Process Of Urban Growth Research Articles

Clima urbano de Cuiabá-MT-Brasil: ocupação do solo e suas influências

Os grandesaglomerados das áreas urbanas acabam criando um novo clima urbano geradoatravés da interferência dos fatores que se processam sobre a camada de limiteurbano e que agem alterando o clima em escala local. As características urbanasassociadas aos tipos e graus de adensamento e uso que recobrem o solo têm acapacidade de modificar os elementos climáticos que compõem a atmosfera local.Desta forma, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a influência da ocupaçãodo solo no microclima em Cuiabá-MT-Brasil por meio das diferenças detemperatura e umidade do ar intraurbana do município. Para tanto, foi usada ametodologia de transectos móveis noturnos nas quatros estações do ano,utilizando-se um termohigrômetro digital, protegido por abrigo, acoplado nalateral de um veículo que saiu da periferia rural, passou pelo centro e chegouao extremo oposto da cidade, no sentido leste/oeste e posteriormente norte/sul.Os registros foram ajustados para 20h, para análise termo-higrométrica edetecção de anomalias climáticas como ilha de calor, evidenciando a influênciadas mudanças antropogênicas no ambiente urbano. O adensamento urbano e asupressão de vegetação são fatores determinantes na modificação docomportamento termo-higrométrico, sendo evidente a influência do fluxo deveículos automotores nos ganhos de calor no meio, enquanto que áreas sobinfluência de grandes massas de vegetação, apresentaram característicaspróprias, com microclimas diferentes das outras áreas da cidade, já que há umacontribuição na perda de energia para o meio e consequente queda de temperaturae aumento da umidade relativa do ar. Portanto, esteestudo contribui para diagnosticar eventuais mudanças no clima urbano devido aoprocesso de crescimento de Cuiabá, que precisam ser considerados pelosplanejadores e gestores para que sejam tomadas medidas que contribuam com amelhoria da qualidade ambiental e de vida da população.

The Nature of Urban Growth and the Commuting Transition: Endless Sprawl or a Growth Wave?

The concept of an urban growth wave expanding outwards is used to examine the commuting characteristics of residents of recently developed housing areas within the 50 largest US metropolitan areas at multiple points of time between 1980 and 2000. The results show that not only do areas of recent housing booms have longer commuting times and differing socioeconomic characteristics than older parts of the cities, but this commuting time will subside as these areas age (although average commuting times may rise for the entire metropolitan area). Like a growth wave, a commuting transition move outwards and therefore newer growth areas (or sprawl) should be considered as a temporary stage in the ongoing process of urban growth. Focusing on building cycles avoids the pejorative sprawl label and reconceptualises this sort of low density, auto-dependent urban form as a normal part of the urban growth process.

Rural-Urban Transition in Central Java: Population and Economic Structural Changes Based on Cluster Analysis

In Central Java, in addition to the traditional view of urban transition as an aspect of urban industrialization, rural industrialization based on small- to medium-sized enterprises has become a concern, at least since the Indonesian economic crisis in 1997. Combinations of typical urban and rural activities have resulted in certain features of rural-urban transition as the urban population has continued to increase notably. The intention of this paper is to examine how rural-urban transition characterizes the industrialization of Central Java. Multivariate cluster analysis is applied to create a typology, with the district as the unit of analysis, to better understand the transition phenomenon in terms of the population and economic structure. The cluster solution shows that rural-urban transition occurs on at least two different paths. The first path could be described as industrialization from above, in which the transition takes place as a part of the urban growth process. The second path could be described as industrialization from below, in which rapid industrialization occurs far from the highest hierarchy of the urban center.

FIRM DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR URBAN LAND USE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH MODELLING

In urban growth processes, urbanisation is highly influenced by economic growth which triggers the dynamics of economic agents and land uses. This is consisted of complex subsystems which need sophisticated methods like agent-based modelling and simulation to understand the pattern, behaviour and scale of multiple actors. The objective of this paper is to identify the behaviour, pattern and the scale of impact of firms on market in the region in order to foster an accurate agent-based modelling. The Geographic Information System is utilized to geocode the entrance and exit of firms to the market in Greater Kuala Lumpur region. This study has also carried out a temporal analysis considering 18 years performancesof the firms from 1990 to 2007. The findings in this paper show sector 9 (i.e. Financing) has highest percentage of establishment with 35.1 %. In addition, Sector 3 (i.e. Mining) and Sector 5 (i.e. Electricity) have the lowest percentage of establishment with 0.3 %. The result of this study will be a foundation to facilitate developing an agent-based modelling and simulation which helps town planners and decision makers to understand the relationship and interaction between economic growth and dynamic land use patterns in their region.

FIRM DYNAMIC ANALYSIS FOR URBAN LAND USE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH MODELLING

In urban growth processes, urbanisation is highly influenced by economic growth which triggers the dynamics of economic agents and land uses. This is consisted of complex subsystems which need sophisticated methods like agent-based modelling and simulation to understand the pattern, behaviour and scale of multiple actors. The objective of this paper is to identify the behaviour, pattern and the scale of impact of firms on market in the region in order to foster an accurate agent-based modelling. The Geographic Information System is utilized to geocode the entrance and exit of firms to the market in Greater Kuala Lumpur region. This study has also carried out a temporal analysis considering 18 years performancesof the firms from 1990 to 2007. The findings in this paper show sector 9 (i.e. Financing) has highest percentage of establishment with 35.1 %. In addition, Sector 3 (i.e. Mining) and Sector 5 (i.e. Electricity) have the lowest percentage of establishment with 0.3 %. The result of this study will be a foundation to facilitate developing an agent-based modelling and simulation which helps town planners and decision makers to understand the relationship and interaction between economic growth and dynamic land use patterns in their region.

The Spatio-Temporal Modeling of Urban Growth Using Remote Sensing and Intelligent Algorithms, Case of Mahabad, Iran

The simulation of urban growth can be considered as a useful way for analyzing the complex process of urban physical evolution. The aim of this study is to model and simulate the complex patterns of land use change by utilizing remote sensing and artificial intelligence techniques in the fast growing city of Mahabad, north-west of Iran which encountered with several environmental subsequences. The key subject is how to allocate optimized weight into effective parameters upon urban growth and subsequently achieving an improved simulation. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) algorithm was used to allocate the weight via an iteration approach. In this way, weight allocation was carried out by the ANN training accomplishing through time-series satellite images representing urban growth process. Cellular Automata (CA) was used as the principal motor of the model and then ANN applied to find suitable scale of parameters and relations between potential factors affecting urban growth. The general accuracy of the suggested model and obtained Fuzzy Kappa Coefficient confirms achieving better results than classic CA models in simulating nonlinear urban evolution process.

FRACTAL DIMENSION AS A DESCRIPTOR OF URBAN GROWTH DYNAMICS

The objective of this paper is to examine the development of the urban form of the city of Olomouc since the 1920s in terms of fractal dimension, and to link the observation with two other descriptors of shape - area and perimeter. The fractal dimension of built-up areas and fractal dimension of the boundary of the city are calculated employing the box-counting method; the possibilities of their interpretation and usage in urban planning are discussed. The process of urban growth is observed with respect to its fractality and perspectives of this approach are discussed. An interesting dependence between area and its fractal dimension is derived.

Changed availability of urban fringe forests in Sweden in 2000–2010

Although recreational pressure correlates to population size which in turn influences city growth, there is little evidence of how such processes of urban growth have affected the availability of urban fringe forests (forests with good recreational qualities located completely outside and up to 3 km from the city borders). Hence, the aim of this study was to examine consequences of urban growth on urban fringe forest availability in Sweden for the period 2000–2010. An overlay analysis was conducted in a GIS to identify urban fringe forests with good recreational qualities. A selection of Swedish cities with >2000 inhabitants (n = 428) was used along with a regional division to identify trends of cities in forest regions and in other regions. Results showed that the median availability of urban fringe forests had increased in all regions, both in absolute amounts and per 1000 inhabitants. A majority of the cities individually showed increased levels of urban fringe forests, despite contemporary urban growth. Availability had also decreased in about a third of the cities, most notably among those with greater population growth. Increasing populations and a future demand for recreation in proximate forests make further studies relevant, as other processes than urban growth have affected the availability of urban fringe forests.

A Cellular Automata Model Based on Nonlinear Kernel Principal Component Analysis for Urban Growth Simulation

In this paper we present a cellular automata (CA) model based on nonlinear kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) to simulate the spatiotemporal process of urban growth. As a generalisation of the linear principal component analysis (PCA) method, the KPCA method was developed to extract the nonspatially correlated principal components amongst the various spatial variables which affect urban growth in high-dimensional feature space. Compared with the linear PCA method, the KPCA approach is superior as it generates fewer independent components while still maintaining its capacity to reduce the noise level of the original input datasets. The reduced number of independent components can be used to better reconstruct the nonlinear transition rules of a CA model. In addition, the principal components extracted through the KPCA approach are not linearly related to the input spatial variables, which accords well with the nonlinear nature of complex urban systems. The KPCA-based CA model (KPCA-CA) developed was fitted to a fast-growing region in China's Shanghai Metropolis for the sixteen-year period 1992–2008. The simulated patterns of urban growth matched well with the observed urban growth, as determined from historical remotely sensed images for the same period. The KPCA-CA model resulted in significant improvements in locational accuracy when compared with conventional CA models and acted to reduce simulation uncertainty.

A cellular automata model incorporating land tax for predicting urban growth

This study looks at the possibility of developing a cellular automata model incorporating tax and geographic conditions for simulating urban growth process with a view of using it in the future as a tool for directing growth in the city of Makassar, Indonesia. The developed model uses land tax values in addition to geographic condition constraints such as rivers, flood prone and nature conservation areas. The CA model with incorporated tax constraints is examined together with a model with only the geographical constraints. Their performance is tested using the multi-scale goodness of-fit. The CA model incorporating the land tax constraints produced slightly better simulation results under different parameter settings as compared with the geographic conditions. A calibrated model with an average prediction accuracy of over 75% becomes the basis for predicting the growth of urban areas in the city of Makassar until the year 2025.

Monitoring Urban Spatial Growth in Harare Metropolitan Province, Zimbabwe

Taking Harare metropolitan province in Zimbabwe as an example, we classified Landsat imagery (1984, 2002, 2008 and 2013) by using support vector machines (SVMs) and analyzed built-up and non-built-up changes. The overall classification accuracy for the four dates ranged from 89% to 95%, while the overall kappa varied from 86% to 93%. The results demonstrate that SVMs provide a cost-effective technique for mapping urban land use/cover by using mediumresolution satellite images such as Landsat. Based on land use/cover maps for 1984, 2002, 2008 and 2013, along with change analyses, built-up areas increased from 12.6% to 36.3% of the total land area, while non-built-up cover decreased from 87.3% to 63.4% between 1984 and 2013. The results revealed an urban growth process characterized by infill, extension and leapfrog developments. Given the dearth of spatial urban growth information in Harare metropolitan province, the land use/cover maps are valuable products that provide a synoptic view of built-up and non-built-up areas. Therefore, the land use/cover change maps could potentially assist decision-makers with up-to-date built-up and non-built-up information in order to guide strategic implementation of sustainable urban land use planning in Harare metropolitan province.

Nature and urban citizenship redefined: The case of the National Park in Mumbai

This paper is a case study of the contemporary changes that affect the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and its surroundings in the city of Mumbai. It cross-examines the relationships between urban nature and urban space in the case of a city of the South. We argue that the issue of equitable access to urban nature is embedded in the larger question of the Right to the City. We show how processes of urban growth that lead to a shrinking of the forested area are associated with a differentiation of the Right to the City, rather than a general consolidation of claims on space. Defence of the park is mobilised to redefine urban citizenship and leads to a form of graduated citizenship. This differentiates those who see their claims on urban space consolidated; those whose urban citizenship is degraded, and those for whom urban citizenship is denied.

A Review of Measures to Encourage the Use of Solar Power for Heating Hot Water and Generating Electricity in Australia

Currently the development of city construction and urbanization is still primarily of dependence on nonrenewable resources, traditionally, fossil-fuel. The detrimental effects consequently emerging on environment call for purifying the process of urban growth. As a typical form of renewable energy, solar power has been incorporated into the development plans in terms of its sustainability, economic advantages and pollution-free. This article contains a detailed assessment of feasibility of solar power at economic level and develops strategies for its implementation in Australia.

Analyzing urban population data using generalized gamma model and wave-spectrum relation: A case study of Kaohsiung

A quantitative understanding of complex urban growth patterns and processes is crucial to sustainable land management and urban development planning in cities. The spatial organization of urban patterns can be treated as fractals and can be characterized with fractal dimension. However, the calculation of fractal dimension of urban form is often constrained by imperfect and incomplete higher temporal resolution land-use data. Because census data are easily acquired, this study aims to provide a systematic investigation of the relationships between population and urban growth by analyzing changes in urban form that are characterized by fractal dimensions. If the population density in cities follows the negative exponential distribution in proximity, we can use the generalized gamma model and wave-spectrum relation to indirectly estimate the fractal dimension of land-use form in cities. Correlogram analysis is performed to consolidate the results from wave-spectrum relation. Information entropy of the city’s population distribution profile along the radial is calculated to measure the degree of spatial dispersion. The schematic framework is applied to the city of Kaohsiung to get significant insight in the dynamics of pattern formation of the urban population. This is critical for further computer-simulated experiments on urban growth and spatial complexity.

Urban Resilience and Ecosystem Services: How Can Be Integrated in the Case of Istanbul - Sultanbeyli District?

As estimated by UN, in 2030, 95 % of population growth will result from urban areas while a few metropolitan areas of rapidly growing developing countries will absorb much of this growth. Due to the accelerated urban growth and uncontrolled urban dispersion through naturally significant areas, sustainable urban growth management becomes a critical urban development policy for the global agenda. Istanbul has been attracting much of the internal migration with a dramatic urban growth process since 1950s and Istanbul Province, with over 12 million people, in 2010 is the most populated city of Turkey. Sultanbeyli, as a unique case for informal housing development in Istanbul, expanded like mushrooming after 1980’s and located itself on the largest drinking water source of Istanbul: the Omerli Watershed. The population of Sultanbeyli District grew from 82,298 (1990 census) to 272,758 people (2007 census) (TUIK, 1990;2007): more than threefold increase in less than two decades with consequent environmental degradation, uncontrolled ground water pumping, lack of drinking and waste water infrastructures. These endanger the well-being of the environment and of the society. On the other hand, the serious poverty problem is the main concern in Sultanbeyli for urban resilience (UR) which can be defined as the degree to which cities are able to tolerate alteration before reorganizing around a new set of structures and processes and which can be measured by how well a city can simultaneously balance ecosystem services (ES) and human functions (Resilience alliance, 2007). This paper aims to discuss how to integrate ecosystem services and resilience theory which will be essential to resolve the problems reflected by social, economic and administrative characteristics of Sultanbeyli District to enhance its urban resilience capacity in Istanbul.

Scenario Analysis. Toward a Change in the Soil Consumption Paradigm

The processes of urbanization affecting the modern world have seen the explosion of the city and the transformation of compact and well defined structures in agglomerations with a seamlessly expansion. This has sparked a number of social and economic consequences that have impacted on the city, on the urbanized areas, and on the surroundings. The usage of the term “sprawl” to define the process of expansion of the human agglomerations dates back to eighty years ago, about, and from that period countless researches were done on the argument, also if it is open the question about the future trends of the city; if it is clear that the expansive model is still winning, it is equally necessary to identify new models that can better interpret the needs for a new attention to the territory and its environment. For this purpose the paper explores the feasible use of the scenario analysis as tool for defining the potential evolutionary paths of the city. Particular attention is placed on the construction of de-urbanization’s scenarios, namely the set of reorganization’s hypotheses of urban structures focused on the compaction of their physical size and on the maximizing of the number of residents and users. The paper seeks to deepen the possible trajectories of de-urbanization and of urban and territorial reorganization stretched to reverse the diffusion and expansive processes at the metropolitan level. The paper initially defines the characters of the processes of urbanization, also with reference to some research’s models. The second part investigates the use of scenarios for the construction of evolutionary trends. The third, finally, examines the trends comparing the processes of urban growth and of de-urbanization.

Simulating urban growth processes incorporating a potential model with spatial metrics

Urbanization is one phenomena that drives land use pattern change. Persistent rapid urbanization is associated with depletion of natural resources and worsening conditions in the urban environment. Monitoring urban development is, therefore, an absolute necessity in order to assure sustainable cities in the future. The main objective of this paper is to develop and apply an urban growth potential model incorporating spatial metrics. The model has been tested in Jinan City, China. Firstly, two satellite images (1989 and 2004 SPOT) were used to extract the land-cover. A general land use spatial pattern analysis, based on landscape metrics and a transformation matrix analysis, was conducted. Secondly, a moving window method was used to identify and capture the urbanization process through the PLAND landscape metric. The remote satellite data have been further processed: first to produce an initial state of the land-cover surface, and second to perform a time-series analysis and to assess the potential accuracy of the model application. In the second step, the calibrated model was used to predict the location of the urban growth over 16 years (2004–2020). The results indicated there will be a significant land use change until 2020. However, the spatial distribution of the potential growth areas is not homogenous. The study has confirmed the usefulness of a growth potential model incorporating the moving window method to predict urban growth trends and examining the impacts of urban development on natural resources. The results can provide decision support documents for urban planners and stakeholders with spatially explicit information for future planning and monitoring plans.

Characterizing growth types and analyzing growth density distribution in response to urban growth patterns in peri-urban areas of Lianyungang City

Peri-urban areas are sites currently experiencing the most active urbanization. In order to quantify the complexity in urban growth patterns and processes, based on the common boundary and Landscape Expansion Index (LEI) analysis, we developed six spatial rules to identify three urban growth types of infilling, edge-expansion and outlying in 2000–2008. In addition, growth density (GD) with buffer zone analysis was applied to ascertain urban movement from the city center. Results indicated the prominent urban growth type was edge-expansion, with continued urbanization most prominently in the peri-urban areas. The infilling growth increment proportion in the second study period (2004–2008) suggested the study area was experiencing an increased coalescence pattern and declined diffusion pattern. However, the highest infilling GD zones that occurred primarily near the city center did not vary significantly in 2000–2008. The intensive urban growth zones in the first study period (2000–2004) followed by later efficient infill growth also suggested urban growth was more compact in the second study period. Furthermore, two land use change maps showed that substantial arable land was lost by urban growth in 2000–2008, and the establishment of industrial parks encroached on large salt marsh in the second study period. Further research is required to delineate a suitable development management plan to sustain a baseline for urban growth. Furthermore, the integration of a zoning approach associated with the green belt is suggested to play a key role in a transition to continued urbanization.

ANÁLISE DA EVOLUÇÃO DO FENÔMENO DE ILHAS DE CALOR NO MUNICÍPIO DE GOIÂNIA-GO (1986-2010)

The process of rapid and disorganized urban growth has led to a range of environmental impacts. Among these, we highlight the change of local climate, in which the simultaneous spatial behavior of temperature is revealed as the most important element, the main result in the formation of the phenomenon of “heat islands”. In this context, this article examines the evolution of heat islands in Goiânia/GO, having as a time period from 1986 to 2010, making use of remote sensing data to estimate the values of land surface temperature, and geoprocessing techniques for analysis and measurement of the phenomenon. Based on data and analysis conducted, it was noted that the land surface temperatures showed a certain pattern of spatial and temporal variation. There was a clear reversal in the representation of classes of surface temperature over the years from 1986 to 2010, which ranged from the predominance of temperatures below 24 º C, for the broad domain oftemperatures above this level.

Modelling sustainable urban growth in a rapidly urbanising region using a fuzzy-constrained cellular automata approach

This article presents an application of a fuzzy-constrained cellular automata model to simulate the spatio-temporal processes of urban growth in the rapidly growing Gold Coast City in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Urban growth has been captured in the model as a continuous process in space and over time, which has been affected by a set of primary and secondary transition rules. The primary transition rules deal with the propensity of a local area for development and the impact of its neighbouring cells on such development, while the secondary transition rules reflect the influences of environmental and institutional factors on urban growth. Application of the model demonstrates its re-applicability to different regions and the effectiveness of the cellular automata technique in studying urban dynamics. It also provides tools to explore sustainable urban growth options under different socio-environmental and planning control factors. A sustainable urban future of the region is achievable if development is managed to maintain a balance amongst ecological conservation, economic growth and the contemporary Australian lifestyle.