Process Of Women's Empowerment Research Articles

Women's Empowerment Through The Women Farmers Group Program In Patangkai Village Bone Regency

This study aimed to assess the empowerment of women, employing a qualitative research approach with a descriptive research type. The research focused on key figures such as the Head of Patangkai Village, Chairperson, Treasurer, and Secretary of the Women Farmers Group (KWT), as well as the community members. Data collection involved various techniques, including observation, interviews, and documentation, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the empowerment process. To enhance the data's validity, source triangulation and technical triangulation were implemented. The analysis followed a systematic approach, encompassing data collection, reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The findings revealed that the empowerment process through the KWT program exhibited positive outcomes in terms of planning and implementation indicators. However, the evaluation indicators demonstrated a shortfall, indicating a suboptimal level of goal achievement in the women's empowerment process. This study sheds light on the nuanced dynamics of women's empowerment within the KWT program. While planning and implementation aspects showcase success, the evaluation phase indicates a need for further scrutiny and improvement. Recognizing these intricacies is vital for refining and optimizing women's empowerment initiatives, ensuring their effectiveness and impact align with the intended goals. Moving forward, future efforts should focus on addressing the identified gaps in the evaluation process to enhance the overall success of women's empowerment through the KWT program.

A Study on Women and Society in the Light of Education

Education is a strong and effective tool for promoting social development from the earlier period of history. Widespread education can spark the process of social change by changing social thoughts, beliefs and customs. A good education can create the environment of social equality and gives everyone the same opportunities or possibilities regardless of caste, class, religion, or social background. Additionally, it teaches individuals how to live a healthy, prosperous life and helps them let go of social rigidity. Looking back over the last few decades, it is clear that women’s place in the society has evolved significantly in many ways; among them education can be considered as the most reliable one. A well-planned education empowers women to take part in every sphere of society and gives them the courage and confidence to speak up in opposition to any kind of unfavourable aspects of society. The present study is an attempt to explore women participation in reshaping the society by eradication of social illness and inequalities. The author also recalled the name of some lesser-known women educators in the overall process of women empowerment in Indian society in comparison to the western world. Keywords: Education, Society, Savitribai Phule, Lesser-known Women Educators, Mary Wollstonecraft, Maria Montessori

Role of Women's Cooperative in Empowering Women: A Study in Jharkhand

The question of women empowerment consists of numerous nuances. Though the primary perspective continues to be the empowerment of the self, yet the process of self -actualization is largely dependent on a number of other factors including the complex interplay of societal forces and factors. The study of tribal women in the state of Jharkhand, India, provides incisive and rare insights to the process of women empowerment. Studied from the perspective of a women led cooperative society that sought to provide increased income to its members through poultry farming, the study provides a fascinating glimpse to the subsequent changes in the inter personal relationship and self-esteem among the women members..

MGNREGA and Women Empowerment: Some Emerging Questions

Empowerment means higher level of development. The word empowerment is becoming common nowadays. Each person interprets the meaning of empowerment differently in their individual context. Empowerment can be defined as an improvement in the economic, political, social, educational, sexual or spiritual power of an individual, community or organization. Empowerment is a multidimensional process as it can be seen in political, psychological, sociological, economic and other dimensions also. Just as empowerment is a multidimensional process, similarly the process of women empowerment is also a multidimensional process.
 
 Abstract in Hindi Language:
 सशक्तिकरण से तात्पर्य विकास का उच्च सोपान हैं। सशक्तिकरण शब्द वर्तमान में सामान्य सा होता जा रहा हैं। प्रत्येक व्यक्ति सशक्तिकरण का अर्थ अपने वैयक्तिक संदर्भ में पृथक- पृथक निकालता हैं। किसी व्यक्ति समुदाय या संगठन की आर्थिक, राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, शैक्षिक, लैंगिक या आध्यात्मिक शक्ति में सुधार को सशक्तिकरण के रूप में परिभाषित किया जा सकता हैं। सशक्तिकरण एक बहुआयामी प्रक्रिया है क्योंकि इसे राजनीतिशास्त्रीय, मनोविज्ञानशास्त्रीय, समाजशास्त्रीय, आर्थिक एवं अन्य आयामों में भी देखा जा सकता हैं। जिस प्रकार सशक्तिकरण एक बहुआयामी प्रक्रिया है उसी प्रकार महिला सशक्तिकरण की प्रक्रिया भी एक बहुआयामी प्रक्रिया है।
 Keywords: सशक्तिकरण, नरेगा, मनरेगा, पितृसत्तात्मक, आत्मसम्मान, आत्मनिर्भरता ।

Исламская революция и женский вопрос в Иране в аспекте социальной коммуникации

Nowadays the problems of socio-cultural communication covers the gender issue and changes in the role of women in society in particular. Traditionally, the women status in Muslim countries is most vulnerable. Despite this fact, there has emerged such a socio-cultural phenomenon as Islamic feminism in the Middle East.
 Islamic Revolution was the first time when Iranian women had declared themselves as a social and political force. Imam R. Khomeini used their social activity for his own political purposes. Despite the promises of the revolution leader, first actions of the new government differed from those the citizens expected: most of the rights and freedoms were restricted or eliminated. Iran is currently ranked 148th out of 153 countries on the gender gap index, overtaking only the countries with difficult internal political and economic situation, such as the DRC, Syria, Pakistan, Iraq and Yemen. The article analyzes the changes in the Iranian women status that have occurred in the following areas: civil status, education and science, economic activity, politics, art and sports. The positive measures taken in these spheres indicate that the society is undergoing a process of reconsidering the role of women, and the development of the women empowerment process in Iran will progress.

Housewives and Virtual Market Shop during the Coronavirus Pandemic: Insight from Women's Empowerment Process

Covid-19 pandemic, the coronavirus disease, has negatively impacted the economy, especially for underprivileged individuals and informal sector workers that lost their jobs due to strict government policies. Consequently, they have encountered difficulties in making ends meet for their families. This research aims to describe the efforts made by housewives and their impact on supporting life needs during the Covid-19 pandemic. To respond to this question, the analysis uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. So that, this study shows that the several efforts do homemakers for building virtual markets, optimizing skills, and creating businesses for cooperating parties. It is for the income problem of insufficient capital and avoids a loss. Moreover, those efforts have an impact on creating self-employment opportunities and on the sustainability of family income.

Community Mobilization in Micro Credit as a Tool of Women Empowerment

This article is about community mobilization in microcredit as a tool of women empowerment. It argues that women empowerment is a process and community mobilization is a tool for women empowerment process through micro-credit programs. This article is based on the views of selected key informants’ information through participant observation and a case study at Mahadevsthan Village in Dhading. Three local NGO managers and their three beneficiaries were conveniently selected for the sampling purpose. The main argument of the article shows that most of the females who received microcredit finally got socio-economic empowerment through acquiring access to capital, control over resources, self-esteem, confidence, decision-making power.

Spirituality Yoga and Women Empowerment Process

Women empowerment is a process and contextual in situations. There are two approach of women empowerment. Agency approach focuses only on agency and structure approach on structure; however, both approach are incomplete. My argument is agency and structure both approach is inseparable. Structure and agency come together in structuration. This article is based on the Brahma Kumaris World spiritual university (BKWSU) as structure and Brahama Kumaris (BK, Daughter of Barhma) as agency in women empowerment process. BKWSU is a women led largest organization in the world. The objective of the study is to explore the process of empowerment and contribution of spiritual organization in the area of women empowerment. The qualitative descriptive approach with intensive literature review method the study has been conducted in Rajyog centers of Kathmandu. In conclusion, BKs have strong belief that self-confidence is the most powerful means of empowerment. They do not have the sense of male or female but they think that they all are soul. It ca be taken as spiritual empowerment or inner empowerment which is prerequisite for further empowerment.

Psychometric development and validation of attitude rating scale towards women empowerment: across male and female university population in Pakistan

Purpose Attaining equality between women and men and eliminating all forms of discrimination are fundamental human rights and United Nations values. Nevertheless, women globally suffer violations of their human rights throughout their lives. This necessitates investigation of the attitude that people hold towards women empowerment, which is defined as their ability to practice their rights, freedom and attain resources within a framework of gender inequality. The purpose of this study is to develop an instrument to measure attitudes regarding women’s empowerment, which can develop better understanding and future interventions to counter these negative attitudes for better social and health care, including mental and physical health. Design/methodology/approach The factorial structure, reliability, content validity and impact of gender on factor structure of scale were examined among university students (N = 500) in study with male (n = 180) and female (n = 320) population. Findings Exploratory factor analysis using direct oblimin method based on principal component analysis indicated a three-factor, 16-item scale including subscales of personal freedom; equal rights and women empowerment-related fears. Instrument exhibited decent reliability (0.80) and content validity in both male and female university students with a t = −7.64, p = 0.00, suggesting a highly significant difference between the two genders on the developed scale. Research limitations/implications The major limitation was that the sample was obtained from student population; therefore, it will not be entirely correct to generalize it to the whole population of Pakistan. Similarly, there are issues regarding the availability of students because of a busy schedule or not having interest to take part in the study that led to variance in the sample. Lastly, the current scale is developed based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and it should be further enhanced using item response theory in future. Future studies need to include samples from different populations in Pakistan to bring out a more generalized view and try to minimize the variances in sample as much as possible for better results. Practical implications The scale is constructed using the basic features of women empowerment at its core and is applicable in various settings to measure the attitude towards women empowerment. It will be a helpful tool to be used in various health, employment and educational settings. Moreover, this instrument can be applied for research purpose of measuring attitude as a predictor in combination with other variables such as domestic violence and harassment. Social implications Empowering of women is one of the main agendas of 2019 of United Nations for Asian countries where women are not given equal rights, because of which suffer socially and economically from various problems along with issues regarding physical and mental health. By identifying the attitudes of general population, their causes for their attitudes can help in betterment of the women empowerment process. Originality/value This paper in discussion is an original work and has been performed with the purpose of assessing attitudes of males and females regarding women empowerment as the previous measures are either not psychometric valid or are in interview or survey form. The current developed scale is an attempt to develop an instrument that can be globally used.

Women and girls’ health agency: Operationalizing the “Can-Act-Resist” of the women's empowerment process

Women and girls’ health agency: Operationalizing the “Can-Act-Resist” of the women's empowerment process

Socio-Economic Factors of Empowerment in Developing Countries

The study is carried to identify the main socio economic cultural and political view determinants of women empowerment in the developing countries. The highest determination of the study is to analyze and identify the variables through which the process of women empowerment can be measured. This study is based on secondary data and reported to analyze the empowerment factor of women in 124 developing countries, the data was ordinal in nature and randomly selected from the population. The main investigation of this research study to analyzed the relationship of women fertility, socio-economic and political factor on the women empowerment. After conducting a cross sectional study for the most recent period, the findings of study show that the main deterrents towards women disempowerment are attributed as high fertility rates, high maternal mortality, gender inequality, lack of female’s access towards education, health and economic opportunities, lack of leadership and decision making qualities. It is found that a patriarchal culture is equally responsible for women in sufferings and disempowerment. However, democracy and democratic culture can contribute well in upgrading the process of women empowerment in developing countries.

The Indian Labour Market: A Gendered Perspective

The Indian Labour Market: A Gendered Perspective Ms. Sonam Arora Abstract Gender inequalities in education and employment hinder women empowerment and impede the process of growth and development of a country. The rapid economic growth accompanied by massive expansion of the education system should lead to an increase in women employment. But the conspicuous absence of women in the Indian labour market is an outcome of the deep routed gender bias that continues to dent the process of women empowerment and gender neutrality at workplaces. There is a wave of policy discourse on declining participation of women in the labour force and rising unemployment. The paper, through an economic analysis of historic data, attempts to examine the gender perspective of the Indian labour market. It is found that the decline is sharp for rural women. Moreover, women employment in rural areas is largely agriculture-driven which makes them vulnerable to urban employment opportunities. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/ijgws.v8n1a4

Women’s Empowerment and Micro Credit: Results from Newly Declared Municipality of Western Hill

In this article, the process of women’s empowerment, after their involvement in micro credit, has been epitomized as being equally efficient wheal of the same cart and being strong enough to run in equal pace with men. The members of Khairenitar Women Development Multi-purpose Cooperative Ltd. (KWDMCL) have been studied and analyzed how women’s empowerment process is enabling her to negotiate with the men and becoming stronger to decide own destiny of lives. The women empowerment process has been analyzed in both individual and collective level as envisaged by Commission on Women and Development (2007). The process of being empowered is causing more workload to women as they have to accomplish the roles assigned by patriarchy as well as new responsibilities associated with the micro credit.

Community Radio and Women Empowerment: A Pragmatic Investigation

The socioeconomic growth of a country may be evaluated by the strength of its social communication system and infrastructure available to the masses: stronger the communication system, greater the rate of economic growth. India is a country with the utmost diversities in terms of geographical distribution, culture, caste, religion, language, rituals and beliefs. We have identified six indicators from available literature viz. social, political, economic empowerment, gender equality, participation in decision making and social status. These indicators were processed on the basis of data collected from women respondents engaged with community radio in their area of residence with the help of SPSS-20 and inferences were drawn pragmatically. The role of community radio (CR) has a moderate positive correlation with Political Empowerment (PE) followed by Gender Equality (GE), Social Empowerment (SE). Indicators like Participation in Decisions (PD), Social Status (SS) have a weak positive correlation. Economic Empowerment (EE) indicator was finally eliminated in the investigation process of women empowerment. We have simultaneously developed an abridged relationship between the dependent indicator and independents indicator that helped to understand the degree of variation in women empowerment that can be explained in terms of the degree of variation in its indicators of community radio. The variation in women empowerment has been explained by the community radio on various indicators and contribution of indicators. ANOVA was used to ascertain the differences in the mean values of all dependent indicators associated with the independent indicator (Women Empowerment). It was used to test the hypothesis with the help of Levene statistics. F test was used to find out the variance among the variables through the community radio and women empowerment. Key w ords: Community radio, women empowerment, socio-economic development, acrimony. DOI : 10.7176/NMMC/83-02 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH MICRO CREDIT USING GRAMEEN BANK SYSTEM

This paper discussed the process of women empowerment through micro credit using Grameen Bank System. Poverty is not only in the sense of the condition of low income or economic inability, but furthermore is welfare resources exclusion which resulted in a group of people who unable to reach facilities of health, educational, are not able to obtain basic rights, have no pride, confidence, and so on. Women are mostly experience poverty and powerless to decide their own life’s choices. Women often have difficulty in getting facilities and a decent living as a man. This condition marginalizes women’s rights in case of social and economy. In addition to its economy background, women are also limited in gaining access to information, education and political participation. Microfinance is a tool that provides loans in a small amount to poor families in order to assist them doing productive activities and grow their small businesses. During this time, the poor do not have access to credit from conventional banks because they do not have money or goods that can be used as collateral or guarantee. Microcredit are usually offered without collateral to individuals or through group savings and loans. Microfinance clients are people with low incomes who do not have access to formal financial institutions such as conventional banking. Women empowerment through micro credit aimed to open women’s financial access. Women are the target of microfinance because of characteristic and her nature. Microcredit using Grameen Bank System is one form of microfinance institutions that distributes capital to the poor in order to be used as capital asset in running their productive activities where women as the target. Giving training and broaden skills to poor women are one of the stages of this program. 
 Keywords: poverty, micro finance, women empowerment.

Environmental Justice and Women Empowerment in Nyungwe National Park (Rwanda): Case Study of Kitabi Women Handcrafts Cooperative

In the framework of the community participation in conservation in Rwanda, a women handcraft cooperative was established in 2011 in the surrounding of Nyungwe National Park in Kitabi sector and Nyamagabe District. It aimed to empower economically and socially wives of former hunters who were themselves relying on natural resources and involved in harvesting different resources in park for making handcraft products. The empowerment was intended to reduce the reliance to natural resources and to contribute to the protection of the park. The objective of the study was to investigate and examine women’s experiences about their empowerment through environmental justice, in terms of distributive and procedural justice and challenges faced by women. In doing so, participants were purposively selected in women handicraft cooperative and in administration bodies. With regards to data collection and analysis, semi-structured interviews and content analysis were used. The findings showed that women are socially and economically empowered. In terms of economic empowerment, access to financial loans, savings, employment and income generating projects are the major indicators of the empowerment. Improved capacity building and family relations are major concerns of social handcraft cooperative members. Regarding the participation of women in decision-making process, the findings are controversial. However, it is still limited because of the dominance of top-down approach that does not consider enough women’s voices and suggestions in decision making. Cooperative women members perceive and consider the process of communication and decision-making as passive because they are almost absent in the monitoring and evaluation processes. The participation of the community members including women only appears through meetings with or without elected representatives. The process of women empowerment is still limited by some challenges such as crop raiding, complicated and slow compensation process, high interest rate and slow process of loan and inadequate communication. The partnership approach is then recommended so as to consider women’s needs and voices in the implementation of natural resources conservation policies.

Blurring the Lines of Traditional Gender Roles among Qatar Young Generations

How is traditional gender roles and values related to the young generations in the State of Qatar? In the last few decades, rapid socioeconomic development in Qatar has brought dramatic changes regarding the gender roles assigned to men and women. Research shows that geographical settings, economic status, and social and cultural structures are factors that might have great implications for attitudinal shifts among individuals, which can contribute, to the women empowerment process. We use nationally representative survey data from Qatari nationals to explore the relationship between gender stereotypes and young generation in Qatar. Findings indicate that the young Qatari generation is able to play an outstanding role in changing gender role stereotypes through their educational and cultural strength.

Community Radio and Women Empowerment: A Pragmatic Investigation

The socioeconomic growth of a country may be evaluated by the strength of its social communication system and infrastructure available to the masses: stronger the communication system, greater the rate of economic growth. India is a country with the utmost diversities in terms of geographical distribution, culture, caste, religion, language, rituals and beliefs. We have identified six indicators from available literature viz. social, political, economic empowerment, gender equality, participation in decision making and social status. These indicators were processed on the basis of data collected from women respondents engaged with community radio in their area of residence with the help of SPSS-20 and inferences were drawn pragmatically. The role of community radio (CR) has a moderate positive correlation with Political Empowerment (PE) followed by Gender Equality (GE), Social Empowerment (SE). Indicators like Participation in Decisions (PD), Social Status (SS) have a weak positive correlation. Economic Empowerment (EE) indicator was finally eliminated in the investigation process of women empowerment. We have simultaneously developed an abridged relationship between the dependent indicator and independents indicator that helped to understand the degree of variation in women empowerment that can be explained in terms of the degree of variation in its indicators of community radio. The variation in women empowerment has been explained by the community radio on various indicators and contribution of indicators. ANOVA was used to ascertain the differences in the mean values of all dependent indicators associated with the independent indicator (Women Empowerment). It was used to test the hypothesis with the help of Levene statistics. F test was used to find out the variance among the variables through the community radio and women empowerment. Key w ords: Community radio, women empowerment, socio-economic development, acrimony. DOI : 10.7176/NMMC/83-02 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Women Empowerment or Disempowerment? A Case Study of a Social Microfinance’s Activities and Gender Relations in Rizal Province

Women’s empowerment has been at the center of the development discourse as one of the eight declared Millennium Development Goals. To date, an increasing number of development organizations are focusing on helping poor women achieve economic sustainability, and social enterprise in its microfinance scheme is playing a leading role in providing women with needed capabilities to increase their agency in the development process. The success of microfinance in empowering women today has been a debatable subject in the economic and development realms, thus leading to a need to reassess some of the microfinance claims. How does it really empower women? In which ways can microfinance assistance lead to an unintended and unfavorable effect of the disempowerment of women? To analyze and broaden existing understandings of women’s empowerment, this research qualitatively investigated the process of women empowerment through a selected case study of a social microfinance operating in Rizal province, Philippines, using combined sociological and anthropological methods.

Women Empowerment in India: Rationale and Present State

Women are considered as goddess in Indian culture. But till today in every sphere of life women have been humiliated like anything in the society. In India many rules and legislation has been made for women since independence but till today a woman is fighting for her fundamental right. Women empowerment is the only way by which it can be possible to give equal status to women in a male dominated society like India. To be empowered, women should come forward and realize that they are not second grade citizen of the society and at the same time also equally capable with men in all aspect of livelihood. In this context, the present study analyses different issues of women empowerment and reasons behind not successful implementation of women empowerment programs in the country. Education, financial independence, equal recognition in work place, change of mind set among men can help to accelerate the process of women empowerment in India.