Waste Processing Research Articles

Pengolahan dan Pemanfaatan Sampah Rumah Tangga di Lingkungan Desa Tanjung Baru Kecamatan Indralaya Utara Kabupaten Ogan Ilir

The waste problem in Tanjung Baru Village is not a disaster if waste management is managed properly. Good waste management must of course have good environmental management wisdom as well. Environmental wisdom can be seen from how humans treat; objects, plants, animals, and anything around them. This is what is then called ecological intelligence, namely how a person's understanding and knowledge are in understanding their environmental ecosystem, so that they can care about the environment they live in. Therefore, the village asked the PKM team of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Sriwijaya University to provide some kind of guidance to the people of Tanjung Baru Village in utilizing household waste. The low level of public understanding regarding the utilization of household waste causes household waste to be simply thrown away. Household waste processing that has not received the touch of processing technology. This can be seen from the absence of households that process household waste into useful processed products. Efforts to transfer information on household waste processing and utilization technology through this PkM activity have resulted in increasing the motivation and attraction of the community to carry out an environmental care movement by processing and utilizing the household waste produced. The people of Tanjung Baru Village have started to select organic and non-organic waste. Organic waste such as vegetables and leaves are processed into organic fertilizer, while leftover food is given to pets such as chickens and ducks. For non-organic waste, it is collected and sold to collectors of used goods and some are reused for home decorations, for example plastic bottles used as a medium for planting vegetables.

Analisis Potensi Reduksi Sampah oleh Pemulung di Tempat Pengelolaan Sampah Terpadu Bantargebang

Indonesia is the country with the fourth largest population in the world. In 2022, waste in Indonesia reached 36.00 million tons/year. DKI Jakarta Province has a vast waste generation rate of 3.10 million tons/year potentially ending in a waste processing site called TPST Bantargebang. The DKI Jakarta Province recorded as much as 7,000 to 8,000 tons/day of waste entering the TPST Bantargebang, with a regional waste reduction target of 27.00%. TPST Bantargebang has reduced waste by processing waste into fuel and electricity. Another reduction factor that has yet to receive attention is the role of waste pickers. In 2022, the number of waste pickers at TPTS Bantagebang is 6,413 people. This research examines the potential role of waste pickers in reducing waste at the TPST Bantargebang. This research is an observational study conducted by sampling and interviewing the waste pickers. The sample in this research was 98 waste pickers who collected waste samples for eight consecutive days. The results show that waste pickers at TPST Bantargebang potentially reduced 144.08 kg of waste/person/day, with the most prominent composition being plastic waste at 49.88%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that scavengers at TPST Bantargebang can reduce waste by up to 12.55%. The value of potential waste reduction by waste pickers can be used for waste reduction calculations at TPST Bantargebang.

Analisis Potensi Reduksi Sampah oleh Pemulung di Tempat Pengelolaan Sampah Terpadu Bantargebang

Indonesia is the country with the fourth largest population in the world. In 2022, waste in Indonesia reached 36.00 million tons/year. DKI Jakarta Province has a vast waste generation rate of 3.10 million tons/year potentially ending in a waste processing site called TPST Bantargebang. The DKI Jakarta Province recorded as much as 7,000 to 8,000 tons/day of waste entering the TPST Bantargebang, with a regional waste reduction target of 27.00%. TPST Bantargebang has reduced waste by processing waste into fuel and electricity. Another reduction factor that has yet to receive attention is the role of waste pickers. In 2022, the number of waste pickers at TPTS Bantagebang is 6,413 people. This research examines the potential role of waste pickers in reducing waste at the TPST Bantargebang. This research is an observational study conducted by sampling and interviewing the waste pickers. The sample in this research was 98 waste pickers who collected waste samples for eight consecutive days. The results show that waste pickers at TPST Bantargebang potentially reduced 144.08 kg of waste/person/day, with the most prominent composition being plastic waste at 49.88%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that scavengers at TPST Bantargebang can reduce waste by up to 12.55%. The value of potential waste reduction by waste pickers can be used for waste reduction calculations at TPST Bantargebang.

High keratinase and other types of hydrolase activity of the new strain of Bacillus paralicheniformis.

Keratinases, a subclass of proteases, are used to degrade keratin thereby forming peptones and free amino acids. Bacillus paralicheniformis strain T7 was isolated from soil and exhibited high keratinase, protease, collagenase, amylase, xylanase, lipase, and phosphatase activities. Keratinases of the strain showed maximum activity at 70°C and pH 9.0 as well as high thermal stability. A mass-spectrometric analysis identified seven peptidases with molecular masses of 26.8-154.8 kDa in the secretory proteome. These peptidases are members of S8 and S41 serine peptidase families and of M14, M42, and M55 metallopeptidase families. Additionally, α-amylase (55.2 kDa), alkaline phosphatase (59.8 kDa), and esterase (26.8 kDa) were detected. The strong keratinolytic properties of the strain were confirmed by degradation of chicken and goose feathers, which got completely hydrolyzed within 4 days. Submerged fermentation by strain B. paralicheniformis T7 was carried out in a pilot bioreactor, where the highest keratinase production was noted after 19 h of cultivation. After the fermentation, in the culture fluid, the keratinase activity toward keratin azure was 63.6 ± 5.8 U/mL. The protease activity against azocasein was 715.7 ± 40.2 U/mL. The possibility of obtaining enzyme preparations in liquid and powder form was demonstrated, and their comparative characteristics are given. In the concentrate, the keratinase, protease, α-amylase, phosphatase, and esterase/lipase activities were 2,656.7 ± 170.4, 29,886.7 ± 642.9, 176.1 ± 16.3, 23.9 ± 1.8, and 510.9 ± 12.2 U/mL, respectively. In the lyophilizate, these activities were 57,733.3 ± 8,911.4, 567,066.7 ± 4,822.2, 2,823.0 ± 266.8, 364.2 ± 74.8, and 17,618.0 ± 610.3 U/g, respectively. In the preparation obtained by air flow drying at 55°C, these activities were 53,466.7 ± 757.2, 585,333.3 ± 4,277.1, 2,395.8 ± 893.7, 416.7 ± 52.4, and 15,328.1 ± 528.6 U/g, respectively. The results show high potential of B. paralicheniformis strain T7 as a producer of keratinases and other enzymes for applications in agricultural raw materials and technologies for processing of keratin-containing animal waste.

A Review of the Utilization of Recycled Powder from Concrete Waste as a Cement Partial Replacement in Cement-Based Materials: Fundamental Properties and Activation Methods

Recycled powder (RP) is the primary by-product generated during the reclamation process of construction and demolition waste (CDW). There is existing literature on the use of RP as supplemental cementitious materials (SCMs) in cement-based materials, but a comprehensive evaluation on the characteristics of RP generated from concrete waste has been missing until now. This paper critically reviews the use of RP from concrete waste in cement-based materials, as concrete waste makes up a significant amount of CDW and other components have designated recycling methods. In this sense, this study conducted a critical analysis on the use of RP as an SCM, using detailed literature research. The technology used for producing RP is detailed along with its chemical, mineralogy, and microstructural characteristics. Fresh-state properties in cementitious matrices with RP are introduced with the view of mechanical grinding, thermal activation, carbonation, chemical treatment, biomineralization, mineral addition, nano activation, and carbonation. The review highlights the significant potential of utilizing RP in cement-based materials. Specifically, RP can be advantageously utilized in the production of value-added construction materials.

A preliminary study on the degradation of AFB1 by Tenebrio molitor, Rhizopus oryzae and Trichoderma reesei

Abstract Recently, genus Aspergillus, a fungus capable of producing aflatoxins, secondary highly toxic metabolites, has spread to new areas. These areas became suitable habitats due to the recent climate changes. The use of aflatoxin-contaminated crops is a cause of great concern in guaranteeing food safety and is responsible for major economic losses along the supply chain. For this reason, several strategies have been investigated to utilize these contaminated products as a possible food or feed resource by reducing or eliminating their aflatoxin content, but with limited relevant success. The presented study was aimed to evaluate a combination of biological processes to use aflatoxin B1 contaminated crops for their reintroduction into the production chain. The high tolerance to AFB1 and the apparent lack of accumulation in yellow mealworm larvae, reared on wheat bran substrates, spiked with increasing AFB1 concentration (0, 125, 250, 500 μg/kg) to obtain proteins of high biological value. Subsequently, the aflatoxin-degrading capacity of Rhizopus oryzae and Trichoderma reesei was applied to insect breeding waste (frass) in a fermentation process to ensure further utilization of biohazardous frass as soil conditioner. Individually, each process proven to be able to reduce the AFB1 present by about 80%, while the combination of the two approaches ensured the total degradation of aflatoxin B1-contaminated substrate and frass, which resulted in the possible production of biomass, that could be used for the feed and agricultural industry.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Strategis yang Mempengaruhi Pengelolahan Sampah di Kota Jambi

This research aims to analyze the factors that influence waste management in Jambi City through a case study approach and environmental policy implementation. This research uses a mixed method, which combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and direct observation, while secondary data was obtained from document studies such as journals, books, reports and related regulations. Data analysis was carried out using the SWOT technique to evaluate internal and external factors that influence waste management in Jambi City. The research results show that waste management in Jambi City still faces various challenges, including a lack of waste separation at the source and fluctuations in the price of recycled products. Strong regulatory support and local government commitment provide opportunities for better waste management. Advanced waste processing technology and increasing public awareness were also identified as important factors that can support the success of waste management in Jambi City.

The role of process monitoring devices and digital line balancing in achieving operational excellence in garment manufacturing

This study investigates the transformative potential of integrating digital technologies with lean manufacturing principles to address the evolving challenges in the garment industry. The industry demands high-quality products, rapid delivery, cost efficiency, and production flexibility to maintain competitiveness and sustainability. While traditional lean methods have focused on waste reduction and process optimization, the advent of digitalization offers unprecedented opportunities for enhancing operational excellence. This research specifically examines the role of Internet of Things-based Process Monitoring Devices (PMDs) and digital line balancing in achieving these goals. PMDs, integrated within a digital lean framework, facilitate continuous monitoring of machine performance and operator efficiency, providing real-time insights into operational processes. This real-time visibility enables data-driven decision-making and centralized analysis, fostering agility and responsiveness. Furthermore, this study presents a dynamic digital line balancing algorithm that optimizes sewing line configurations and workload distribution. This dynamic approach allows for real-time adaptations in production flows to mitigate bottlenecks and boost productivity. By exploring the synergistic relationship between PMDs, digital line balancing, and lean principles, this paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of how digital solutions can revolutionize operational efficiency in the garment manufacturing sector.

Perancangan Bangunan Pengolahan Sampah Terpadu (TPST) di Desa Turirejo Kecamatan Kedamean Kabupaten Gresik

This planning aims to determine the generation of waste, the composition of the waste, the design of the TPST and the Budget Plan in Turirejo Village, Kedamean District, Gresik Regency. The method used to plan this TPST is the method of projection and data analysis. The projection method that will be used in this planning is the Least Square method. The data processing method used is the Slovin method and the Krecjie-Morgan method. Then the design criteria used to plan the design of the TPST in Turirejo Village are guided by the Minister of Public Works of the Republic of Indonesia 2016 concerning the 3R TPS Technical Guidelines. The TPST building consists of an organic waste storage area, an enumeration room, a composting area, a compost warehouse, and an inorganic waste processing area. The Budget Plan required from the TPST development design plan in Turirejo Village is Rp. 677,049,266.

The Potential Bioactive Components in Fruits Wastes as Value-Added Products from the Fruit Processing Industry: A Review

Fruits are an important source of nutrition as most of them contain sufficient amounts of minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants. However, processing these fruits results in enormous waste, accounting for around 40% of total food output. Fruit processing industry waste includes discarded pods, peels, pulp, stones, and seeds all of which can pose environmental and sustainability challenges. Importance of discovering the potential of fruit processing waste into value added products lies in the fact that the fruit processing industries generates substantial waste, contributing to environmental pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and resource depletion. The solid waste generated by the fruit processing industry may include toxic biological components that contaminate aqueous media, degrade drinking water quality, and cause gastrointestinal disorders in animals. However, Fruit processing waste or byproducts have the potential to be converted into value-added goods of economic importance like candied peel, oils, pectin, reformed fruit fragments, enzymes, and wine/vinegar candied peel. Converting this waste into valuable products can mitigate these issues, while also creating new revenue streams, jobs, and industries. Furthermore, value-added products from fruit processing waste can enhance food security, nutrition, and sustainability, supporting the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Additionally, research in this area can also lead to technological innovations, improved efficiency and scalability, enabling companies to gain a competitive edge in the growing market for sustainable products. This article provides an overview of all common and possible consumer friendly uses of fruit processing wastes and deriving value added products out of it.

A Business Management Model in the Circular Economy: Technological Solutions for Plastic Recycling

Objectives: this article develops a model for managing business processes in a circular economy using technologies for plastic recycling. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical idea and basis of the article consists in the development of project management methodology, process approach in the closed-loop economy, development of methods and economic tools aimed at effective resource management taking into account waste reduction and increased reuse of plastic fractions in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The application of digital technologies and solutions in the context of business process management in the field of plastics recycling will be substantiated, which will allow to identify new opportunities and reserves for optimising business processes in this field, increasing the efficiency of resource use, improving the environment and reducing costs. Method: the work uses a project approach, a process approach, digital modeling methods, and the “polluter pays” method. To implement the process approach, it is proposed to use the concept of Business Process Management (BPM). Competent business process management allows the company to react quickly to changing market conditions and customer orientation. Digital modelling in this paper means the representation of actions in the form of business processes in the organisation of solid waste management, the 'polluter pays' method means the economic assessment and accounting of environmental damage in waste management in the costs of business processes. Results and Discussion: The results of the study can be used to introduce the process approach to plastics recycling in individual regions and countries for the development of a green economy. According to the estimates of the authors, the optimisation and cost reduction of business processes, taking into account the environmental factor and the increase of the revenue part of the project from the reuse and inclusion in the economic turnover of plastic waste recycling products on the scale of the considered city (population of 1800 thousand people, area of 2856 ha, 18.14 tonnes of plastic waste accumulated per day) will reduce the costs of business process management by more than 200 thousand euros. Research Implications: the results of the study can be used to justify projects for the processing and recycling of solid municipal waste, including plastic waste, to introduce environmentally friendly production, to reduce the negative impact on the environment, to develop a process approach to the organisation of all activities for the collection of plastic waste in the city, district. In addition, the application of the proposed approach allows to obtain economic benefits for companies through the sale of secondary resources for the processing of plastic waste, as well as to reduce the negative impact on the environment. Originality/ Value: The originality of the research and its value lies in a new scientific formulation of the problem of reducing environmental pollution from plastic waste through the use of business processes in the field of plastic recycling and digital solutions, as well as the possibility of practical application of the results obtained in the field of green economy.

An integrated policy approach for sustainable decarbonization pathways of energy system in a city under climate change scenarios

An integrated assessment model has been developed to estimate useful energy demand, followed by an optimization model for planning the energy supply. Four scenarios have been developed. The findings of this study highlight the impact of behavioral, climate change, and socio-economic factors on energy demand and supply. Specifically, these factors can lead to significant variations in demand, such as a more than 3.48-fold difference in cooling demand or a 1.75-fold difference in the transportation demand by cars across various scenarios.The use of a dual-fuel car and electric motorcycle is suggested in all scenarios. Waste processing has been done with a landfill in all scenarios except in the final years of the net-zero emission target scenario, where an incinerator is proposed. The supply model for electricity generation in the early years suggests the combined cycle power plant followed by solar energy at the end. However, in the low-cost electricity scenario, it is always suggested to import electricity. The sensitivity analysis showed that the emission penalty and electricity price are the most important parameters. The results of this study will help policymakers and decision-makers in energy system planning and provide researchers with appropriate information, tools, and methods for future research.

Evaluation of the Mechanical Behavior of Asphaltic Mixtures Utilizing Waste of the Processing of Iron Ore

Mineral extraction is an important operation for the economy of different countries and generates millions of tons of mining waste. In this context, and in association with the high demand for paving aggregates and the lack of raw materials for this purpose, the feasibility of using iron ore processing waste has emerged as a promising alternative. This study evaluates the physical and mechanical behavior of asphalt mixtures incorporating waste from the company Samarco S.A., collected in Mariana-MG, to replace the fine aggregate in asphalt concrete mixtures, with a view to applications in the bearing layer of local traffic roads. Two mixtures, M2 and M3, containing 20% and 17% waste, respectively, were formulated and analyzed, compared to a reference mixture, M1. Evaluations were carried out using the Marshall method parameters, mechanical tests of resilience modulus, and fatigue life under controlled tension, as well as mechanistic analysis. Brazilian mechanistic–empirical design software (MeDiNa—v 1.5.0) contributed to this analysis. This analysis revealed that, for a traffic level of N = 5 × 106 (average traffic) on a local road, pavements containing the M1 and M3 mixtures had the same layer thicknesses (6.9 cm), as well as the same fatigue class, equal to 1. The pavement with the M2 mixture had the thickest asphalt layer (8.2 cm) and a lower fatigue class equal to 0. But if compared in terms of the percentage of cracked area over 10 years, it still offers ideal performance conditions compared to the M1 and M3 mixes. Thus, it can be considered feasible to replace fine aggregate with iron ore waste in asphalt concrete for use on local roads in the region without altering the bearing capacity of the pavement.

Tomato Waste as a Sustainable Source of Antioxidants and Pectins: Processing, Pretreatment and Extraction Challenges

Tomato processing waste (TPW), a byproduct of the tomato processing industry, is generated in significant quantities globally, presenting a challenge for sustainable waste management. While traditionally used as animal feed or fertilizer, TPW is increasingly recognized for its potential as a valuable raw material due to its high content of bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, polyphenols and pectin. These compounds have significant health benefits and are in growing demand in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Despite this potential, the broader industrial utilization of TPW remains limited. This review explores the influence of various processing, pretreatment and extraction methods on the concentration and stability of the bioactive compounds found in TPW. By analyzing the effects of these methodologies, we provide insights into optimizing processes for maximum recovery and sustainable utilization of TPW. Additionally, we address the major challenges in scaling up these processes for industrial application, including the assessment of their ecological footprint through life cycle analysis (LCA). This comprehensive approach aims to bridge the gap between scientific research and industrial implementation, facilitating the valorization of TPW in line with circular economy principles.

The Use of Anaerobic Digestate for Greenhouse Horticulture

Agricultural crop production practices are being developed for organic, sustainable, and environmentally friendly farming systems. Developing efficient and resourceful crop fertilizers is significantly important for future agriculture. Various biofertilizers, such as animal manures, composts, and vegetable byproducts, have been successfully applied in agriculture. Anaerobic digestate, organic matter obtained from animal or plant waste processing during anaerobic digestion into biomass, has become popular due to its versatility, multiple purposes, and facile application methods. Digestate has recently been widely used in agriculture to enrich the soil with nutrients and thus increase crop yields. Several studies have shown that anaerobic digestate is a valuable fertilizer that can be used as a biofertilizer in field and greenhouse horticulture. Also, research has been carried out on the use of digestate in hydroponic horticulture. This review presents the research results and discusses the possibilities of using anaerobic digestate in greenhouse horticulture. Its objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the application of digestate from various sources and its impact on the growth, progress, yield, and quality of greenhouse-grown vegetables.

Purification of Crude Glycerol Recovered From Fish Processing Waste Biodiesel Process

Biodiesel and crude glycerol are byproducts of the esterification and transesterification reactions that occur between triglyceride molecules and alcohol in the presence of acid and base catalysts. Purification of crude glycerol is necessary to increase the economic sustainability of the biodiesel industry. This study was carried out for pre-treatment of crude glycerol sourced from fish processing waste during biodiesel manufacturing, treated through an acidification process using phosphoric acid (H3PO4), and then using further purification treatment with Jatropha curcas bio-adsorbent. Based on the measurement, the quantity of 0.1% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution was required to treat the crude glycerin. The reaction conditions include heating solution to 60°C and stirring it at 40 rpm for varying treatment periods such as 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. The crude glycerol's pH was adjusted to begin the acidification process, and soap was then converted into fatty acids and salts using phosphoric acid. The maximum purified glycerol yield of 76.6% by weight was obtained with treatment time of 15min using vacuum distillation at 120°C. The crude and purified glycerol’s density was measured as 1.013 g/mL and 1.001 g/mL, respectively. However, after bio-adsorbent treatment at temperature of 50°C and 10% loading weight of the Jatropha curcas bio-adsorbent, the best impurity elimination was accomplished in 15 min. The research findings demonstrated that, following acidification and bio-adsorbent treatments, the FFA% decreased from 2.82% to 2.24%, while its density increased from 1.002 g/mL to 1.032 g/mL, respectively. The purified glycerol properties were found in accordance with BS 2621-1979 standard, showing that the acidification method for purifying of crude glycerol, in conjunction with bio-adsorbent treatment is efficient in enhancing the glycerol purity. It also improves glycerol's application in generating high-value products that enhance revenue streams for the biodiesel production.

Green Choices: The Environmental Impact of Consumption Habits

Abstract Ecological footprint is an important indicator used to measure the impact of human activities on ecosystems. This measure reflects how people consume natural resources, the waste they generate, and the state of biodiversity. In modern times, reducing the ecological footprint is an important issue for protecting ecosystems and ensuring sustainable development. The first aspect of the ecological footprint is the efficient use of natural resources. Proper management of water and energy aims to minimize the waste of these resources. The use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, helps reduce carbon emissions. This approach not only preserves the health of ecosystems, but also meets people's energy needs in a more sustainable way. The second important issue is waste management. Reducing waste in production processes, promoting recycling and recirculation of used materials contributes to reducing the environmental footprint. Each individual can help this process by making small changes in their daily life; for example, reducing the use of plastic and choosing more environmentally friendly products. Biodiversity conservation is also an important part of the ecological footprint. The health of ecosystems is related not only to the availability of natural resources, but also to the diversity of flora and fauna. Implementation of conservation projects to protect rare and endangered species ensures the sustainability of biological diversity. This also affects the strengthening of the relationship between people and ecosystems. Combating climate change is another important step in reducing our ecological footprint. Applying strategic approaches to reduce the carbon footprint is one of the most important tasks facing modern society. It also includes strategies for adapting to the effects of climate change. The active participation of the society in these issues makes it possible to achieve more effective results at the global level.

Japan’s experience in organizing and promoting separate accumulation of municipal solid waste (MSW)

The article considers the Japanese system of municipal solid waste management as well as work with the population in the field of environmental education. The roles and responsibilities of the parties in the management of municipal solid waste are analyzed. In Japan, unlike other countries, the state is deeply involved in the process. Sorting and disposal of waste occur at the municipal level due to the historical characteristics of the Japanese society. Extended producer responsibility requires their participation from product development to disposal, and consumers are required to cooperate with them and local authorities by properly disposing solid waste.The regulatory framework in the field of MSW management is built around the Basic Act on Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society and the Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources, which formulates the 3R strategy, aimed at Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling of waste. An analysis of recently adopted documents, the Plastic Resource Circulation Act of 2021 in particular, demonstrates that special emphasis is placed on 2R: waste reduction and reuse, which is successfully achieved thanks to the high level of environmental awareness of Japanese citizens and thoughtful and multifaceted educational work with the population.Over the past decade, Japan has seen a steady reduction of municipal solid waste. However, while remaining one of the world leaders in the field, it is currently faced with a number of difficulties, such as a low recycling rate and a significant volume of incinerated waste. It is concluded that significant progress in this area is impossible without clearer goal setting for the volume of solid waste processing that would meet modern world standards.

Evaluation of the Fertilizer Potential of Black Soldier Fly Larval Frass Obtained by the Processing of Multiple Organic Wastes in Agriculture in Cameroon: Effects on Plant Growth Parameters and Maize Kernel Nutrient Composition

The growing utilization of inorganic fertilizers results in the depletion of a minimal quantity of essential elements, including phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium. The residual fraction is discharged into the environment as organic waste, posing a threat to the ecosystem.The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been acknowledged as a solution for the increasing problem of organic waste. BSFL provides numerous benefits, including their current use of waste material, known as frass, as an organic fertilizer. The aim of this study is to examine the fertilizing properties of frass and its effects on plant growth parameters and nutrient concentration in maize kernels when consumed. This will be compared to other cultivation methods including synthetic fertilizers, conventional compost, and no compost. Following a 90-day timeframe, a comprehensive analysis was performed to assess the growth characteristics and nutrient composition within the kennels. The results of this study indicate that frass positively affects plant growth and has a favorable blend of nutrients, as previously demonstrated by studies investigating the nutrient levels in maize. This study showcased the capacity of utilizing frass as a carrier to boost agricultural output and enhance the accessibility of particular nutrients in plants. Further investigation is required to substantiate these conclusions. The widespread use of black soldier fly larvae in the agricultural sector in poor countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, has the capacity to have a beneficial effect on integrated sustainable agriculture and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals 2, 11, and 12.

Fortifikasi Nak Nan Jelly Bog Segamur

Abstract: Abundant banana stem waste is often wasted and becomes an environmental problem. In fact, research results show that banana stems are rich in benefits, one of which is the potential as an anti-obesity agent. Seeing this potential, the community service team tried to process banana stem waste into nutritious and economically valuable food products. This community service activity focused on assisting PKK Metuk mothers in processing banana stems into innovative food products. With intensive training and assistance, it is hoped that PKK mothers can produce value-added food products from banana stem waste. In addition to providing health benefits to the community, this activity is also expected to improve the community's economy through the development of small and medium enterprises based on local resources. The results of this community service activity show that the processing of banana stem waste into food products can be successful. PKK mothers succeeded in producing food products that are not only beneficial for health, but also have good market potential. This success proves that banana stem waste can be a valuable resource if managed properly. Keywords: Musa paradisiaca, economy, health