Operating Parameters Of Process Research Articles

Evaluation of Heterocyclic Aromatic Compound Dye (Methylene Blue) on Chitosan Adsorbent Sourced from African Snail Shell: Modelling and Optimization Studies

In this article, the modelling and optimization of five operational process parameters involving initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature and pH of the solution as it affects the treatment of aqueous solution contaminated with methylene blue, a heterocyclic aromatic compound, on chitosan sourced from African Snail Shell were studied using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) techniques coupled with genetic algorithm. The single and interactive effects of the variables were examined by way of analysis of variance (ANOVA). A comparison of the model techniques was done and an evaluation was carried out with some selected error functions. Both modelling and optimization tools performed creditably well. However, the hybrid ANN-GA proved to be a superior modelling and optimization technique with excellent generalization ability which gave an average absolute deviation between the experimental and predicted data of both response variables considered. The insightful relative importance of the process variables based on the renowned Garson and Olden’s algorithm methods coupled with step by step approach initiated in the Matlab environment were equally investigated. The findings from this study revealed in clear terms that pH and initial concentrations were the most influential parameters and the maximum value of 99.28% of methylene blue removed at optimum conditions affirmed that the chitosan adsorbent is viable for the treatment of effluents from the textile industry.

Osmotic Membrane Distillation Crystallization of NaHCO3

A new crystallization process for sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was studied, proposing the use of osmotic membrane distillation crystallization. Crystallization takes place due to the saturation of the feed solution after water evaporation on the feed side, permeating through the membrane pores to the osmotic side. The process operational parameters, i.e., feed and osmotic velocities, feed concentration, and temperature were studied to determine the optimal operating conditions. Regarding the feed and osmotic velocities, values of 0.038 and 0.0101 m/s, respectively, showed the highest transmembrane flux, i.e., 4.4 × 10−8 m3/m2·s. Moreover, study of the temperature variation illustrated that higher temperatures have a positive effect on the size and purity of the obtained crystals. The purity of the crystals obtained varied from 96.4 to 100% In addition, the flux changed from 2 × 10−8 to 7 × 10−8 m3/m2·s with an increase in temperature from 15 to 40 °C. However, due to heat exchange between the feed and the osmotic solutions, the energy loss in osmotic membrane distillation crystallization is higher at higher temperatures.

Enhancing Real-Time Prediction of Effluent Water Quality of Wastewater Treatment Plant Based on Improved Feedforward Neural Network Coupled with Optimization Algorithm

To provide real-time prediction of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent water quality, a machine learning (ML) model was developed by combining an improved feedforward neural network (IFFNN) with an optimization algorithm. Data used as input variables of the IFFNN included hourly influent water quality parameters, influent flow rate and WWTP process monitoring and operational parameters. Additionally, input variables included historical effluent water quality parameters for future prediction. The model was demonstrated in a WWTP in Jiangsu Province, China, where prediction of effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) with large variations were tested. Relative to the traditional feedforward neural network (FFNN) model without considering historical effluent water quality parameter input, the IFFNN enhanced prediction performance by 52.3% (COD) and 72.6% (TN) based on the mean absolute percentage errors of test datasets, after its model structure was optimized with a genetic algorithm (GA). The problem of over-fitting could also be overcome through the use of the IFFNN, with the determination of coefficient increased from 0.20 to 0.76 for test datasets of effluent COD. The GA-IFFNN model, which was efficient in capturing complex non-linear relationships and extrapolation, could be a useful tool for real-time direction of regulatory changes in WWTP operations.

Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis Process of Neem Seed to Produce Valuable Fuels over RFCC Catalyst: Process Development and Evaluation

AbstractIn this research, thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of neem seed as a non‐edible feed has been investigated for the production of valuable chemicals including bio‐oil, bio‐char and bio‐gas. The sensitivity analysis of main operating parameters of thermal pyrolysis process including temperature (350–550 °C), reaction time (30–180 min) and heating rate (10–40 °C/min) on the major products yield has been performed and the optimum operating condition to maximize the bio‐oil production has been determined. The achieved results indicated that the maximum bio‐oil production yield is obtained at temperature of 450 °C. The bio‐oil production yield enhances with increasing the heating rate, whereas the process time in the considered range has not significant effect on the bio‐oil production yield. Since the main focus of this study was catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis‐derived bio‐oil to valuable fuels, catalytic pyrolysis of neem seeds over industrial RFCC catalyst has been examined using different catalyst loading in the range of 10–40 wt %. It is inferred that more aromatic compounds will be generated with increasing the RFCC catalyst loading which could be attributed to the presence of Al2O3 and zeolite in the catalyst structure. Also, the bio‐oil and bio‐gas production yields via catalytic pyrolysis process over 20 wt. % RFCC catalyst enhanced from 44.3 % to 49.5 % and 22.4 % to 27 % with increasing temperature from 350 and 450 °C, respectively.

Design and development of sub‐baric thermal processer for frying ofGulab jamun: A deep‐fat fried dairy product

AbstractA sub‐baric thermal processor (SBTP) was conceptualized, designed by 3D modeling and simulation for von mises stress analysis, deformation, and factor of safety. The auxiliary system components like electrical heater, surface condenser, vacuum pump, and frying cage with tiered trays were selected based on the design for a flexible capacity to prepare fried snack products and were integrated into the system for smooth functioning. Essential mechanical movements of the frying cage were controlled by frequency‐controlled planetary gear motor along with pneumatic system for rotary and vertical movements. The design concept was transformed into process, instrumentation, and manufacturing drawings. The fully automatic, microcontroller based, skid mounted, mobile SBTP was fabricated asper c‐GMP and 3‐A hygiene fabrication standards. Based on von mises stress analysis (135.79 MPa), the SBTP was fabricated from 4‐mm thick, food grade, acid‐resistant AISI‐316 stainless steel to withstand high vacuum environment. The factor of safety obtained was 1.50, which implies that vacuum vessel can practically withstand a stress up to 205 MPa. The operating process parameters of SBTP, temperature, process time, and pressure were controlled by custom‐made microcontrollers, programmed to work in auto mode. The rotation of frying basket was varied by inverter‐controlled variable frequency gear motor. The basket hoist mechanism was automated and controlled by microcontroller. Results showed that the sub‐baric product had lower oil content (22.74%) and the use of leavening agent could be eliminated due to the development of adequate porosity during sub‐baric frying. Sub‐baric friedGulab jamunballs at 118°C, 5 min and 48 kPa had a color comparable to the conventional fried balls (140°C, 5 min, 101 kPa) with a browning index of 164/94 and 169/103, respectively, for crust/crumb. From the above results, it concluded that sub‐baric thermal process is a potential alternative technique, which could be adopted by the dairy and food industry for the production of low‐fat dairy and food products.Practical ApplicationsThe developed sub‐baric thermal processer would lead to innovation, which can conveniently replace the conventional frying and soaking process with savings in use of frying oil and could also be applicable to similar other frying applications in the food processing industry especially in the preparation of snack products.

Industrial application of ceramic ultrafiltration membrane in cold-rolling emulsion wastewater treatment

A commercial ZrO2/α-Al2O3 ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) membrane system with a capacity of 24 m3 h−1 and cut off of 20 kDa was used to treat cold-rolling emulsion wastewater (CREW) from an iron and steel industry in Central China. The ceramic membrane exhibited high removal efficiency for oil and chemical oxygen demand (COD), with an average removal rate of 99.88% and 98.41%, respectively, which were better than other reported state-of-the-art ceramic membranes. In order to solve the problems of membrane fouling and low permeation flux in the treatment of CREW, the control strategies were proposed. The results showed that the membrane fouling can be mitigated by controlling the feed concentration in circulation tank, increasing the cross-flow velocity, and proper chemical cleaning. The membrane fouling mechanism revealed that the experimental data were well described by the combined model of cake filtration and pore blocking at low cross-flow velocity (4.0–4.3 m s−1). At high cross-flow velocity (5.2 m s−1), the pore blocking models fit the data well. After optimizing the process operation parameters, the continuous operation time of the UF membrane was prolonged by 1.5–2 times, the cleaning times were reduced by 40%. The total operating cost of this system is about $3.01/m3, which is cheaper than the conventional treatment process. In addition, the service life of the ceramic membrane tube was greatly extended to more than 8 years, thus saving the cost of replacement. These results indicate that the process is an economical and efficient method in the treatment of CREW.

Improvement of Processability Characteristics of Porcelain-Based Formulations Toward the Utilization of 3D Printing Technology.

A study of the feasibility of porcelain-based formulations for 3D printing was performed. Based on commercial materials characterization, the binder jetting process properties requirements were defined. Porcelain powder-based formulations were prepared and evaluated with different binder solutions. The powder-binder formulations were characterized (e.g., particle size distribution and wettability of powder, viscosity and surface tension of liquid binder) and showed some different and similar characteristics when compared with commercial materials. The addition of solid (sodium alginate, sucrose) and liquid (glycerol, ethanol) additives in the powder-binder composition improved the experimental printed tests. The effect of binder composition and operating process parameters (binder saturation level, bleed compensation, and printed layer thickness) was analyzed and optimized to obtain a printed saucer with different designs. Results revealed some limitations related to the materials and the technology, thus justifying the introduction of technological improvements. This study showed the possibility to process industrial porcelain powders by additive manufacturing, paving the way for a new development challenge in the productive process of ceramic products.

Технологическая возможность повышения комплексности использования золотосодержащих полиметаллических руд Ново-Широкинского месторождения

Gold-bearing polymetallic ores of the Novo-Shirokinsky deposit (further NShD) are complex, containing other valuable components besides gold and silver, which include lead, zinc, copper, iron, etc. According to the content of sulfides in the ores, they belong to the moderate sulfide type. The main feature of the material composition of ores NShD: expressed multicomponent content of valuable minerals; proximity of flotation properties of shared minerals; especially valuable mineral in ores, in addition to gold and silver, is copper, which is mainly concentrated in lead concentrate. The highest technological indicators of ore beneficiation are achieved when they are enriched according to a collective technological scheme. The technological scheme of ore beneficiation at the plant is shown in fig. 1. A lead-copper concentrate is obtained, which, as a rule, is subsequently sent for subsequent selective flotation. The factory produces two main concentrates - lead and zinc (corresponding to TU 07.29.15-002-24722376-2018, TU 1725-001-24722376-2011). This work is aimed at increasing the complexity of the use of NShD polymetallic ores in order to justify the possibility of additional production of copper concentrate at the plant. The object of the study – gold-bearing polymetallic ores of the Novo-Shirokinsky deposit. The subject of the study – flotation process of ore beneficiation as the basis for obtaining copper concentrate by constructing effective technological schemes for the polymetallic ores’ processing. The main idea of the work – sequential extraction of copper from lead concentrates using retreatments and optimal operating parameters of the flotation process

Unconventional milling of zirconia-based bioceramic material with nanosecond pulsed laser

Fabrication of dental restorations made of zirconia-based biomaterials with enhanced mechanical and tribological properties together with customized surface topography and microstructure for promoting enamel adhesion and cell proliferation while hindering bacterial spreading is a very challenging task to accomplish through conventional machining operations. In fact, traditional milling processes of sintered ceramics are typically labor-intensive, therefore expensive and time-consuming, and these aspects can be further exasperated when microsized features are required. On the other hand, unconventional techniques such as laser milling can represent a suitable solution to produce miniaturized individualized structures on advanced ceramics since it is a non-contact thermal process that ensures the elimination of cutting forces and allows hard and brittle materials to be machined without the need for special equipment which requires high investments and long processing times. In this context, this study aims to investigate the capability of a nanosecond pulsed fiber laser to machine samples made of yttria-stabilized zirconia through a systematic experimental approach in order to identify the most suitable process operational parameters combinations that ensure the obtainment of specific surface topographies while minimizing the machining time. The milling process is carried out by using a 30 W Q-switched Yb:YAG fiber laser by controlling laser beam scan speed, scan strategy and hatch distance and following a multi-level factorial design-based experimentation. The adoption of the laser technology to machine yttria-stabilized zirconia results in a high-repeatable, accurate and time-saving process allowing easy control of the process outcomes.

Multiobjective Optimization Based on “Distance-to-Target” Approach of Membrane Units for Separation of CO2/CH4

The effective separation of CO2 and CH4 mixtures is essential for many applications, such as biogas upgrading, natural gas sweetening or enhanced oil recovery. Membrane separations can contribute greatly in these tasks, and innovative membrane materials are being developed for this gas separation. The aim of this work is the evaluation of the potential of two types of highly CO2-permeable membranes (modified commercial polydimethylsiloxane and non-commercial ionic liquid–chitosan composite membranes) whose selective layers possess different hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics for the separation of CO2/CH4 mixtures. The study of the technical performance of the selected membranes can provide a better understanding of their potentiality. The optimization of the performance of hollow fiber modules for both types of membranes was carried out by a “distance-to-target” approach that considered multiple objectives related to the purities and recovery of both gases. The results demonstrated that the ionic liquid–chitosan composite membranes improved the performance of other innovative membranes, with purity and recovery percentage values of 86 and 95%, respectively, for CO2 in the permeate stream, and 97 and 92% for CH4 in the retentate stream. The developed multiobjective optimization allowed for the determination of the optimal process design and performance parameters, such as the membrane area, pressure ratio and stage cut required to achieve maximum values for component separation in terms of purity and recovery. Since the purities and recoveries obtained were not enough to fulfill the requirements imposed on CO2 and CH4 streams to be directly valorized, the design of more complex multi-stage separation systems was also proposed by the application of this optimization methodology, which is considered as a useful tool to advance the implementation of the membrane separation processes.

Best practices for measurement and impact on performance evaluation for novel carbon-utilization process technologies

Abstract The NRG COSIA Carbon XPRIZE—a $20 million prize competition focused on the development and scaling of innovative carbon-capture and -utilization technologies—placed credible data at the forefront of its scoring and ranking approach for the selection of prize-winners. To guarantee the quality of the submitted data, independent third-party verifiers reviewed each candidate technology and data set. While the Carbon XPRIZE contenders demonstrated a variety of CO2-utilization technologies at various levels of technical maturity and scale, it was found that early evaluation of the impact of measurements on process performance parameters via sensitivity analysis should influence the selection of instruments that have appropriate accuracy. In addition to appropriate accuracy, this assessment can lead to reduced costs associated with instrumentation rather than simply buying the ‘best’ instrument while simultaneously ensuring that uncertainties are kept as low as possible. With proper pre-planning, good engineering practice and good measurement practice, it is possible to optimize uncertainty against the costs and usability of instrumentation and data systems.

Bathurst Burr (Xanthium spinosum) Powder-A New Natural Effective Adsorbent for Crystal Violet Dye Removal from Synthetic Wastewaters.

A new natural adsorbent material, Bathurst burr powder, was used to remove crystal violet dye from synthetic wastewaters. Particle size distribution and SEM and FTIR analyses were performed to characterize it. The effect of the operational adsorption process parameters (pH, ionic strength, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature) onto the adsorption process was evaluated in a batch system. Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies were performed in order to understand the adsorption process. Taguchi method and ANOVA test were used to optimize the dye adsorption conditions and to establish the percentage contribution of each factor, respectively. The accuracy of the Taguchi prediction method was analyzed by correlating the predicted dye removal efficiency with the experimentally determined one. The particle size distribution analysis showed that 82.15% of the adsorbent particles have an average size below 0.5 mm. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model. Maximum adsorption capacity value (164.10 mg·g−1) was higher compared to many similar adsorbents. The process was endothermic, spontaneous, and favorably involving a physisorption mechanism. The Taguchi method showed that the most influential controllable factor was pH (65% contribution in adsorption efficiency) and the data analysis indicates a very good accuracy of the experimental design (R2 = 0.994). The obtained results demonstrated that Bathurst burr powder can be used as a cheap and efficient adsorbent for crystal violet dye removal from aqueous solution.

Unravelling the anaerobic digestion ‘black box’: Biotechnological approaches for process optimization

Increasing global demand for green energy has necessitated more research interest in anaerobic digestion. Due to the dual benefits of anaerobic digestion, in organic waste management and energy generation, it is rated among the best renewable energy generation options. An important challenge that limits acceptability and adoption of this technology is the quality and quantity of anaerobic digestion products, especially biogas and digestate. A practical solution to this challenge is process optimization. However, process optimization is not easily achieved due to the complexity of the microbiome driving the anaerobic digestion process, which has contributed to anaerobic digesters being considered ‘black boxes’. Unravelling the ‘black box’ would aid in fine-tuning operational conditions, process parameters, intra- and inter-phase interactions as well as rate limiting factors during each phase of the production cycle, thereby optimizing the anaerobic digestion process. To achieve this level of technological advancement, cooperation between experts that understand both the microbial processes and technological design of digesters is important. When factors are optimized, implementation of the optimized conditions through automation may prevent process errors and failures, thereby enhancing quality and quantity of anaerobic digestion products. In addition, process optimization should also reflect economic viability vis-à-vis small-scale and large-scale biogas production systems. This review provides a detailed overview of individual factors that could affect the performance of the anaerobic digestion process with critical interpretations and suggestions. This work could be employed as a good base to build integrative models or ecological indices that interrelate these factors.

Experimental and thermal investigation with optimization on friction stir welding of nylon 6A using Taguchi and microstructural analysis

Friction stir welding is an environmentally friendly process of joining due to the non-usage of flux, or any shield gas. Therefore, this article proposes an experimental and thermal investigation with optimization technique for studying the process of FSW on nylon 6A or polycaprolactam polymer composite plates. Specifically, the influence of input operating process parameters such as tool rotational speed (TRS), feed rate, and pitch values on the output response parameters like ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and hardness of welded joints is examined. In addition, L27 orthogonal array of Taguchi approach is employed for the optimization of design experiments of FSW parameters. The experimental setup is carried out with various process parameter combinations like 500, 1000, and 1500 rpm as TRS, 30, 40, and 50 mm as feed rate by varying the pitch values as 1, 2, and 3 mm. Further, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) also employed for finding the significant parameters of input process using the regression analysis equations. Finally, microstructural analysis is used to assess the mixing or dispersing uniformity of composites effectively. The experimental and optimum FSW parameters for maximum UTS are obtained at a feed rate of 30 mm/min, tool pitch of 3 mm, and the TRS of 500 rpm.

Reconstruction of the hardware design for isopropylbenzene production for the production of ethylbenzene

The hardware design of the rectification unit for the production of isopropylbenzene in the presence of the AlCl3 catalyst is considered, the use of which has a number of problems associated with its corrosiveness, rapid deactivation, the complexity of regeneration, etc. One of the possible solutions to the listed technological disadvantages is the use of heterogeneous zeolite-containing catalysts. In this case, during the reconstruction of the existing production of isopropylbenzene in the technological scheme of separation of alkylate, three rectification columns are released, which are expediently used to separate the alkylate of ethylbenzene production. To study the possibility of using the discharging distillation columns, a computational experiment was carried out using the Honeywell UniSim Design modeling system, in which a model of the alkylate separation unit for ethylbenzene production was formed. The NRTL method was used as a mathematical package for calculating the thermodynamic properties of the mixture components. As a result of modeling the operation of the alkylate separation unit for each distillation column, the optimal operating process parameters were obtained: pressure of the top and bottom of the column, reflux ratio, temperature profile along the height of the column. The calculated material balance of the technological scheme shows that in the first distillation column, complete separation of benzene from the alkylation reaction mass is achieved, the second column ensures the production of commercial ethylbenzene, and in the third column, a fairly clear separation of diethylbenzene from the remaining components of the mixture is obtained. The performed computational experiment showed that for the organization of the stable operation of the technological scheme for the separation of alkylate in the production of ethylbenzene, it is possible to use all the considered distillation columns without changing their design parameters at a load on the reaction mass of alkylation of about 60 t / h.

Removal and degradation of triazole fungicides using Ag/PEG-CuO: an efficient adsorbent-catalyst coupling process

ABSTRACT In this work, an effective adsorbent-catalyst coupling (ACC) process is proposed and investigated to treat the wastewater polluted with triazole fungicides. In this regard, PEG-CuO as well as Ag particles were prepared and used as the adsorbent and catalyst in the ACC process, respectively. For comparison purposes, Fe3O4 was also utilised as a catalyst. The experiments were conducted to remove penconazole, hexaconazole, and diniconazole (as representative fungicides which were analysed by HPLC-UV). The results show that sole catalysts could not completely remove the triazole fungicides. However, it was found that complete removal and degradation of all fungicides can be obtained using the ACC approach. In the next step, the effects of important operating parameters of the ACC process, i.e. adsorbent load, catalyst load, ratio of catalyst to adsorbent, salt concentration, pH, and operation time were studied. It was found that the optimum condition for all the fungicides was 50/50 ratio of Ag/PEG-CuO, pH of 7, and operating time of 85 min. Finally, the ACC process capability was evaluated for the treatment of five real wastewaters containing triazole fungicides, and the excellent performance of this process was confirmed by observing the complete removal and degradation.

Simulation of Process Structure and Operating Parameters on the Efficiency of the Chemical Looping Combustion Combined with Humid Air Turbine Cycle Using Statistical Experimental Design

Simulation of Process Structure and Operating Parameters on the Efficiency of the Chemical Looping Combustion Combined with Humid Air Turbine Cycle Using Statistical Experimental Design

Process Behavior and Product Quality in Fertilizer Manufacturing Using Continuous Hopper Transfer Pan Granulation—Experimental Investigations

Fertilizers are commonly used to improve the soil quality in both conventional and organic agriculture. One such fertilizer is dolomite for which soil application in granulated form is advantageous. These granules are commonly produced from ground dolomite powder in continuous pan transfer granulators. During production, the granulator’s operation parameters affect the granules’ properties and thereby also the overall performance of the fertilizer. To ensure product granules of certain specifications and an efficient overall production, process control and intensification approaches based on mathematical models can be applied. However, the latter require high-quality quantitative experimental data describing the effects of process operation parameters on the granule properties. Therefore, in this article, such data is presented for a lab-scale experimental setup. Investigations were carried out into how variations in binder spray rate, binder composition, feed powder flow rate, pan inclination angle, and angular velocity affect particle size distribution, mechanical stability, and humidity. Furthermore, in contrast to existing work samples from both, pan granules and product granules are analyzed. The influence of operation parameter variations on the differences between both, also known as trajectory separation, is described quantitatively. The results obtained indicate an increase in the average particle size with increasing binder flow rate to feed rate and increasing binder concentration and the inclination angle of the pan. Compressive strength varied significantly depending on the operating parameters. Significant differences in properties were observed for the product and the intermediate (pan) samples. In fact, for some operation parameters, e.g., binder feed rate, the magnitude of the separation effect strongly depends on the specific value of the operation parameter. The presented concise data will enable future mathematical modeling of the pan granulation process, e.g., using the framework of population balance equations.

Potential applications of thermal spray coating for I.C. engine tribology: A Review

The IC engine has been a conventional source of producing mechanical energy for various applications. The tribopair of piston ring and cylinder liner has to work in adverse tribological conditions such as high temperature, speed and load. The wear of piston ring not only reduce the performance of the tribopair but also cause the failure of the system. The insufficient lubrication at the interface increases the tribological losses drastically. The tribological losses can be minimized by coating of some material which has superior tribological performance. The thermal spray coating can be used for providing a stable coating over the tribological surfaces. The versatile operating conditions and process parameters assist the deposition of required material to a desired thickness over the various substrate materials. The process can be used for producing the stable coating over at a faster deposition rate. The environmental friendly coating material can be used as a bled with the conventional coating material for making the process sustainable.

Sequential coagulation and heat activated persulfate-peroxide binary oxidation process for landfill leachate treatment

This study investigated a sequential treatment of landfill leachate including coagulation and binary oxidation. In the first step, the chemical coagulation process in which alum was used as a coagulant was applied to the leachate and the Box-Behnken design was used for process optimization. Operating parameters of the chemical coagulation process were coagulant dose, initial pH, and reaction time while the model response was color number (CN) removal. As a second step, a heat-activated persulfate-peroxide (PS/PO) binary oxidation process was applied to the leachate, which was subjected to chemical coagulation under optimized conditions. The effects of initial pH, reaction time, PS/PO ratio, and temperature on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), UV254, and CN were determined. Control experiments were carried out depending on reaction time, kinetic studies were performed and rate constants were obtained. Based on removal efficiencies, binary processes were more effective than single processes. Reaction rates were directly proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to the initial pH. The optimum operating conditions of the PS/PS/Heat process were as follows; total oxidant dose 100 mM, initial pH 5, reaction time 120 min, and temperature 80 °C. Consequently, 82.2% COD, 94.4% UV254, and 97.9% CN removal efficiencies were achieved by combined coagulation-advanced oxidation processes. Moreover, scavenging experiments were carried out to determine the types of radicals involved in the process. Under optimum conditions, it was determined that both sulfate and hydroxyl radicals were involved in the PS/PO/Heat process; however, the dominant radical type was hydroxyl radicals.