Waste Processing Research Articles

Predictive analysis of methane-enhanced conversion of organic waste into sustainable fuel: A machine learning approach

Currently, methane-assisted biomass-to-fuel (M-BtF) processes are being introduced, which are of considerable importance due to the production of an environmentally friendly fuel. Due to the lower price, natural gas can address a stronger potential compared to hydrogen and nitrogen under pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading processes. Based on this, it seems vital to evaluate such a clean fuel production process from the standpoints of the life cycle analysis (LCA) and techno-economic assessment to exhibit the economic feasibility and environmental superiority. This article aims to utilize machine learning (ML) to predict the yield of organic solid waste, evaluate its economic feasibility, and investigate the environmental sustainability of the valorization of a methane-assisted organic solid waste process. The study employs an artificial neural network (ANN) model with a semi-automatic tuning procedure to forecast the yield of bio-oil, based on biomass characterization. This approach eliminates the need for pilot plant trials for new types of biomass to determine process yields before industrial scale-up. The ANN model demonstrated a high prediction accuracy, achieving an R2 (coefficient of determination) value higher than 0.82. The simulation results, derived from the ML predictions, were then employed in the techno-economic analysis and LCA, where they were compared with other commercial processes for economic viability and environmental impact assessments. The minimum selling price for the renewable diesel was calculated as 3.45 US$/gallon, which is notably competitive, being around 26 % lower than the average minimum selling price observed in relevant publications. Based on Monte Carlo simulation, the plant's internal rate of return (IRR) remained above 50 % across various discount rates, suggesting a highly profitable investment. From LCA results, the proposed method was found to emit ∼ 67 % less greenhouse gases (GHG) compared to standard commercial processes. Overall, the study showcases how the integration of machine learning into process simulation can lead to both economically and environmentally beneficial outcomes, particularly in the context of renewable energy production.

Cost-Effectiveness of Decentralized Solid Waste Management Method as Compared to the Centralized Method Implemented Through Urban Local Government in Tirunelveli City, Tamil Nadu, India

Objective: To compare the cost-effectiveness of a newly introduced decentralized method with the existing centralized solid waste management (SWM) method in 2019 in Tirunelveli City, Tamil Nadu, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken to compare the costs for the two SWM methods using the bottom-up approach. We ascertained cost centers for the collection, transportation, and processing of solid waste for the two methods. We reviewed the records and collected data to estimate the costs and outputs (waste processed per capita) of the two SWM methods using data abstraction forms for each identified cost center. We calculated the cost and outcome of both methods and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Results: The total cost for the decentralized method was ₹121 million (USD 1.72 million), and that of the centralized method was ₹222 million (USD 3.15 million). The cost per capita of SWM in one year was lesser for the decentralized (₹526) as compared to the centralized method (₹612). The cost per metric tonne (MT) of SWM in decentralized and centralized methods was ₹5595 and ₹4683, respectively. The ICER lies in the right lower quadrant (ICER: 1.2375), indicating that the decentralized method was cost-effective. Conclusion: Solid waste processing by the decentralized method is cost-effective as compared to the centralized processing method in terms of waste processed per capita. We recommend the civic bodies to adopt the decentralized method with sufficient allocation of resources for efficient SWM. Furthermore, this will not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also have a positive impact on climate change mitigation.

Assessment of Natural Bentonite Efficacy for Dye Removal in Textile Wastewater Treatment : Implication for Mitigating River Citarum Pollution

Textile industries contribute significantly to the economy but release harmful pollutants into the environment, especially rivers. The effluent from the textile industry contained toxic dyes that can harm the river ecosystem. Several studies have been conducted to reduce toxic dyes in a river system using bentonite as an adsorbent to reduce river pollution effectively. However, the effectiveness of bentonite still needs to be tested again using textile liquid waste that has not gone through any waste processing at all. Citarum is one of the main rivers on Java Island, which suffers from textile effluent, especially azo dyes which are toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic which can harm the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, this study aims to implement natural bentonite as an adsorbent to remove dyes from textile wastewater. We performed a laboratory test to adsorption on bentonite and textile wastewater considering the variation of adsorbent weight of 10 g and 20 g in 100 mL of textile wastewater stirred in an Erlenmeyer flask at room temperature for 0-300 minutes. The initial concentration of textile wastewater used was 10%, 30%, and 50%. We found that the maximum dye removal efficiency was 91.25% with 10% initial concentration treatment, 20 g adsorbent weight, and 60 minutes contact time. Longer contact time will increase the removal efficiency and adsorption capacity, while higher adsorbent dosage will decrease the concentration of dyes in wastewater. Efficient textile wastewater treatment has improved water quality, effectively meeting river water quality standards and environmental regulations.

Analysis of the Influence of Tambakrigagadung Landfill Leachate Characteristics on Water Quality and Heavy Metal Contamination of Reservoirs, Tikung District, Lamongan Regency

The Final Disposal Site (TPA) of Tambakrigadung Village, Lamongan Regency, implements a semi-sanitary landfill system in which waste processing still piles up piles of waste with soil for a certain period, causing a foul odor due to the leachate that collects. Leachate that is not managed correctly is feared to flow into reservoirs as irrigation and productive land that is used by local communities for rice fields or ponds around the Tambakrigadung TPA so that it can disrupt workers, reduce the quality and yield of rice fields, and affect the development of pond fish around the Tambakrigadung landfill. This research aims to test the quality of reservoir water, which refers to the leachate water quality standards of PermenLHK RI No. P.59 Tahun 2016. It analyzes the influence of leachate on reservoir water around Tambakrigadung. The method used in this research is grab sampling. Analysis of pH, BOD, COD, and TSS parameters using simple linear regression quantitative analysis. Quantitative parameter analysis shows that TPA Tambakrigadung leachate influences the pH and TSS parameters of reservoir water in Tikung District, Lamongan Regency, which is indicated by a significance value of <0.05. The analysis of heavy metal parameters shows that the leachate does not meet quality standards, with a total N of 187.7 ppm and cadmium of 0.15 ppm. The mercury parameter meets quality standards, namely 0.00065 ppm. Meanwhile, heavy metal parameters in reservoir water have met quality standards based on PP No. 22 of 2021.

Strategies for economic sustainability: An empirical study on Muri, Mura, and Muda in the readymade garment sector

Achieving economic sustainability in the garment manufacturing industry necessitates the implementation of several strategic measures. Basic strategies like adoption of automation, utilization of sustainable energy sources, diversification of markets and products, enhancement of supply chain resilience, etc. lead to the attainment of economic sustainability in the garment manufacturing industry. Additionally, the underlying component of these strategies for ensuring economic sustainability is the minimization of process waste, which can be effectively achieved through the application of lean manufacturing principles, specifically targeting the elimination of Muri, Mura, and Muda. This strategic commitment ensures business longevity amid evolving industrial landscapes, fostering innovation and competitiveness. In emerging economies like Bangladesh, pinpointing precise approaches to reduce waste is vital. This study explores into Muri, Mura, and Muda in the RMG sector, utilizing Pareto analysis, Fuzzy theory, Total Interpretative Structural Modeling (TISM), and Matriced’ Impacts Cruoses Multiplication Applique an un Classement (MICMAC) analysis. After the initial identification of 21 (twenty) factors, Pareto analysis pinpointed the primary 16 (sixteen) factors. Subsequently, these factors underwent analysis through fuzzy TISM and fuzzy MICMAC. The results highlighted “Demand variation”, “Supplier variation”, “Workforce variation”, and “Energy supply variation” as the most crucial factors. The novelty of this study lies in exploring Muri and Mura factors in correlation with Muda employing the existing hybrid and effective methodology that combines Pareto analysis, Fuzzy MICMAC, and Fuzzy TISM methodologies. It offers fresh perspectives on their significance for economic sustainability in the garment sector. Prior research has not explored this integrated approach to reduce process waste by addressing Muri and Mura factors in emerging economies’ garment industries. This research is poised to significantly impact waste reduction in the RMG sector, enhancing competitiveness, appealing to environmentally conscious consumers, and ensuring industry standards adherence essential for sustained success. The contribution of this research is grounded in helping the practitioners and entrepreneurs in developing nations make strategic choices that will lead to the RMG sector’s resilience and, ultimately, economic sustainability.

Expo Gallery Batik Bakaran in Pati Regency with Neo Vernacular Architecture Approach

Bakaran Batik is a cultural heritage originating from Pati Regency. Burnt Batik has now been designated as one of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (WBTb) on a national scale. However, as time goes by, its existence among the community is starting to decline in Bakaran Batik. The planning of the Bakaran Batik Expo Gallery in Pati Regency is aimed at preserving the art of batik itself and presenting Bakaran Batik as batik which has its own characteristics, both in terms of motifs, patterns and colors, to the public. wide. The site used in planning the Bakaran Batik Expo Gallery in Pati Regency is located on Jalan Raya Sunan-Ngerang, Bakaran Kulon Village, Juwana District, Pati Regency, 59185. The Expo Gallery Batik Bakaran building applies the Neo-Vernacular architectural concept which adopts the form of a Joglo Traditional House. The environmental aspects used in designing the Bakaran Batik Expo Gallery include rain water harvesting, and the processing of batik waste that does not pollute the surrounding environment. From several planning and design approaches, a planning and design concept was obtained which was used as the basis for planning the design of the Bakaran Batik Expo Gallery in Pati Regency. Some of these approaches include the functional approach, structural approach, performance aspects approach, and architectural approach.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of valuable lipophilic compounds from pre-fractionated sour cherry pomace and evaluation of their composition and properties

Valorisation of fruit processing by-products and waste is an important task for increasing the sustainability of agro-food sector. In this study, pitted sour cherry pomace was mechanically pre-fractionated into the 6 different particle size (>10, 4−10, 3−4, 1−3, 0.8−1, <0.8 mm) fractions (9.71−16.41 % proteins, 5.68−12.16 % fat, 62.55−78.39 % carbohydrates) and subjected to supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 for the recovery of lipophilic constituents. Extract yield depended on fat content and was from 3.38 % to 8.69 %. Linoleic (38.52−47.11 %) and oleic (21.85−39.03 %) were major fatty acids, while triacylglycerols composed of these acids were major in the extracted oils. The concentrations of tocopherols, carotenoids and phytosterols in the extracts were 116.3−432.0, 1218−2564 and 4294−8449 μg/g. Antioxidant activity values were determined for the extracts and solids of initial dry pomace and its residue after extraction. Folin-Ciocalteu Index (basically similar to total phenolic content, TPC), ABTS•+-scavenging and oxygen radical absorbance (ORAC) values of extracts were 7.86−8.75 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g, 1.72−6.37 and 35.12−95.49 of mg trolox equivalents/g, respectively. It is the first report on comprehensive characterisation of sour cherry pomace fractions extracted by supercritical CO2.

Shallow groundwater quality around the area Kaligending final processing site in Kebumen Regency, Central Java Province

Abstract The location of the Kaligending final Processing site is in Kraminan, Kaligending Village, Karangsambung District, Kebumen Regency which is the place for final waste processing. The Kaligending final processing site which is located in the hills can have an environmental impact on the area located below it. One of the impacts is the condition of groundwater in the area. The purpose of this study is to determine the condition and quality of shallow groundwater in the area. To find out groundwater conditions especially position and the pattern of shallow groundwater flow in the area is measured in the shallow ground water level which is then made a map of shallow groundwater and shallow groundwater flow direction patterns, while groundwater quality is measured by electrical conductivity and total dissolve solid (TDS) shallow groundwater in several wells. The results of the map pattern of shallow groundwater flow directions in the area come from the east and northeast, groundwater quality based on electrical conductivity is still suitable for use. The quality of shallow groundwater in residents’ wells in the Kraminan area is based on total dissolved solids, there are 4 wells that exceed the upper limit of drinking water quality standards (wells 3, 4, 5 and 6) which are located close to the Krembeng River

From waste to soil: Can we create functioning manufactured soils by recycling rock processing waste?

AbstractRock mining industries do not only exploit and transform extensive areas of land, but also produce vast amounts of rock waste material that lacks an adequate utilization. Some of these rock wastes have the potential to provide nutrients to plants and can therefore have positive impacts on soil properties. Consequently, we tested their potential for valorization as components of manufactured soils for use in urban areas. We conducted a 10‐week incubation experiment of soil mesocosms with sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) to evaluate the performance of manufactured soils with respect to plant growth and soil properties. We used three common rock materials (augite‐porphyry, greywacke‐hornfels, basalt), ground to powder and mixed into natural soils of either clayey or sandy texture. In order to test the performance under challenging environmental conditions, we applied a drought treatment in addition to a regular watering treatment. All manufactured soils were able to maintain plant growth, although the yield of aboveground biomass was significantly lower compared to the original soils. However, the effects of the water regime and the original soils on the overall plant growth were stronger than the effect of the rock powders, indicating that the manufactured soils were not hampering plant development more than challenging environmental conditions. The preparation of the manufactured soils altered the grain size distribution of the originally sandy and clayey soils. Since the rock powders contributed mainly to the silt‐sized particles, their addition to soils may improve the physical properties of the soil, especially the plant's available water content. We used wet‐sieving to isolate aggregate size fractions and thus analyse the formation of soil aggregates. The manufactured soils had a higher mass contribution of microaggregate‐sized particles, although this was mostly attributed to the presence of silt‐sized rock powder particles instead of aggregate formation. The total organic carbon (OC) content of the original soils was diluted in the manufactured soils, as the rock powders did not contain OC. However, the manufactured soils may have the potential for future OC storage due to the abundance of OC‐free mineral surfaces, which can retain organic matter as well as capture CO2 through enhanced weathering of primary minerals. Based on this work, the tested rock materials have the potential to be utilized as components in manufactured soils in the urban context that provide soil‐like functions, particularly in terms of sustaining plant growth. For improved results, additional measures to initiate a rapid development of soil structure are highly recommended, for example, by adding an easily decomposable source of organic matter.

Bioactive Compounds from Kinnow Processing Waste and their Associated Benefits: A Review.

We have explored the expansive possibilities of kinnow peel, a frequently ignored by-product of the fruit processing industry, in this thorough analysis. The production of kinnow generates a significant amount of waste, including peel, seeds, and pulp. The disposal of this waste is a major environmental issue, as it can lead to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Due to the presence of bioactive substances that may be used in a variety of sectors, kinnow processing waste has the potential to provide a number of advantages. In the culinary, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, the peel, seeds, and pulp from kinnow can be used as natural sources of antioxidants, aromatics, pectin, and dietary fibre. Utilizing kinnow waste promotes eco-innovation, increases sustainability, and aids in waste reduction. The development of a circular economy can be sped up with more study and commercialization of kinnow waste products. This analysis emphasises how important it is to understand and utilise the unrealized potential of agricultural byproducts, like kinnow peel.

Legal regulations and sanctions related to the illegal dumping of waste in Polish environmental law

This paper concerns legal regulations and sanctions regarding the illegal dumping of waste in environmental law in Poland. First, introductory remarks are presented, including an outline of the status of Poland’s implementation of EU instruments through national law. This section of the paper concludes with an overview of the basic legal acts that are applicable in Poland, to illustrate the legal spectrum of this topic (related administrative law norms and certain criminal and civil law rules). Second, considerations regarding permits for the transportation and processing of waste are discussed; this section includes relevant administrative provisions applicable in Poland. Third, legal regulations concerning administrative control are presented; in particular, this section pays special attention to control in the context of issuing permits as well as field inspections independent of this process. Fourth, civil liability is addressed. Fifth, provisions of criminal law are discussed, including penal code provisions, extra code provisions, and provisions related to administrative fines. Finally, the paper concludes with a concise summary.

Rancang Bangun Insinerator Pengolahan Sampah dengan Penerapan Teknologi Termal yang Ramah Lingkungan

Concerns about environmental problems such as increasing the volume of waste which if not treated properly will affect environmental pollution which can damage soil fertility and also have an impact on human health. This study aims to make a waste processing incinerator with the application of thermal technology. Oil and water stoves are used as media for burning waste, the stove will burn the waste that has been put into the combustion chamber made of drums coated with clay. This clay coating aims to increase the temperature of the combustion chamber so that maximum combustion is obtained with minimal smoke. From the waste burning test, the temperature measurement results in the combustion chamber reached 751ºC. Carbon gas measured at the maximum temperature around the incinerator is 27 ppm. From the data obtained, it can be concluded that waste burning with an incinerator has been made to minimize air pollution so that it can be used for solutions in environmentally friendly waste processing.

Multi-objective Optimization Model for Medical Waste Supply Chain Management Without Landfill Tax During COVID-19 In Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought various problems into our daily life, and one of them is an increase in the volume of medical waste, which poses a risk to the environment and health.An evaluation of how optimal the supply chain management of medical waste as a whole can assist in the development of medical waste management and policy making. In this paper, the study on observing and reformulating the existing medical waste supply chain optimization model using Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) is discussed. This study is done by modifying the objective function and the constraints with considering elimination of the landfill tax variable. The resulted model is also a multi-objective optimization problem. To this end, the Lexicographic Method is employed to obtained the optimal solution. In this model, the most prioritizes that is considered in the environmental condition to the medical waste supply chain. A numerical experiment is done in this paper which it results suggests two things, first, the cost of medical waste processing is much greater than its revenue, and second, the waste processing through incineration is not favorable. Thus, it can be concluded that this study provides a modified medical waste optimization model and decisions in determining the combination of the amount and method for each subtype of medical waste to be processed by maximizing profit and the amount of waste sent to the landfill.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Pisang Menjadi Pupuk Organik Cair Anti Hama Dengan Penambahan EM-4

The decomposition process of organic waste, including banana peels, can produce greenhouse gases such as methane. These gases contribute to climate change and global warming if not managed properly. One way to utilize banana peel waste is by converting it into liquid organic fertilizer, which can help farmers produce high-quality liquid organic fertilizer at an affordable price. The impact of using chemical fertilizers and pesticides includes the disruption of soil nutrient balance and pesticide residue content in food products. Based on this, research has been conducted by combining organic fertilizer material from banana peel waste with organic pesticide material from yam bean and galangal waste, thus providing a dual function as an organic fertilizer and a biopesticide in one package. This serves as an effective solution for addressing the scarcity of organic fertilizers and pesticides.

WASTE PROCESSING BY PLASMA ARC ELECTROLYTIC CENTRIFUGAL CONVERSION

The plasma-arc electrolytic centrifugal conversion process was developed for processing of crude ore materials and hydrocarbons to end products with simultaneous generation of energy carriers and energy [1]. The developed process may be used with a similar purpose for processing of various wastes. Industrial and household wastes have identical chemistry with common ore and hydrocarbons. Waste ore called “tailings” is comparable to payable ore and, just as in base ore, oxygen comprises about half of its composition. Household wastes for the most part contain organic compounds, including plastic, wood, paper, and form hydrocarbon mixtures containing various metals and nonmetals. Melted waste mixture contains almost every elements of the periodic table with various chemical elements acting as reaction catalysts. The wastes are processed under electric energy generated by hydrogen burning in oxygen. Hydrogen is recovered from hydrocarbon materials contained in household wastes and water contained in the feed. Oxygen is recovered from waste ore. Hydrogen and oxygen are stored in a methanol compound obtained from synthesis gas generated in the course of waste plasma melting.

On the problem of processing of manganese wastes from ore beneficiation: preparation of a single-component charge for ferromanganese melting

On the problem of processing of manganese wastes from ore beneficiation: preparation of a single-component charge for ferromanganese melting

Features of the Development of the Circular Economy in Livestock Production of the Agricultural Sector in the Context of Climate Change

The goal is to analyze the current state of development of agro-industrial production in the context of circular and climate economy of Kazakhstan with emphasis on identifying the elements of its key aspects in livestock farming and determining the influence of climatic factors on this economic system. Methods – statistical analysis and graphical interpretation of data, comparative assessment of linear and circular economic models. Materials from scientific publications, regulations, as well as interviews with experts were used. Results - recommendations for transition to sustainable circular economy structure in agricultural sector of Kazakhstan have been developed, aimed at increasing the efficiency of resource potential, reducing negative impact on environment and creating new opportunities for business and innovation in the country's agro-industrial complex. Measures have been proposed to improve the infrastructure for processing and disposal of agricultural waste and use of modern technologies in the industry. Conclusions - implementation of the principles of circular economy helps to increase energy efficiency and reduce negative impact on biosphere and ecosystems, creating conditions for expanding the scope of innovative entrepreneurship - “green” business: new jobs, appropriate infrastructure, “green” logistics, etc. Principles of circular economy: circular supply (limited resources are replaced by completely renewable sources); extending the life cycle of products through modernization and reconstruction; recycling (restoration and recycling of product residues). Resourceefficient modification is an opportunity for innovation at all stages of new value formation, which gives not only good final results, but also leads to them with lower material, energy and environmental costs.

Improving Waste Management and Maggot Cultivation Capabilities at Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror Semarang

Pondok pesantren are educational institutions that are expected to contribute to environmental education, especially in overcoming the waste problems. A survey by the FEB UNNES Service Team regarding waste management at the Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror showed several problems in waste management, including not yet optimal management of temporary waste, and processing of organic waste that has the potential to be reprocessed. The implementation method is training and coaching. Training methods are implemented through waste management training for cleaning teams and santri and maggot cultivation training as well as providing adequate work safety equipment. The service activity was carried out on May 18 2024 at Al Asror Vocational School with 20 male students and 10 surrounding residents. The speakers for the activity were the service team leader, kiai, and practitioners from the Semarang City Zero Waste Community (Komunals). The activity was carried out in the form of training with two material sessions, namely waste management and maggot cultivation. The activity was opened by the cottage caretaker, KH. Al Mamnuhin Kholid. The first material was delivered by Drs. Fachrurrozie, M.Si. which emphasizes the importance of managing waste so that it can have a positive impact on the surrounding environment. The second material was delivered by Dr. Inaya Sari Melati, M.Pd. and Luthfan Faladias. Based on the results of the pre-test and post-test that have been carried out, it can be stated that there has been a significant increase in participants' knowledge in waste management and maggot cultivation.

The Utilization of Zeolite from Laundry Waste Processing as a Soil-zeolite Growing Media for Corn Plant

The Utilization of Zeolite from Laundry Waste Processing as a Soil-zeolite Growing Media for Corn Plant

Developing a strategic plan for efficient management of industrial waste in the machinery sector at United Tractors Company

United Tractors Company prioritizes sustainable waste management practices. This study investigated their current system, aiming to identify opportunities for improvement in efficiency and environmental impact. The research focused on how effectively United Tractors manages their waste streams, from minimizing generation at the source to responsibly processing and disposing of unavoidable waste. The analysis revealed a successful integrated waste management system at United Tractors, encompassing practices like composting, recycling, and proper treatment of hazardous materials. This approach demonstrates their commitment to minimizing their environmental footprint. The study went beyond current practices, identifying promising advancements in waste processing technologies like gasification and bioethanol production. These techniques offer exciting possibilities for further reducing waste and potentially even generating valuable resources from waste materials. The effectiveness of United Tractors' system can be attributed to their comprehensive approach. The study conducted a detailed waste collection study to understand the composition and volume of waste generated across various departments. This data-driven approach allowed for a thorough cost analysis and an evaluation of the operational efficiency within the waste management system. Importantly, the study highlighted the potential benefits of incorporating advanced waste processing techniques for even greater sustainability in the future. While further feasibility studies are needed before full-scale implementation, these findings pave the way for United Tractors to develop and implement even more sustainable waste management practices in the coming years