 acres of soybean, respectively. The lecithin recovery case was found to have the highest revenue, and it led to a 54% reduction in phosphorous during soybean meal processing.

Effect of dietary roasted and autoclaved full-fat soybean on the performance of laying hens and egg quality traits.

ContextFull fat soybean (FFSB) can be used in poultry diets as a source of fat and protein, without extra cost for oil extraction; however, raw FFSB contains several anti‐nutritional factors.AimsInvestigating the effects of replacing dietary soybean meal (SBM) with processed (roasted or autoclaved) FFSB on the performance of laying hens and egg quality traits.MethodsA total of 324 Bovans White strain laying hens were randomly selected and distributed in 54 replicate cages. Based on a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments plus a control group, nine diets in which SBM were replaced with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100℅ roasted or autoclaved FFSB, with six replicates (with six hens each), were evaluated during an 8‐week trial period (60–68 weeks).Key resultsSignificantly increased feed intake (FI) was observed in hens fed diets including autoclaved FFSB (p < 0.05). The interactions between SBM replacement level and processing on feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg production (EP) and egg mass (EM) were significant (p < 0.01). Hens fed the diet with 100% roasted FFSB instead of SBM showed poor performance in terms of FCR, EP and EM during the experimental period. The main effect of SBM‐replacing level on Haugh unit was significant (p < 0.05). The main effect of processing on shell thickness was significant (p < 0.05), so autoclaved FFSB caused higher eggshell thickness than control and roasted FFSB.ConclusionsReplacement of dietary SBM with autoclaved FFSB can improve laying hens’ performance in terms of FCR, EP, EM and eggshell quality and yolk colour.ImplicationsThe use of autoclaved FFSB to replace commercial SBM and its oil in the diet of laying hens is recommended. Feed factories can formulate the diets of laying hens with autoclaved FFSB without extra cost due to oil extraction soybeans.

"Processing of Soybean Meal and Cake into Flour and Bran"

Roman Kh Kandrokov*, Aleksandr A Ryndin, Irina U Kusova and Nina V Myasishcheva Author Affiliations Institute «Food Systems and Health-Saving Technologies», Moscow State University of Food Production Volokolamskoye shosse 11, Russia Received: February 11, 2022 | Published: February 22, 2022 Corresponding author: Roman Kh Kandrokov, Institute «Food Systems and Health-Saving Technologies», Moscow State University of Food Production Volokolamskoye shosse 11, Moscow, 127080, Russia DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2022.42.006697

249 Increasing Structural Fiber Improves Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

Abstract Fiber ingredients in swine diets have various components that affect the intestinal tract distinctively. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of structural fiber sources on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 1,760 weanling pigs (initial BW = 6.12 ± 0.3 kg, 16 reps/trt, 22 pigs/pen) were used in a study with 5 dietary treatments: 1) Complex nursery diet with no additional fiber (CON); 2) CON + 2% rice hulls; 3) CON + 4% rice hulls; 4) CON + 6% wheat middlings; 5) CON + 12% wheat middlings. Fiber ingredients were added at the expense of corn and some processed soybean meal to maintain similar dietary protein levels. Using an in vitro fermentation estimation of fermentation for rice hulls and wheat middlings, diets were constructed to add similar levels of structural (non-fermentable NDF) fiber between low and high additions of rice hulls and wheat middlings. Pens across two barns were randomly allotted independent of one another and within a location block to one of the five treatments on d 0 of a two-phase study (d 0–11 and d 11–20.5 post-weaning). Data were analyzed by general linear model in R. Mortality and removal data were analyzed as a generalized linear mixed model with a binomial distribution. Contrasts tested the effect of additional fiber (CON vs treatments 2–5), effect of medium vs high fiber (treatment 2/4 vs 3/5), effect of source of fiber (treatment 2/3 vs 4/5), and the interaction of level and source of fiber. Overall (Table 1), additional fiber resulted in increased ADFI (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and tended to increase ADG (P &amp;lt; 0.10). Probability of mortality and removal was reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) when additional fiber was included. In summary, increasing the level of structural fiber improved performance and livability of nursery pigs.

Extraction solvent's effect on protein profiles of processed soybean meal

Processed soybean meal (SBM) products aim to reduce the antinutritional factors (ANF) in SBM that limit nutrition. To evaluate protein-based ANF and molecular changes during processing, it is helpful to determine total protein profiles to determine the presence of ANF and the effects of processing, such as heating and hydrolyzation/fermentation. A detailed proteomic analysis using one-dimensional gel electrophoresis may be helpful. However, prior to this step, protein extraction must be optimized. In this study, the protein extraction step is optimized to determine protein profiles. The first, processed SBM products were extracted in buffer containing 2-mercaptoethanol, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, this method did not extract the total protein. The protein profiles extracted using 4 types of solvents were compared to maximize the extraction efficiency of the samples. Among the 4 solvents, urea could extract up to 90% of the proteins and showed the highest efficiency compared with water (up to 30%) and buffer system (up to 40%). Thus, an optimal and efficient extraction method for application in the evaluation of total protein profiles of processed SBM products was identified.

Thermomechanical and enzyme-facilitated processing of soybean meal enhanced in vitro kinetics of protein digestion and protein and amino acid digestibility in weaned pigs.

Soybean meal (SBM) contains anti-nutritional factors (ANF) that may limit kinetics and total extent of protein digestion in pigs. This study evaluated the effects of thermomechanical and enzyme-facilitated (TE) processing on in vitro kinetics of crude protein (CP) digestion and CP and amino acid (AA) digestibility in weaned pigs. Each batch of SBM (48% CP) was divided into two parts: non-processed SBM as control vs. thermomechanical and enzyme-facilitated processed soybean meal (TES) as the experimental group. For digestion kinetics, samples (three batches of non-processed SBM vs. TES) were incubated in triplicate sequentially with pepsin at pH 3.5 for 1.5 h (stomach phase) and subsequently with pancreatin and bile extract at pH 6.8 for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 6 h (small intestine phase). Protein was classified into CPfast, CPslow, and CPresistant corresponding to CP digested within the first 0.5 h, from 0.5 to 4 h, and after 4 h plus undigested CP, respectively. Eight weaned barrows (Large White × Duroc, 9.43 ± 0.40 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the terminal ileum. Pigs were randomly assigned to a Youden square with three diets over four periods. The three diets were an N-free diet and two diets using 40% SBM or TES as the sole source of AA with Cr2O3 as an indigestible marker. Each period included sequentially a 5-d adaptation, 2-d collection of feces, and 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The TE processing reduced ANF content in TES by 91% for lectin, 22% for trypsin inhibitor activity, 75% for β-conglycinin, and 62% for glycinin compared with SBM. In vitro, TE processing increased (P < 0.05) digested CP by 5.6% and enhanced the kinetics of CP digestion by tending to increase (P = 0.056) CPfast by 25% and reducing (P < 0.05) CPslow and CPresistant by 48% and 11%, respectively. In pigs, TE processing increased (P < 0.05) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP in TES by 2.3% and 2.1%, respectively. The TE processing increased (P < 0.05) AID and SID of all AA up to 3.3%, except for AID of Pro and SID of Pro, Gly, and Cys. The TE processing did not change reactive Lys or Lys:CP but increased (P < 0.05) SID of Lys and reactive Lys by 3%. Combined, the greater in vitro digestion kinetics matched the greater in vivo AID and SID of CP in TES and lower ANF compared with SBM. Thus, TE processing created a protein source that is digested faster and to a greater extent than SBM, thereby lowering the chance of protein fermentation.

Effect of extrusion of soybean meal on feed spectroscopic molecular structures and on performance, blood metabolites and nutrient digestibility of Holstein dairy calves.

ObjectivePerformance and physiological responses of dairy calves may change by using extruded soybean meal (ESBM) instead of common soybean meal (SBM) in starter feed. The aims of the current study were i) to determine the effect of extrusion processing of SBM on protein electrophoretic size, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) structures and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) protein sub-fractions and ii) to determine the effect of substitution of SBM with ESBM in starter feed of Holstein heifer calves during pre and post-weaning on performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites.MethodsThe SBM was substituted with ESBM at the level of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (dry matter [DM] basis). Fifty heifer calves (initial body weight 40.3±0.63 kg) were used for the study. After birth, animals were fed colostrum for 3 days and then they were fed whole milk until weaning. Animals had free access to starter feed and water during the study.ResultsExtrusion of SBM decreased electrophoretic protein size and increased rapidly degradable true protein fraction, changed FTIR protein and amide II region. With increasing level of ESBM in the diet, starter intake increased quadratically during the pre-weaning period (p<0.05) and body weight, DM intake and average daily gain increased linearly during the post-weaning and the whole study period (p<0.05). Tbe DM and crude protein digestibilities at week 14 and blood glucose and beta hydroxybutyric acid increased linearly in calves as the level of ESBM increased in the diet (p<0.05).ConclusionDairy calves performance and physiological responses were sensitive to SBM protein characteristics including electrophoretic size, FTIR structures and CNCPS protein fractions.

Comparative evaluation of processed soybean meal (EnzoMealTM) vs. regular soybean meal as a fishmeal replacement in diets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on growth performance and growth-related genes

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to compare low and high inclusions of conventional soybean meal (SBM) or enzyme-treated SBM (Enzo) as fishmeal replacements in the diets of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Six isonitrogenous (43% crude protein) and isolipidic (19% crude lipid) diets were produced: a control diet (fishmeal-based) and five experimental diets replacing fishmeal by 8% or 16% with SBM (low or high SBM, respectively); 8% or 16% with Enzo (low or high Enzo, respectively); and 16% with SBM + Enzo blended with 50:50 ratio (Enzo + SBM). Triplicate tanks, each containing 40 fish, were hand-fed to apparent satiation. Compared with the control, all groups that consumed SBM or Enzo diets had lower growth performance (P < 0.05). However, fish fed Enzo showed significantly higher growth performance and protein retention than fish fed SBM at each replacement level. Whole-body crude protein content showed a decreasing trend with increasing dietary SBM and Enzo level, with significant differences detected between the control and the highest SBM or Enzo + SBM levels. However, fish fed control or low Enzo diets had no significant differences (P > 0.05). Whole-body content of some essential amino acids (e.g. isoleucine, leucine and valine) showed a significant corresponding decrease with high dietary SBM inclusions. Trypsin activity in the proximal intestine decreased significantly with increasing dietary SBM and Enzo levels. Hepatic expression of GHR1 was greater in high SBM and high Enzo + SBM treatments compared to the control diet, which exhibited the highest expression of IGF-II (P < 0.05). Expression of IGFBP-1b1 was lowest in the control treatment and highest in the high SBM diet (P < 0.05). Expression of myogenin and myoD, two myogenic proteins, was also affected by diet (P < 0.05), with highest expression in the slowest growing treatment group (high SBM). The inferior performance of rainbow trout fed SBM compared to Enzo was likely due to reduced feed intake and nutrient availability leading to alternations in the somatotrophic axis. Thus, Enzo shows promise as an alternative to SBM in rainbow trout diets.

Evaluation of differently processed soybean meal products as ingredients in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Numerous advanced soybean meal (SBM) products are available in the market today, which were produced through modified or improved methodologies from the traditional solvent extraction procedure, to reduce or eliminate the antinutritional factors and improve bioavailability of nutrients. Despite the higher manufacturing cost, inclusion levels of these new SBM products into fish feed formulations can still be limited due to the secondary quality characteristics caused during processing. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of differently processed SBM, on growth performances of pacific white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei). The growth trial was conducted with test diets formulated with two sources of solvent‐extracted (SESBM44 and SESBM49), enzyme‐treated (ETSBM), fermented SBM (FSBM) and alcohol‐extracted soy protein concentrate (SPC) as the primary protein source (650 g/kg). As per the statistical analysis, diets incorporated with SESBM44, SESBM49 and ETSBM yielded a significantly higher growth performance and lower FCR. Results of this study infer that the traditional solvent‐extracted SBM perform equally well as enzyme‐treated SBM, whereas reduced performances of the shrimp offered fermented SBM and alcohol‐extracted soy protein concentrate might be due to reduced nutrient digestibility, palatability or other nutrient shifts caused by processing.

Nutrient digestibility of soybean products in grower-finisher pigs1.

Solvent extraction of soybean creates soybean meal (SBM), but an array of other soybean products can be created using further processing of SBM or soybean. For accurate inclusion of these products in pig feed, characterization of digestible AA profile and energy value is required. Soybean products from processes such as extrusion (EX) of soybean and thermo-mechanical (TM) treatment, bioconversion using fermentation or enzymes (BC), and ethanol-water extraction (EW) of soybean meal were collected together with SBM. These 9 soybean products were tested in cornstarch-based diets together with an N-free diet for a total of 10 diets. Ten ileal-cannulated barrows (30.4 ± 0.7 kg initial BW) were fed 10 diets at 2.8 times maintenance DE for six 9-d periods with a 6 (periods) × 10 (pigs) Youden square. The control SBM contained 47.0% CP, 1.4% ether extract, and ADF 6.0%. The 9 soybean products contained 35.6% to 66.4% CP, 0.9% to 21.6% ether extract, and 4.4% to 8.0% ADF. The EW soybean products were high in CP (>61%), whereas the 2 EX soybean products were low in CP (<36%) but high in ether extract (≥19%). Chemically available Lys ranged from 92.6% to 100% of total Lys, indicating that minor Lys damage occurred during processing. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy was lower (P < 0.05) for soybean products with greater ether extract and ADF content than SBM, and varied among soybean products. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) did not differ (P > 0.05) among soybean products for most AA, except for lower SID of Arg, Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, and Tyr (P < 0.05) for EX2 and BC1 than other soybean products. The DE and predicted NE value did not differ (P > 0.05) among soybean products. The greater SID AA content (P < 0.05) in EW, BC, and TM1 soybean products than SBM was mainly a result of greater total AA content due to removal of other macronutrients. In conclusion, extrusion of soybean creates soybean products with a greater energy value but lower ATTD of energy and lower SID AA content than SBM. Further processing of SBM creates soybean products with greater CP and SID AA content but similar SID of AA than SBM. Thus, new technologies to process SBM or soybean create high-value ingredients to be included in pig diets, especially for young pigs with high nutritional requirements.

Evaluation of the effects of feeding glyphosate-tolerant soybeans (CP4 EPSPS) on the testis of male Sprague-Dawley rats

ABSTRACTGlyphosate tolerant soybeans represent a large portion of soybeans grown and fed to farm animals around the world. Despite their widespread use for many years, some have raised questions regarding their safety because the soybeans were genetically modified. The CP4 EPSPS gene which imparts resistance to topical application of the herbicide glyphosate was introduced into soybeans. Application of glyphosate to soybean fields will reduce weed pressure and increase soybean yield. To assess their safety on the rat reproduction system, male Sprague Dawley rats were fed either glyphosate-tolerant (GM) soybean (40-3-2) or near-isogenic, non-GM (A5403) (control) soybean meal. The processed soybean meal was added to formulated rodent diets at 20% (w/w) and fed to rats for 90 days. Some rats from the control group were separately administered mitomycin C for 40 days and served as positive controls in the sperm abnormality test. Body weights and behavior were monitored daily, serum enzymes and histologic and EM appearance of the testis, and sperm morphology were also examined. After 90 days of feeding, no adverse effects were observed in rats fed glyphosate-tolerant soybeans.

Processed soybean meal as an alternative protein source for yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) feed

The goal of this study was to compare conventional soybean meal (SBM) with modified SBM (MSBM) after chemical and enzyme pretreatment to potentially reduce the antinutritional factors (ANF), as a fishmeal (FM) replacer at 50% or 100% in the diets of yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Half of the SBM and MSBM diets contained an enzyme cocktail (of phytase and carbohydrate-degrading enzyme), and the other half received no enzyme supplementations. Fingerlings (297; initial weight, 11.01 ± 0.19 g) were randomly distributed over nine treatments, in triplicate, and fed these isonitrogenous diets (crude protein 410 g/kg) that included replacing FM with SBM at 50% or 100% without or with enzyme supplementations (S50, S100, S50+E or S100+E, respectively), MSMB at 50% or 100% without or with enzyme supplementations (MS50, MS100, MS50+E or MS100+E, respectively) or a control FM-based diet. After 10 weeks, the growth performance, feeding efficiencies, proximate composition, intestinal/pyloric caeca digestive enzymes and liver metabolic/antioxidant enzymes in P. flavescens were measured. The highest (p < 0.05) growth performance and nutrient utilization parameters (protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value, PPV) were observed for the MS50+E group, which was not statistically different to parameters for the control and MS50 groups, and significantly (p < 0.05) higher than all other groups. The lowest and highest growth performance and feed conversion ratios, respectively, were observed in the S100, S100+E and MS100 groups. The highest protease activity (in both intestine and pyloric caeca) was observed for the control group, but was significantly similar to MS50, MS50+E and S50+E groups. The lowest value was observed for 100% replacement of FM protein by SBM and MSBM fed groups. However, inclusion of exogenous enzymes in feed showed positive effects in MS50+E (compared to MS50) for PPV, lipid productive value and amylase activity in the intestine. Activity of protein metabolism enzymes (i.e., alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase) in the liver was the highest in the control group, which was similar (p < 0.05) to the MS50+E and MS50 groups. Antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) in the liver were the lowest in the control group, which was significantly similar (p < 0.05) to the group given the feed with 50% replacement of FM protein. Complete (100%) replacement of FM protein exhibited the highest antioxidant enzyme activity. Conclusively, performance of the MS50 and MS50+E groups was similar to the FM group and better than SBM group; therefore, MSBM with high protein and low ANFs has considerable potential as an alternative to FM in aquafeed.

Enhanced Emulsifying and Calcium-binding Properties of Fermented Soybean Meal

A processed soybean meal (BF-SBM) was prepared by fermenting soybean meal with the genus Bacillus sp. strain for comparison with commercially prepared Lactobacillus-fermented soybean meal (LF-SBM), an enzyme treated soybean meal (ET-SBM) and a soy protein concentrate (SPC). Emulsifying activity and stability of the emulsions prepared from these products were investigated using typical methods in the literature with modifications and Turbiscan measurements, respectively. Calcium ion chelating ability of the SBM products was determined using a modified literature method. The resulting protein profiles, emulsifying properties and calcium-binding behaviors of the soybean products were compared. The results are discussed in terms of the influence of peptide molecular weight and the concentration of specific amino acids on emulsifying and calcium-binding properties of soybean proteins.

Soaking of soybean meal: evaluation of physicochemical properties and kinetic studies

Soaking is an important pre-requisite for soybean meal processing including fermentation. Soybean meal is soaked at 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C for 10 h in order to investigate the effect of soaking on moisture gain and nutritional properties including crude protein content, carbohydrate content and antioxidant activity. The properties of the soaking water (pH, turbidity and colour parameters using L*a*b* scale) are also investigated. For soybean meal, the effective moisture diffusivity varied from 1.14 × 10−11 to 2.07 × 10−11 m2 s−1 and the water absorption data fitted well with Peleg and Abu-Ghannam models. The total phenolic content and DPPH radical-scavenging activity are found to be significantly (p < 0.05) affected by soaking time and temperature and a maximum decrease of 90% and 20% are observed, respectively. For phenolic compounds, the effective diffusivity varied from 0.9 × 10−11 to 1.19 × 10−11 m2 s−1 and the data fitted with the second order kinetic model. Crude protein and carbohydrate content decrease by 7% and 4%, respectively and are significantly (p < 0.05) affected by soaking time only. The pH of the soaking water reduces to mildly acidic (6–6.5), a* and b* values increase but L* value decreases. Both time and temperature are found to have significant (p < 0.05) effects on all tested properties of soaking water. The best conditions for soybean meal soaking are found to be 50 °C and 1 h within the range used. At these conditions, the desirable moisture content (45–55%) can be achieved in a reasonable time and with minimum loss of nutrients.