Process-oriented Design Research Articles

Process-oriented Design Methodology for the (Inter-) Organizational Intellectual Capital Management

The development of a process-oriented design methodology for the visualization of intellectual capital in organisational business processes is described in this contribution. A tangible and intangible resource-oriented taxonomy in an integrated enterprise modelling environment is established. The comprehensive assessment, allocation and referencing of intellectual capital (human, structural and relational capital) counters the underutilization of available intellectual capital and allows for a targeted intellectual capital management. The resulting process-oriented design methodology for intellectual capital will enable organizations, clusters and networks to identify sustainability intensive activities within their business processes in order to utilise and foster their potentials.

Dynamic maintenance plan optimization of fixture components for a multistation autobody assembly process

Process-oriented tolerance design and maintenance policy of the fixture system are major ways to ensure the dimension quality of autobodies. Traditional maintenance policy mostly uses a fixed threshold considering the static nominal process variables, which always lead to excessive or inadequate maintenance of fixtures. Based on the analysis of dynamic information in multistation assembly process, a maintenance policy optimization methodology is proposed to integrate the updated process states and monitored incoming parts’ deviations in the assembly process. In this method, the product quality constraint function considering dynamic fixture component degradation, dimension fluctuations of parts, etc. is constructed firstly, and then, a nonlinear optimization algorithm is used to obtain the optimal maintenance schedule with a minimum maintenance cost. An engine compartment assembly case was used to illustrate the procedure and advantages of the proposed method. At last, the effect of dynamic process variables and incoming parts’ qualities on the maintenance results were examined and discussed.

Schutzzielorientiertes Design der Sicherheitsleittechnik

Safety instrumentation and control in nuclear power plants has to be systematically designed and revisable in order to meet the highest safety requirements. A safety objective oriented design process is presented in combination with the defence in depth philosophy. The approach is applicable for the construction of new plants like the European Pressurized Reactor (EPR) and for the comprehensive refurbishment of existing plants. Its success has been demonstrated in several domestic and international I&C projects.

Schutzzielorientiertes Design der Sicherheitsleittechnik

Safety instrumentation and control in nuclear power plants has to be systematically designed and revisable in order to meet the highest safety requirements. A safety objective oriented design process is presented in combination with the defence in depth philosophy. The approach is applicable for the construction of new plants like the European Pressurized Reactor (EPR) and for the comprehensive refurbishment of existing plants. Its success has been demonstrated in several domestic and international I&C projects.

IT Support in the Fuzzy Front End of Industrial Product Service Design

The necessity for manufacturing equipment producers of providing Industrial Product Service Systems (IPS2) as opposed to selling sole products is well-known. Reasons for focusing on increased customer value are the long-term customer retention and high flexibility throughout the entire lifecycle. This kind of customization creates a win-win situation for both, customers and providers.However, the establishment of integrated development tools to design these holistic solutions is still sparse. Reasons for this are the multiple viewpoints, models and methods which are relevant for a holistic design. An IPS2 compromises different actors, organizations, objects and processes. It is required to fulfill specific customer needs which go beyond the core competences of one single provider. Furthermore, the business model, customer-provider networks and organizational boundary conditions have a higher influence on solution properties than they have in design processes for traditional products.In this context, specific focus must be put on early design stages. Key properties of the design solution and its architecture are determined in line with cooperation networks in this crucial design phase. Presently, numerous specific methods and tools are provided to support systematic development, yet without the possibility of using them in an integrated environment. Therefore, a method base is required which includes these different methods. Furthermore, this method base has to provide possibilities of connecting data models of different tools in order to create holistic descriptions of IPS2.This paper describes one such method base, that of IT based Product-Service Innovation. Within this framework single developers as well as development teams are guided to a value oriented design process. Within this framework a concept for the integration of different methodological IPS2 design approaches is presented. It is based on the principles of situative method engineering and enables the integrated method application for specific design issues in early design phases of these systems.

An Action Research on Developing Prospective Teachers’ Inquiry Skills

One of the ultimate aims of teacher education programs is to equip prospective teachers with the necessary professional skills and dispositions so that they can build and maintain a philosophy of teaching and learning that is constantly reviewed based on an understanding of research and practices. Developing student teachers’ inquiry skills by engaging them in research is one of the indispensable parts of teacher education programs since it provides the basis of their ongoing professional development. The aim of this study is to examine how a process-oriented instructional design helps prospective teachers develop their inquiry skills in educational research methods course. The sample of the study consisted of all forty-two student teachers enrolled in the course in the Faculty of Education. The study adopted action research as a research methodology and gathered data using qualitative data collection instruments. A process research-based inquiry environment was designated to explore the factors influencing the developmental process of student teachers’ inquiry skills. The credibility and objectivity of the study was ensured through inquiry audits and data triangulation. The analysis of multiple qualitative data sources provided invaluable findings as regards the factors having impact on student teachers’ development of inquiry skills. It was found out that instructional process, collaboration and instructional scaffolding are integral in inquiry-based instruction. These elements were also considered to be influential on the development of student teachers’ inquiry skills. The findings of the study revealed certain programmatic implications worthy of consideration. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n7p317

용산공원 설계 국제공모 출품작에 나타난 프로세스적 설계 분석

용산공원과 같은 대형 공원의 설계는 특정 시점의 완결적 마스터플랜을 생산하는 전통적인 설계 방식보다는 다양한 층위에서 프로세스에 중점을 두는 접근을 필요로 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 '용산공원 설계 국제공모'(2012)의 여덟 개 출품작에 나타난 프로세스적 설계의 특성을 분석하는데 있으며, 이를 위해 각 출품작을 프로세스적 설계의 주요 대상, 단계별 계획 구성의 시간적 기준과 특징, 프로세스적 설계의 표현 방법 등 세 가지 기준으로 분석하였다. 본 연구는 프로세스적 설계 방법론의 현재 수준을 비판적으로 점검하는 동시에 국제공모를 통해 수렴된 용산공원의 미래 좌표를 보다 합리적이고 전략적인 방향으로 제안하는 이중의 의의를 지닐 수 있을 것이다. 각 출품작에서 프로세스를 계획한 대상은 공간의 물리적 개발 순서, 생태성의 복원 과정, 공공성의 회복 과정, 경제성을 고려한 운영계획의 순으로 나타났다. 주요 고려사항으로는 주변 도시 조직과의 연결, 광역 녹지 체계와 수 체계의 연결, 부지 내 기존 건물 및 기반 시설의 활용 등이 있었다. 단계별 계획의 시간적 기준은 크게 일정한 시점과 기간을 설정하는 것과 단계의 순서만을 설정하는 것으로 구분되었다. 프로세스적 설계의 표현 방법은 대부분 단계별 계획의 형식을 취하고 있었으며, 일부 작품에서는 시나리오 구성 등과 같은 방식이 시도되었다. 용산공원 설계 국제공모의 출품작들은 프로세스적 설계를 적극적으로 시도했다기보다는 프로세스적 설계의 방법 중 하나인 단계별 계획을 설계의 한 부문으로 도입했다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 전통적인 설계 관례인 마스터플랜 방식을 거부하기보다는 마스터플랜과 프로세스적 설계 사이의 절충적 입장을 취했다고 볼 수 있다. Designing large parks such as Yongsan Park requires the open-ended process-oriented design approach in complex layers rather than the conventional self-completed master plan method. This study aims to examine the characteristics of process-oriented design in the eight invited entries of "International Competition for the Master Plan of the Yongsan Park, Korea"(2012). For this purpose, it analyzed each entry according to three criteria: objects of process-oriented approach, time factor and its features of phasing plan, and presentation method of the process. This analysis can not only critically review the current level of the process-centered design methodology but also suggest strategic future directions for Yongsan Park. The objects of process-oriented design in the eight works were order of physical space development, restoration process of ecosystem, recovering process of publicity, and economic operation and management. Main considerations in the objects were connections to adjacent urban fabrics, links to regional green and water system, reuse of existing buildings and infrastructures in the site. The temporal criteria of the phasing plan had two aspects. One was planning a certain time and period, and the other was just establishing an order of phases. Most of the presentation method of process was the phasing plan, but some of the entries suggested a scenario plan. The eight works of "International Competition for the Master Plan of Yongsan Park" did not attempt process-oriented designs entirely and completely. Rather, they tried to introduce the phasing plan as part of a process-centered design. Also, they took an eclectic approach between master plan and process-oriented design instead of rejecting the conventional master plan approach.

Reengineering Process Oriented Design of Organizations

Reengineering Process Oriented Design of Organizations

Multicore scheduling for lightweight communicating processes

Process-oriented programming is a design methodology in which software applications are constructed from communicating concurrent processes. A typical process-oriented design involves the composition of a large number of small isolated component processes. These concurrent components allow for the scalable parallel execution of the resulting application on both shared-memory and distributed-memory architectures. In this paper we present a runtime designed to support process-oriented programming by providing lightweight processes and communication primitives. The runtime’s scheduler, implemented using lock-free algorithms, automatically executes concurrent components in parallel on multicore systems. Heuristics dynamically group processes into cache-affine work units based on communication patterns. Work units are then distributed via wait-free work-stealing. Initial performance analysis shows that, using the algorithms presented in this paper, process-oriented software can execute with an efficiency approaching that of optimised sequential and coarse-grain threaded designs.

Reading and Controlling on UG Files by OpenGL Based on Object-Oriented Methods

Aimed at the problem of reading and controlling UG files by OpenGL in VC++ environment, a method of object-oriented programming is proposed. The OpenGL single document, multiple documents and visualization windows are created by using the classified idea in VC++ environment. PRT format data files of UG are converted to DXF format data files. Not only the conversion rate but also the conversion quality of different format data file are ensured by using the intermediate conversion format CGM and the problems of redundancy lines and view missing are prevented. DXF files are converted to 3DS files by 3DS MAX software. Controlling and redrawing of UG files in OpenGL are realized. The Object-oriented method is better than process-oriented program design method on the reliability and operability of procedure. The method has been applied in the virtual CNC milling system and provided a theoretical basis for the development of visualization system.

Joint allocation of measurement points and controllable tooling machines in multistage manufacturing processes

Stream of variations (SoV) modeling of multistage manufacturing process has been studied for the past 15 years and has been used for identification of root causes of manufacturing errors, characterization and optimal allocation of measurements, process-oriented tolerance allocation, fixture design, and operation sequence optimization. Most recently, it was used for optimal in-process adjustments of programmable, controllable tooling (controllable fixtures, CNC machines) in order to enable autonomous minimization of errors in dimensional product quality. However, due to the time and resources needed to take the measurements and the high cost of controllable tooling, it is plausible to strategically position such measurements and controllable devices across a manufacturing system in a way that the ability to mitigate quality problems is maximized. In this article, a distributed stochastic feed-forward control method is devised to optimally (in the least square sense) reduce the variations in dimensional workpiece quality with a limited number of controllable tooling components and measurements distributed across a multistage manufacturing process. Based on this, a reactive tabu search algorithm is proposed to enable joint optimal allocation of measurement points a controllable tooling devices. Theoretical results are evaluated and demonstrate using the SoV model of an actual industrial process for automotive cylinder head machining.

Construction of Process-oriented Industrial Design Knowledge Map

The method of building knowledge map for industrial design process is proposed to organize the industrial design knowledge,which can add innovations of product concept design.By the investigation on the industrial design process,the design process descriptive model with different abstract granularity levels is established,which forms the frame of knowledge map.Based on the concepts system of knowledge node,the structure of input and output are defined.The design knowledge can be acquired,saved and reused in the uniform by the operation of combination,decomposition,derivation,insertion and trim.On the one hand,knowledge can be organized by knowledge map with the operation procedure,which can reduce the chaos of knowledge complexity,distraction and obscurity,and help to make the design decisions and ideas.On the other hand,visible knowledge map can be adapted to some kinds of design projects,and integrated with the design knowledge scenario information of condition,object,procedure,cause and effect,which can reduce the blindness of design activities with single knowledge area.An application case is introduced to prove the method.

Process-oriented design principles for promoting self-regulated learning in primary teacher education

Many recent studies have stressed the importance of students’ self-regulated learning (SRL) skills for successful learning. Consequently, primary teacher educators have been encouraged by policy makers to increase their students’ SRL opportunities in educational pre-service programs. However, primary teacher educators often find it difficult to implement these innovations in their teaching. In the present study, a literature search concerning SRL was conducted. Based on this search, seven process-oriented design principles were formulated, resulting in an SRL model for primary teacher education. This SRL model provides more insight into relevant SRL aspects and can support SRL implementation in pre-service teacher education.

A knowledge based CAAD system for passive solar architecture

A computer-aided design tool for assisting the designer to set appropriate passive solar systems for heating and cooling is presented. The system is based on a knowledge base oriented design process (KBDP). The knowledge base stores design guidelines and procedural methods for determining the passive systems that best suit the local climatic conditions. This tool is aimed to be used already at the very early stages of the design process, the pre-conceptual and the conceptual, with the purpose of achieving a passive solar architecture from the energy point of view that will better fit local climatic conditions. At the pre-conceptual design stage the system determined the bio-climatic strategies and at the conceptual design stage the recommended passive systems are presented according to previously selected design strategies. This paper focuses mainly on the later one i.e. the conceptual stage, in which the geometry, as well as the building orientation are determined. The geometrical considerations include the determination of the type and size of the passive systems that fit the requirements of both climatic conditions in winter and in summer at the given location. In addition, the design tool that was developed includes knowledge bases that contain examples and descriptive explanations. The knowledge base may be retrieved automatically by the system or upon request. Thus the system can support the designer as an expert that provides advice when needed.

Business process-oriented design of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems for small and medium enterprises

In the last few years, many organizations have used business process modelling as an effective tool for managing organizational changes. However, process modelling has rarely been exploited for supporting the entire business process management life cycle. This includes the design of business processes as well as their implementation and control. The adoption and implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems is a crucial issue if referred to small and medium-sized enterprises. The main problem is that the cost of implementation of ERP, intended as the process of customization of the ERP system towards the actual enterprise business processes, overtakes the cost of ERP acquisition. Thus, there is a need to use the same workflow systems for both modelling the enterprise business processes and designing the ERP. The paper presents the results of a collaborative project between academia and industry aimed at developing a business process management integrated approach to the design, implementation and control of an ERP information system.

Unified user interface design: designing universally accessible interactions

Designing universally accessible user interfaces means designing for diversity in end-users and contexts of use, and implies making alternative design decisions, at various levels of the interaction design, inherently leading to diversity in the final design outcomes. Towards this end, a design method leading to the construction of a single interface design instance is inappropriate, as it cannot accommodate for diversity of the resulting dialogue artifacts. Therefore, there is a need for a systematic process in which alternative design decisions for different design parameters may be supported. The outcome of such a design process realizes a design space populated with appropriate designed dialogue patterns, along with their associated design parameters (e.g. user- and usage-context-attribute values). This paper discusses the Unified Interface Design Method, a process-oriented design method enabling the organization of diversity-based design decisions around a single hierarchical structure, and encompassing a variety of techniques such as task analysis, abstract design, design polymorphism and design rationale.

A time-sensitive object model for real-time systems

Process-oriented models for real-time systems focus on the timing constraints of processes , a focus that can adversely affect resulting designs. Data dependencies between processes create scheduling interactions that limit the times at which processes may execute. Processes are then designed to fit available windows in the overall system schedule. “Fitting in” frequently involves fragmenting processes to fit scheduling windows and/or designing program and data structures for speed rather than for program comprehension. The result is often a system with very sensitive timing that is hard to understand and maintain. As an alternative to process-oriented design, we present time-sensitive objects: a data-oriented model for real-time systems. The time-sensitive object (TSO) model structures systems as time-constrained data, rather than time constrained processing. Object values are extended to object histories in which a sequence of time constrained values describe the evolution of the object over time. Systems comprise a set of objects and their dependencies. The TSO model describes the effects of object operations and the propagation of change among related objects. Periodic objects, a class of objects within the TSO model, are described in detail in this article and compared with traditional periodic processes. Advantages of time-sensitive objects are identified, including greater scheduling independence when processes have data dependencies, more opportunity for concurrency, and greater inherent capability for detection of and tolerance to timing errors.

GaAs MESFET physical models for process-oriented design

A detailed physical model which is used to accurately predict the DC and microwave performance of GaAs MESFETs is described. This model, which accounts for hot electron effects in submicron FETs, includes trapping phenomena and heating due to power dissipation. It is used to determine the optimal design for small-signal and power devices, including single- and double-recessed FETs. The spread in device characteristics can be directly related to the variation in device geometry and process parameters experienced in fabrication. The accuracy and flexibility of this approach are demonstrated by comparison with measured data for a variety of devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

General object-oriented software development: Background and experience

The effective use of Ada requires the adoption of modern software-engineering techniques such as object-oriented methodologies. A Goddard Space Flight Center Software Engineering Laboratory Ada pilot project has provided an opportunity for studying object-oriented design in Ada. The project involves the development of a simulation system in Ada in parallel with a similar Fortran development. As part of the project, the Ada development team trained and evaluated object-oriented and process-oriented design methodologies for Ada. Finding these methodologies limited in various ways, the team created a general object-oriented development methodology that they applied to the project. This paper discusses some background on the development of the methodology, describes the main principles of the approach, and presents some experiences with using the methodology, including a general comparison of the Ada and Fortran simulator designs.

A polycarbonate ophthalmic-prescription lens series.

Improvements in polycarbonate material, production techniques, and scratch-resistant coatings, combined with a process-oriented design, have resulted in a precision lens series. Surface quality is comparable to that of untreated glass ophthalmic lenses. The repeatability of the process results in closely controlled axial power and off-axis performance. For most lens prescriptions, the ANSI Z80.1 optical-center specifications for prescription accuracy are maintained through a total field of view of 40 deg for an 8-mm range of center-of-rotation distances. Off-axis astigmatism is controlled for near-point seeing. The lenses are both lighter and thinner than those of crown glass. A scratch-resistant coating reduces the reflections normally associated with high-index (1.586) materials. Impact resistance exceeds that required by ANSI Z80.7 and is many times that required by ANSI Z80.1.