Palm Oil Processing Research Articles

Profitability Analysis Of Palm Oil Production In Igbo Etiti Local Government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria


 This study analyzed the profitability of palm oil production in Igbo Etiti L.G.A of Enugu State, Nigeria. Both multi-stage random and purposive sampling procedures were used to select 120 small-scale palm oil producers. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants and analysed using frequency, percentage, and gross margin analysis. The results show that more than half (55.0) percent of palm oil producers use the traditional method of palm oil processing to produce their product whereas 17.5 percent used the mechanical method. The producers sourced their palm fruits mainly from self-sourcing (65 percent), friends and relatives (55.8 percent), and the open market (44.2 percent). The profitability analysis indicates that the total cost of N2,503,100 was incurred as the production cost for palm oil in the 2021 production cycle, out of which N429,000 representing 17.1 percent was expended on the total fixed assets while the total variable cost gulped N2,074,100, representing 82.9 percent of the entire cost. The sum of N796,900 was realized as the net profit from palm oil production in the area. This attests to the profitability of palm oil production in the area. The benefit-cost ratio analysis yielded a value above one (1.3), confirming the viability of palm oil production in the area. The study recommends that the government should initiate a policy that will encourage more people to get involved in palm oil production, as well as, facilitate the transition of palm oil production from the traditional method to the mechanical method.

Effect of heating time on changes in physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of red palm oil

Crude Palm Oil (CPO) contains approximately 50% saturated fatty acids and approximately 40% unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acid content is known to be effective in lowering blood cholesterol levels. Palm oil also contains -carotene which is very beneficial for health. Palm oil processing is defined by three stages, namely degumming, bleaching and deodorization. The bleaching process is carried out at 90–105oC using 1-2% bleaching earth and deodorization at 240-270oC. The high concentration of bleaching earth and deodorization temperature causes carotene to be degraded leading to low carotene content in the final product. The effort to maintain the carotene content is to process CPO into red palm oil (RPO). The content of carotene and fatty acids contained therein will be damaged in the presence of high heat, ascertain this, a study was conducted on the effect of heating time on the chemical properties of red palm oil. The study was conducted using a completely randomized block design with prolonged heating treatment (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours) at 180oC and repeated 3 times and then the fatty acid content, peroxide value, iodine number and functional groups formed in bulk red palm oil purchased online were observed. The results showed that increasing the heating time can decrease the iodine number but increase the acid number and peroxide value. Heating at 180oC for 10 hours produced iodine, acid and peroxide value of 57.72, 9.56 and 12.55, respectively. The results of the analysis using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) showed the presence of free fatty acids at wave number 722 cm-1 and peroxide numbers at wave number 2.854 cm-1. The test results using gas chromatography showed that linoleic acid decreased by about 3.23% during heating for up to 10 hours, while saturated fatty acids increased by about 0.32%. Key words: Cooking oil, Free fatty acid, Iodine number, Peroxide number, polymerization

Training in processing palm oil mushrooms into crackers in Delas Village, South Bangka

Oil palm not only yields fruit but also facilitates the growth of palm mushrooms, a fungus that thrives around palm tree trunks. In Delas village, South Bangka, the primary source of livelihood for the community revolves around oil palm plantations. However, the fluctuating price of palm oil necessitates the exploration of alternative sources of income. In response, a service team has introduced processed food in the form of crackers made from palm mushrooms. The objective of this initiative is to educate and support the community in the process of turning palm mushrooms into crackers. This endeavor involved training sessions with members of PKK and BUMDes. As a result, partners have witnessed an improvement in their knowledge and skills in making crackers from palm mushrooms. This not only prevents the wastage of abundant mushroom production but also mitigates any adverse effects on the quality of palm oil production.

Microbial community dynamics and functional potentials in the conversion of oil palm wastes into biomethane.

Oil palm processing generates substantial waste materials rich in organic content, posing various environmental challenges. Anaerobic digestion (AD), particularly for palm oil mill effluent (POME), offers a sustainable solution, by converting waste into valuable biomethane for thermal energy or electricity generation. The synergistic activities of the AD microbiota directly affect the biomethane production, and the microbial community involved in biomethane production in POME anaerobic digestion has been reported. The composition of bacterial and archaeal communities varies under different substrate and physicochemical conditions. This review discusses the characteristics of POME, explores the microbial members engaged in each stage of AD, and elucidates the impacts of substrate and physicochemical conditions on the microbial community dynamics, with a specific focus on POME. Finally, the review outlines current research needs and provides future perspectives on optimizing the microbial communities for enhanced biomethane production from oil palm wastes.

Prediction of Palm Oil Production Results PT.KSI South Solok Using Ensemble k-Nearest Neighbor

In 2022 PT. KSI experienced a decline in palm oil production due to replanting steps. In managing palm oil production PT. KSI has problems with palm oil production results not reaching targets so that it can affect the Company's Work Plan and Budget, therefore it is very necessary to predict palm oil production results so that all palm oil production and processing activities can run according to plan. The ensemble technique is a method which has predictive accuracy capabilities and is very efficient to use in the k-NN method, so there is no need to search for the optimal k value. Based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out, it can be seen that by using an ensemble the level of accuracy is 9.36%, which is considered high accuracy compared to just using a single kNN with k = 1 of 10.84%. So it can be concluded that the model has worked well with the data.

PENERAPAN METODE REGRESI LINEAR SEDERHANA DALAM MEMPREDIKSI TANDAN BUAH SEGAR MASUK DI PKS DOLOK ILIR

Oil palm is a very important crop in the agricultural sector today. This is because oil palm is the country's largest foreign exchange earner as well as a driver of the people's economy and plays a role in employment. Dolok Ilir Palm Oil Mill is one of the business units of PT Perkebunan Nusantara 4 which is engaged in the palm oil sector. As a plantation that has a palm oil processing plant, PKS Dolok Ilir also processes palm oil from other PTPN IV plantation units. Fresh fruit bunches entering the Dolok Ilir PKS are still difficult to predict. The high number of incoming Fresh Fruit Bunches and limited processing capacity causes some fruits cannot be processed on the same day, this will have an impact on reducing the quality of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) and the quality of Crude Palm Oil (CPO). From these problems, an algorithm is needed to predict incoming Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) at the Dolok Ilir PKS.

Analisa Kinerja Mesin Ripple Mill dengan Beban 30 Ton/Jam

The growth of oil palm agricultural land until 2017 was 234 479. Ha, with a production productivity figure of 437 292 tons. (BPS 2017) The development of oil palm plants has been developed in several regions in Indonesia and has become a superior plantation crop. Because it has quite high economic value. One factor that needs to be considered in the company's progress is the issue of smoothness. The production process is greatly influenced by the performance of the machines used. PT. Merbaujaya Indahraya is a subsidiary company of PT. MIG is engaged in processing fresh palm fruit bunches into Crude Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil. Fresh fruit bunches are obtained from core gardens and farmers. Core garden with 4 sections of MI Group gardens (MI, Binanga Mandala and Heksa). with a capacity of 30 tons/hour. Processing palm oil into CPO (Crude Palm Oil) has several stations including Loading ramp, Sterilizer, Thresser, Screw Press, clarification, and Kernel. The ripple mill machine is a palm kernel processing machine that is located at the kernel station and is prone to damage, where in the ripple mill machine, the seeds enter between the rotor and the ripple plate being pressed so that they collide with each other and break the shell from the core. So that the core is separated from the shell. This research aims to analyze the performance of the ripple mill machine. From the results of the analysis, an efficiency level of 80% was obtained, with 4 samples taken and varying collection times of around 2 hours within 1 (one) day of production.

Analysis Planning Relay Layout with Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique Approach

PT XYZ is one of the manufacturing industries engaged in the production of palm oil processing. The products produced are cooking oil and margarine. So far, the implementation of activities has been hampered by the current layout conditions having a less efficient material handling path length, in addition, the distance between facilities is too far ± 150m which results in repeated transportation, this results in PT XYZ's material transfer activities being less effective. Therefore, this study aims to redesign the layout of production facilities in order to minimize material handling costs and raw material movement distances to be more effective. From these problems, the method used is the CRAFT (Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Techniques) method, this method can be done with the help of FTC (From to Chart), ARC (Activity Relation Chart) and ARD (Activity Relationship Diagram) calculations. The results of this study showed that the CRAFT algorithm succeeded in saving total material handling costs of Rp. 469,352.04 per day and reducing the total distance of movement by 67.15 meters. The reduction in material handling costs achieved was Rp 2,114,734.77 or around 81.84%, while the reduction in material handling distance reached 306.85 meters or around 82.05%.

Mass balance of palm waste energy potential in palm oil processing in South West Aceh, Indonesia

The process of land clearing, tillage, and planting in plantations has environmental impacts. The use of fertilizers, both organic and inorganic, contributes to potential emissions during land preparation (262 kg/cycle), tillage (236 kg/cycle), and planting (165 kg/cycle). Land preparation has the highest emissions due to increased fuel consumption. Planting oil palm seedlings aged 1, 2, and 3 years requires significant water (5,160,063.496 tons/cycle, 5,222,991.444 tons/cycle, and 5,411,774.030 tons/cycle, respectively). Outputs in years 4-7 include groundwater use (5,710,654.467 tons/cycle), 12,750 tons of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) per cycle, 12,878 tons of palm fronds and leaves per cycle, and 19.62% evapotranspiration. In years 8-10, FFB production reaches 24 tons/cycle, with 12,878.79 tons/cycle of fronds and leaves, and 19.63% evapotranspiration. In years 11-14, FFB production is 26 tons/cycle, with 6.435 tons/cycle of fronds and leaves. The water requirement remains at 80.37%. For oil palm aged >19 years, FFB production decreases to 18 tons/cycle, with fronds and leaves remaining the same. Electrical waste energy (E) generated by 2050 totals 7,343,834.558 GW, increasing from 2016-2032 and plateauing from 2033-2050. Factory energy needs (Ep) at 20% power plant efficiency are 1,468,766.912 GW, while waste-derived energy (P) is 167.667 GW.

Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) Processing Modification to Increase Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Rendement

Oil palm has grown from an area of 300 thousand ha in 1980 to now 16.1 million ha (according to GAPKI) with CPO production of 40 million tons. People’s plantations continue to increase and currently account for 52 percent of the total area of oil palm plantations. In this research, pressing pressure experiments were carried out at 60 bar, 70 bar, and 80 bar, respectively, oil losses in fiber were obtained at 13.22%,9.34%, and 7.63%. Through regression analysis, it was found that oil loss in the mesocarp was 1.1% at a pess pressure of 106 Bar. So from this experiment it can be concluded that separating the mesocarp and kernel before pressing provides an increase in oil yield, minimizing oil loss in fiber. The standard oil loss in fiber is 5% in the current palm oil processing process. After modifying the process, very small oil loss in the fiber can be achieved.

Sustainable cultivation of red chili plants (Capsicum annuum L.) through a composition of NPK and biological organics fertilizers

One form of sustainable agricultural activity that can be carried out is by implementing environmentally friendly agriculture, such as applying inorganic and biological organic fertilizers. The research aims to obtain a composition of NPK doses and biological organic fertilizer on red chili plants in reducing use of NPK fertilizer to support sustainable chili farming. The fertilizer provided is in the form of palm oil processing waste (sludge) and biofertilizer based on a bacterial consortium. The experimental design used in this research was a completely randomized design (CRD) with six treatments and four replications. The treatment given consisted of a composition of 100% NPK added petroganics (P1), added sludge compost (P2), a composition of 75% NPK added sludge compost (P3), added sludge compost + biofertilizer (P4), a composition of 50% NPK added sludge compost and biofertilizer (P5), and a composition of 25% NPK added sludge compost and biofertilizer (P6). Based on the results, the composition of 75% NPK added sludge compost + biofertilizer gave results relatively the same as the composition of 100% NPK + petroganic fertilizer in several parameters. This shows that sludge compost + biofertilizer can reduce the use of inorganic fertilizer by as much as 25%.

Economic transformation based on leading commodities through sustainable development of the oil palm industry

The oil palm industry is a strategic and leading sector of agriculture that is developing in Indonesia. Riau is a province in this country that has quite large natural resources in the plantation with the largest contribution being oil palm. This study aims to determine the form of economic transformation based on superior commodities through the development of a sustainable palm oil industry. The study adopts a mixed-method approach, employing a sequential explanatory model to gather a comprehensive understanding of the oil palm industry in Bengkalis Regency, Indonesia. Quantitative data collection precedes qualitative data analysis, allowing for a deeper exploration of the research topic. The analysis units encompass the oil palm industry, households, and village officials, ensuring a holistic examination of the subject. Data collection involves a range of methods, including surveys, interviews, observations, and focus group discussions, engaging diverse stakeholders such as community members, industry representatives, and government officials. Secondary data from relevant agencies and previous research are also integrated. Ethical considerations are emphasized in data collection and dissemination, ensuring transparency and balance in reporting. Overall, the methodology is well-structured and comprehensive, enabling a thorough examination of the industry's sustainability and development. The research results indicate that the oil palm manufacturing industry is a leading sector and has been categorized as sufficiently sustainable based on different perspectives. Through an optimistic scenario, the government must make efforts and total support to improve the important factors that influence the development of the palm oil processing industry in a sustainable manner, including the community empowerment program, future palm oil prospects, implementation of environmental management.

Studi pengaruh waktu dan suhu recovery limbah katalis nikel terpakai (spent catalyst) pasca proses hidrogenasi RBDPO dengan metode kalsinasi

Many palm oil processing industries use hydrogenation catalysts to optimize yields and produce quantities of catalyst residues containing metals harmful to the environment. Residue catalyst disposal also creates new problems for the industry because the category includes hazardous waste. Use of nickel catalyst at PT. Dua Kuda Indonesia in 2007 as much as 54 tons / year, 2014 as much as 108 tons / year and year 2018 as much as 216 tons / year. The price of nickel catalyst in Indonesia also has a fairly high value of about Rp. 120,000,000, - per ton. This study focused on the recovery of nickel catalyst activity by washing with etanol and activation catalyst wich calsinasi at temperatur 300°C, 400°C and 500°C. In the characterization stage, to see functional groups used Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) instrument instrument, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) crystallization test and structural test with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The hydrogenated catalyst, tested quantity, quality of nickel catalyst with Iodine Value Test.

Potency of Biocoagulant from Cationic Modified Starch of Balbis Banana Blossom Waste for Palm Oil Wastewater Treatment: Literature Study

Lampung is one of the provinces producing Indonesia's second-largest banana crop. Operational activities at the Palm Oil Mill produce a by-product of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), which can potentially be the most enormous environmental pollution. Communities often use chemicals to treat liquid waste, which causes health problems, cannot be decomposed, and can damage the environment. Therefore, treating liquid waste using organic materials that are more environmentally friendly, safe for health and easily degraded is necessary. By modifying cationic starch, natural polymers found in banana blossom waste may be utilized for producing natural biocoagulant that are more effective. This paper aims to review the potential of cationic-modified balbis banana blossom waste starch as a natural biocoagulant for processing palm oil waste. Starch was first modified into cationic starch by etherification method with the help of HMMAHC cationic reagents. The mechanism of cationic starch as a biocoagulant is the exchange of starch cation ions and waste anions to form bridges between colloidal particles and then form flocs that can precipitate. The implementation technique of this idea is by collaborating with several parties to ensure the successful use of banana hump starch as a biocoagulant material, providing support and facilities for the industry and promoting the use of biocoagulant, conducting literature studies related to the use of banana hump starch as a natural biocoagulant, testing the effectiveness of biocoagulant, implemented in the palm oil processing industry.

Sintesis Zeolit-Karbon Aktif Berbasis Abu Boiler Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Adsorben Asam Lemak Bebas dan Karoten pada Crude Palm Oil

The application of palm shells and fibers as boiler fuel in palm oil mills is highly recommended to maintain a sustainable utilization cycle. The combustion of palm oil shells and fibers producing non-optimally utilized and managed ash generates a high potential for environmental pollution. This research aims to utilize palm oil mill boiler ash (ABKS) as raw material for zeolite/activated-carbon (ZKA) composite synthesis. ZKA composite uses as free fatty acids and carotenes adsorbent in the bleaching process of crude palm oil (CPO). Based on the results of characterization with EDX and XRD, ABKS contains Si; Al; C of 40.71%; 6.10%: 0.66% and indicates to contain quartz and cristobalite minerals. The calcination process with NaOH followed by a hydrothermal process at a temperature of 100 °C for 24 hours produces ZKA which is known from the results of characterization using XRD and EDX where the composite is indicated to contain analcime zeolite and carbon. Based on SEM characterization results, the morphology of the ZKA composite is porous and have good particle size distribution. Based on the results of analysis of free fatty acids and carotenes from CPO before and after bleaching, ZKA composite reduces 15.67% of free fatty acids and 16.34% of carotenes. The resulting composite has good adsorption capabilities for free fatty acids and carotenes and may be a solution for utilizing biomass waste as a circular economy application in the palm oil industry.

Isolation and Identification of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria in An-aerobic Palm Oil Waste Pools at PT. Aek Loba Plantation

Biosurfactant-producing bacteria are bacteria that have alternative energy sources, namely surfactants which contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups based on their molecular structure so that they can survive between different polar and hydrogen bonding fluids. Palm oil mill liquid waste is waste in the form of water or liquid, oil and organic solids produced from the processing of palm oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the genera of biosurfactant-producing bacteria found in palm oil wastewater in the an-aerobic pond of PT. Aek Loba plantation and to find out the bacterial species with the highest emulsification index. This study used descriptive methods and identification of bacteria through morphological characterization, gram staining tests and biochemical tests. Bacteria were isolated from palm oil wastewater by dilution method 10-4, 10-5 and 10-6. Bacterial emulsification index is calculated by emulsification test. In this study, 8 biosurfactant-producing bacterial isolates were found, consisting of 2 Proteus genus isolates, 2 Enterobacter genus isolates, 2 Bacillus genus bacterial isolates and 2 Pluralibacter genus isolates. The bacteria that had the highest emulsification index was Pluralibacter gergoviae with an emulsion index of 43% which was identified by molecular testing.

Optimization of the manufacturing process and properties of alkali-activated palm oil fuel ash-based cold-bonded aggregates

Tons of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) are currently being disposed of at landfills or left untreated in the environment, taking up valuable land space and posing significant hazard to the environment. To address this issue, this study investigates the production of artificial lightweight aggregates (LWAs) using POFA as a raw material through a cold-bonded one-part alkali-activation method. High-volume of weakly pozzolanic POFA and different combinations of GGBS (0%, 10%, 30%) as precursors, and Na2SiO3.5H2O (9% and 12%) as the activator were used to produce the artificial LWAs. The granulation process was systematically investigated, where the influence of granulation parameters (the ratio of POFA and GGBS, activator content, water content, rotation angle, and rotation speed) on granulation efficiency and granulation duration were evaluated. The physical properties including loose bulk density, water absorption, and crushing strength were also investigated. In addition, the phase change after alkali-activation was evaluated. Results showed that the water demand for the aggregates with different combination ranged from 0.3 to 0.46. Increasing the GGBS and Na2SiO3.5H2O content improved the granulation efficiency up to 87.4% and shortened the granulation duration to 7 min. Response surface methodology (RSM) modeling revealed that the optimum rotation angle and rotation speed were 55° and 50 rpm, respectively, resulting in a maximum granulation efficiency of 88.2%. The loose bulk density of POFA-based alkali-activated aggregates (PFAAs) was 595.4–730.3 kg/m3, meeting the requirement of LWAs in EN13055. After 28 days curing, the PFAAs with the GGBS replacement of 30% and 12% Na2SiO3.5H2O exhibited crushing strength and water absorption of 2.4 MPa and 22.4%, respectively. Moreover, a stronger alkali-activation was achieved with 30% GGBS replacement, which improved the performance of PFAAs, as evidenced by the phase analysis.

Effect of Palm Oil Processing Waste on Soil Microorganisms

This work was carried out to perform the comparative analysis on the effects of palm oil processing waste (POPW) on soil Microorganisms. Three soil samples were collected from three different locations, North bank, Wurukum, and High-level where palm oil processing waste are being discharged. The samples were analyzed, Soil samples unimpacted with POPW served as control. The physicochemical parameters of the soil samples that is pH, moisture, Temperature and particulate nature were analyzed using standard methods. The total coliform count, total viable count and total fungal counts were evaluated using the pour plate method. Result showed that the Total Coliform, Total viable count and Total fungal counts (200.77 ±16.525 mean of the three samples, 22.55 ±2.041 mean of three samples and 28.88 ±2.590 mean of the three samples) of the impacted soils were lower compared to the values (291.00 ±13.00 in control soil, 118.33 ±18.717 control soil and 44.33 ±1.527 control soil respectively) of the un-impacted soils which served as control. The bacterial genera isolated from these soil samples include; Bacillus spp, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus spp, Salmonella spp and Proteus spp. The fungal genera isolated from soils with POPW includes; Aspergillus spp, Rhizopus spp, and Mucor spp, the results obtained indicates that POPW have immediate negative impact on soil microbiota as their application could lead to changes which affects soil microbial communities. Therefore, it would be advised that proper guidelines be set up for possible pre-treatment and safe discharge of POPW, in other to avoid its effect on soil micro biota and soil fertility.

The Importance of The Natural Resource ‘Palm Oil’ for The Malaysian Economy and Its Role in Sustainable Development

The research has indicated the manner in which the Malaysian economy moved from a purely exporter of primary goods to one which has become a major world exporter of processed palm oil. The emphasis on this product helped the economy in achieving success in major economic goals like reduction in poverty, inequality and enhancement of income of the marginalized. The impact on the environment is being successfully addressed by following certain steps.

Cake Breaker Conveyor Machine Maintenance System Analysis Using the Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) Method

Machine maintenance plays a vital role in the production activities of a company, which concerns the smooth and bottleneck of production. This research was conducted in a company engaged in palm oil processing. The company often suffers from machine breakdowns and has not found a suitable solution. Reliability Maintenance is one of the methods used to determine the appropriate maintenance actions for each critical component on the Cake Breaker Conveyor (CBC) machine, based on analysis using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) by looking at the highest RPN value of each component, 4 critical elements are obtained from the 11 main features of the Cake Breaker Conveyor (CBC) machine, namely bearing parts, Universal Joint, Rod Clutch and Pen. Determine the maintenance schedule of critical components at the seed separation station. Taking damage, lognormal distribution, proposed replacement schedule 461.5 (hours), pen damage, normal distribution, proposed replacement schedule 587.29 (hours), universal joint damage, normal distribution, proposed replacement schedule 536.46 (hours), clutch rod damage, normal distribution, proposed replacement schedule 581.6 (hours), and axle damage, normal distribution, proposed replacement schedule 586.6 (hours).