Urban Development Process Research Articles

Towards resilient place emphasizing urban form: An assessment framework in urban design

The urban form resilience is a subset of urban resilience discourse, including various social, economic, and environmental aspects. Urban fabrics lacking a resilient place, as the base of urban form resilience, are at risk of deterioration and decreased environmental qualities during urban transformations. This study aims to develop a framework for assessing the urban form resilience on meso and micro scales, particularly in areas facing rapid development changes. Of 51 indicators developing the framework, 35 indicators are quantitatively related to ‘urban form’, while 16 indicators qualitatively indicate the ‘image’ and ‘behavior’ dimensions. Twenty academic Delphi panelists scored the indicators extracted through a comprehensive literature review in two rounds of the Delphi procedure. These indicators were finally weighted and ranked with agreement level and the Friedman test and validated with consistency and repeatability analysis. This assessment framework can quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the indicators of urban form resilience through three dimensions: form, image, and behavior. The assessment framework can assist urban planners, designers, and policy-makers in delivering more effective interventions against changes by increasing the resilience of places in the urban transformation and development process.

Egypt's Plan for the Development of Historic Cairo and the Old Popular Neighborhoods "Development and Rehabilitation of Al-Saleh Najm Al-Din Ayoub School as a Handicraft Development Center"

The nature of the era, and the imposition of modern developments in society, played a role in stopping the original function of many of the old historical buildings, and that stopping became a reason for neglecting such facilities, and then destroying them, which threatens their demise and greatly reduces the general character of the old city and loses Its general texture. It enjoys a civilization of seven thousand years and a fertile legacy of history and historical places that attract tourists from all parts of the earth. The re-employment of old buildings is an important way to deal with and preserve them as a starting point for sustainable development of ancient cities. To what extent can the re-employment of old buildings contribute to preserving the national and local cultural and urban specificity of Historic Cairo and advancing the process of sustainable urban development for it? Ayoub as a center for the development of handicrafts to preserve our heritage from extinction and re-employ it while preserving its identity

Multi-perspective quality of life index for urban development analysis, example of the city of Brno, Czech Republic

Urban system present dynamic systems, where many interactions take place and revealing deeper spatial relations of the urban system and the quality of life is a necessary part of decision-making process in sustainable urban development. The proposed multi-perspective index aims to evaluate the urban quality of life on the basis of five groups of factors and in combination with a cluster analysis it enables a deeper insight of the urban system and its spatial organization. The study is based on quantitative and publicly available data. In total 41 environmental, demographic, social, economic and technical indicators were included. The data used were collected with a clear methodology by official institutions, such as the Czech Statistical Office, the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, the Ministry of Health and the European Union's Earth observation programme Copernicus. Using these kinds of data sources ensures the feasibility and transferability of the method to other cities in the Czech Republic but also to other countries, where data on a similar basis are collected. The case study of Brno, Czech Republic, helped to identify disparities in living conditions among the city districts. The influence of historical city development on the quality of life was revealed using cluster analysis.

EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL E O USO SUSTENTÁVEL DA ÁGUA NA AMAZÔNIA: UMA ANÁLISE DAS PERCEPÇÕES AMBIENTAIS DE ALUNOS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL II NA ESCOLA MUNICIPAL FRANCISCO GUEDES DE QUEIROZ SITUADA NA CIDADE DE MANAUS-AM/BRASIL

The process of industrialization and urbanization development has led to environmental degradation and a gradual decline in the quality of life of the world's population. In the Amazon, this process acquires fundamental importance, especially in the context of water resources in urban spaces and one of the most necessary actions to build water management mechanisms is educational action. In this sense, environmental education reflects the importance of assigning relevance to individual and collective participation in maintaining the natural cycle of life in all its construction and application dynamics. In this way, educational institutions have the responsibility to train and guide students and communities to better understand their cultural concepts and expand the meaning of actions in the context of environmental education practices. Considering this context, the theme selected for this research was the sustainable use of water, with the main objective of analyzing the environmental perceptions of elementary school students in Manaus, Amazonas, on this theme in the Amazon. The descriptive research had a qualitative-quantitative approach and was carried out through digital platforms with students from the Francisco Guedes de Queiroz Municipal School. The work developed comprised a total of 89 students from the 6th and 7th year and a smaller group with 5 students from the 6th year. A questionnaire was applied, with structured, objective and subjective questions, sent by the Google Forms platform to the cell phones of the students' guardians. The results showed that students' perception on the subject is still limited, but it already reflects a view on the need for environmental protection. Environmental Education activities are fundamental for the insertion of themes experienced by students in the construction of knowledge and citizenship. This theme emphasizes the current need for environmental education in a systematized environment, which arouses the interest of students, bringing benefits to society, and which aims to form a responsible citizen. Therefore, in order to carry out environmental education in everyday school life, teaching and learning must be based on real knowledge, on the experience and coexistence of students, and seek to develop critical awareness and skills in the school community.

More Than a Property: Place-based Meaning Making and Mobilization on Social Media to Resist Gentrification

In this study, we examined the successes and challenges in online framing activities specific to place-based activism resisting urban redevelopment and gentrification. We conducted a qualitative analysis of online discourse on Twitter around the redevelopment of an old manufacturing district in Seoul, South Korea, and investigated how the place-based nature of the contested situation complicated the process of public mobilization. We found that the collective meaning-making based on individuals' existing relationships to a contested place led the citizens who were neither the tenants nor property owners in the area to find the struggle relevant to their lives and to establish their agency in an effort to influence redevelopment policy. We argue that the capacity of online discourse that alters the social meaning of place and its ownership opens up an opportunity for technology to better support grassroots efforts to improve social justice in urban development and policy-making processes. Yet, the disputes we found from the online discussions revealed some limitations of online discourse in place-based activism, which led us to suggest research agendas for the CSCW community to address the limitations.

Tourism and public insecurity: what are its roots?

PurposeStudies examining public insecurity and tourism tend to develop their research from the tourist's perspective, thereby focusing on its consequences, which insufficiently and poorly contribute to the development process. With that in mind, the purpose of this study is to discuss the root causes of public insecurity and the urban development process surrounding tourism dynamics in Brazil's northeast region.Design/methodology/approachThe complexity method was used to collect both documentary and normative data to understand the reality beyond the data on accommodations and vertical real estate developments over time. These data were organized in ArcGIS (version 10.5) and are discussed within the context of urban development, public insecurity and tourism theories.FindingsThe results of this study demonstrate that the relationship between tourism and public insecurity is rooted in discussions surrounding the urban development process, remodeled by the physical and symbolic dimensions surrounding the production of space. Nevertheless, the symbolism of tourism is not a constant when it comes to socio-spatial changes but rather acts as a physical and secondary dynamic throughout the entire reconfiguration process.Originality/valueThe findings of this study indicate that this study can be used for the elaboration of security policies in tourist destinations in Latin America that present high levels of violence, considering the discourses at implementing urban legislation.

Collaborative survival in the city: Envisioning alternative urban futures through Black agrarian praxis

Urban inhabitants exist within hybrid spaces of continual transformation and metabolism where human labor is woven into the work of the trees, the grass, the water cycle. The built environment – concrete, houses, skyscrapers – butts up against urban riparian zones and wetlands. The postindustrial landscape exposes both the possibilities and the limits of building resilience in the context of constant metabolism and change. This article asks about the potential for collaborative survival in these spaces of deindustrialization, where the abundance of so-called vacant parcels represent a pathway toward more self-determined food systems and the potential for reimagined urban futures. I play with the concept of collaborative survival to consider a plurality of epistemologies, knowledge systems, and traditions, as well as histories and geographies of exclusion that contribute to this reimagining. I examine the work of Black gardeners and farmers in Cleveland, OH as an example of collaborative survival: their work within a changing environment to grow food for themselves and their community, producing the city around them as a socio-ecological hybrid. Urban food production, in this case, serves as a praxis and a knowledge frame for liberation and emancipation. This paper explores urban agrarianism among Black residents in light of two historical moments that have deeply impacted Cleveland, and that I argue have shaped and informed Black agrarian praxis and growers' urban imaginaries. Collaborative survival recognizes that processes of urban development are ongoing and immanent and contests developmentalist narratives that marginalize epistemologies embracing alternative urban futures. Examining Black growers' experiences with attention to a framing around survival and resilience highlights the continuity of structural and systemic racism and violence against Black and brown bodies, as well as the innovations that individuals and groups deploy to contest that violence.

“Do I See What You See?”—Differentiation of Stakeholders in Assessing Heritage Significance of Neighbourhood Attributes

Although attention for citizen involvement in urban development and heritage management processes is growing, both in practice and in research, the specifics of stakeholders’ interests have been less researched. This paper reveals and discusses the assessment by individuals and groups, to differentiate stakeholders, based on the heritage significance they convey on neighbourhood attributes. Fifty-nine interviews on a Dutch neighbourhood in Amsterdam Zuidoost were analysed integrating quantitative and qualitative methods. Results confirm important differences between and within stakeholder groups regarding their interest in particular attribute categories and scales, indicating the need to further specify stakeholders beyond the commonly used ‘community’ and ‘experts’. The identification of stakeholder interests is important to involve relevant groups in the identification and designation of significant attributes, buildings, and areas and to anticipate potential conflicts or shared interests in neighbourhood renovation processes.

지방 항구도시의 토지이용 변화에 관한 연구 - 전라남도 여수시를 중심으로 -

This study is on the formation and the development process of urban space by referring to the literature in Yeosu where is the important location in logistics & transportation and maritime since the Japanese colonial period. There are many factors and results of the development process in Yeosu by the opening port, railroads, loads and industries. The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of the formation process of urban space and the characteristics of physical space in Yeosu. The results are as follow; The urban formation and development process in Yeosu where was a small fishing village in the 1910s is largely divided into four processes. Formation: the population increased due to constructions such as of a railroad, a port, and roads and there were many reclamations around the center of the old city center in the Japanese colonial period. Stagnation: There was no urban development due to stagnation, war, and the Yeo-sun Incident. Expand: the industrialization of the Yeocheon Industrial Complex and Gwangyang Steel and other areas around Yeosu led to a surge in Yeosu's population. To cope with this, the city was expanded through three land readjustment projects and the development of large-scale residential complexes. Decline and Remodeling: Yeosu's urban space declined due to the decline of fisheries and the decrease in marine and railway logistics. And the expansion and improvement of the transportation network for hosting the Yeosu World Expo increased the accessibility of the old city center, transforming it into a tourist city using cultural heritage and nature.

Promote Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality with The Concept of Global Warming and Carbon Emission Reduction

To achieve peak carbon neutrality, the authors propose an approach based on the concept of global warming carbon reduction. Based on the concepts of "existing carbon economy" and "low-carbon city", the author summarizes the research on low-carbon evaluation indicators at home and abroad and selects the Hierarchical Process (AHP) as an example. This has been proven by many studies. From 2013 to 2020, calculate and evaluate the low-carbon development level of Province A, and analyze the low-carbon development level of 11 provincial-level cities. Display: From 2013 to 2020, the low-carbon development index of cities in province A showed an upward trend. In 2020, the province's urbanization carbon development index reached 0.899, an increase of 41.2% over 2019 and five times that of 2020. Among them, the ecological environment index and low-carbon development index increased by 49 and 15 times respectively in the past six years, while the economic development index and social development index only increased by 5 times and 2 times respectively, it proves that while maintaining the steady growth of the social economy, province A is actively promoting the process of urban low-carbon development and has achieved table-top results. Blockchain technology can empower the digital transformation of traditional industries, optimize business processes, reduce operating costs, improve collaborative efficiency, provide a regulatory environment for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, build a credible and efficient carbon trading platform and market, and help carbon It is of great significance to achieve the goals of neutralization and carbon peaking and the green and high-quality development of my country's economy and society.

Aerosol impact on light pollution in cities and their environment

Measurements of artificial light at night represent an incredible challenge as the optical state of the atmosphere is highly unstable thus making both long-term trend analyses and inter-comparison of multiple observations difficult. Variations of atmospheric parameters, caused by either natural or anthropogenic processes, can massively influence the level of resulting night sky brightness caused by light pollution. Focusing on six parameters, either from aerosol optics or emission properties of light sources, this work literarily and numerically examines defined variations in aerosol optical depth, asymmetry parameter, single scattering albedo, ground surface reflectance, direct uplight ratio, and aerosol scale height. For each individual element the effect size and angular reliance is investigated, with results indicating that besides the aerosol scale height all play non-negligible roles in forming skyglow and environmental impact. Especially variations in aerosol optical depth and city emission function displayed severe discrepancies in consequential light pollution level. Hence, future improvement on atmospheric condition, i.e., air quality, focusing particularly on discussed elements indicates to positively influence the level of environmental impact caused by artificial light at night. We underline the need of inclusion of our outcomes to urban development and civil engineering processes in order to create or protect habitable areas for humans, wildlife and nature.

Review: Tainted Tap: Flint’s Journey from Crisis to Recovery, by Katrinell M. Davis

Review: <i>Tainted Tap: Flint’s Journey from Crisis to Recovery</i>, by Katrinell M. Davis

Perspectives of informal street waste pickers in Loja-Ecuador

Waste pickers contribute to country environmental and sustainability goals, and yet they are a marginalised and precarious group that requires further research. Using a case study design of informal waste pickers in Loja-Ecuador, representatives from waste picker associations, recycling warehouses, and public agencies were interviewed about the dynamics of informal recycling in this city. In addition, street level waste pickers were interviewed to understand their difficulties. The data obtained were complemented by participant observation of the recycling work on the street. The results show that in the city of Loja, two types of waste pickers coexist —associated and non-associated—, those who are associated obtain higher profits although the main perceived benefit is to carry out the activity under the authority’s consent. Likewise, it was found that waste recovery is the main income source for most of the families engaged in this activity, however, the income generated varies by gender. Furthermore, the majority of waste pickers are women who, along with children and the elderly, are disadvantaged as compared with their male counterparts in performing this activity. Competition for recyclable material among waste pickers was cited as the main problem. The findings provide the basis for constructing an inclusive urban development process that considers the work of waste pickers within the framework of a popular and solidarity economy.

Development of a fire prediction model at the urban planning stage: Ordinary least squares regression analysis of the area of urban land use and fire damage data in South Korea

Fire risk assessment at the urban planning stage is crucial for developing fire prevention strategies and designing mitigation measures. Many studies have been conducted to support fire risk assessments in cities. However, the fire prediction models developed in those studies have been based on factors that continuously change in the urban development process. Thus, their models cannot be used in fire risk assessments or fire prevention planning at the urban planning stage. To overcome this limitation, the correlations between fire damage and land use area, as determined at the urban planning stage, were identified in this study and two fire prediction models were proposed based on the results of the analyses. To develop these models, the land use area and fire damage data for 230 districts in South Korea were collected from 2010 to 2019. The fire prediction models were proposed based on correlation analysis and ordinary least squares regression analysis. The two fire prediction models that were finally derived showed accuracies of 69% and 71%, respectively. The findings of this study can be used as basic data to support fire service planning when city plans and urban development plans are established.

An Analysis of the Spatial Development of European Cities Based on Their Geometry and the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) Database.

The study demonstrated that the rate of spatial development is correlated with its fractal dimension. The presented results indicate that the fractal dimension can be a useful tool for describing different phases of urban development. Therefore, the formulated research hypothesis states that the fractal dimension of cities' external boundaries is correlated with the rate of spatial development in urban areas. The above implies that the higher the rate of spatial development, the smoother the external boundaries of urban investment. Rapidly developing cities contribute to considerable changes in land management, in particular in municipalities surrounding the urban core. Urban development processes often induce negative changes in land management and contribute to chaotic and unplanned development. To address these problems, new methods are being developed for modeling and predicting the rate of changes in transitional zones between urban and rural areas. These processes are particularly pronounced in urban space, whose expansion proceeds at an uneven pace. The aim of this study was to propose a method for describing urbanization processes that are based on the dependence between the urban growth rate, the fractal dimension, and basic geometric parameters, such as city area and the length of city boundaries. Based on the calculated changes in the values of these parameters, a classification system was proposed to identify distinctive phases of urban development. The study revealed that land cover databases are highly useful for such analyses. The study was conducted on 58 medium-size European cities with a population of up to 300,000, including France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Croatia. The study demonstrated that the fractal dimension and the basic geometric parameters of urban boundaries are significantly correlated with the rate of the spatial development of cities. The proposed indicators can be used to describe the spatial development of urban areas and the rate of urban growth. The development of the analyzed cities was modeled with the use of CORINE Land Cover (CLC) data for 2000-2006-2012-2018, acquired under the EU Copernicus program.

Review of “Building Downtown Los Angeles: The Politics of Race and Place in Urban America”

Los Angeles is perhaps one of the most studied cities in the United States. Compared to older industrial cities, like Chicago and Detroit, or to Northeastern cities with high residential segregation rates, like Boston and New York, Los Angeles still represents a more recently established metropolis, with twelve-lane freeways, eternal glamour, and sunshine. An unmistakable feeling of freedom overtakes the visitor, who gets off the airplane and starts driving on West Century Boulevard, lined up with toll, beautiful palm trees. The sense of freedom and glamour, however, quickly wears off if the visitor continuous to drive into South Central Los Angeles or down memory lane to the beating of Rodney King and the riots following the police officers’ acquittal. The contradictions of Los Angeles as a modern metropolis are captured with detailed precision and historical insight by Leland Saito in his book “Building Downtown Los Angeles: The Politics of Race and Place in Urban America.” The focus of the book is a juxtaposition of a well-known process of urban real estate development with the far less known building of a diverse coalition for social justice.

FERA-Net: A Building Change Detection Method for High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery Based on Residual Attention and High-Frequency Features

Buildings can represent the process of urban development, and building change detection can support land use management and urban planning. However, existing building change detection models are unable to extract multi-scale building features effectively or fully utilize the local and global information of the feature maps, such as building edges. These defections affect the detection accuracy and may restrict further applications of the models. In this paper, we propose the feature-enhanced residual attention network (FERA-Net) to improve the performance of the ultrahigh-resolution remote sensing image change detection task. The FERA-Net is an end-to-end network with a U-shaped encoder–decoder structure. The Siamese network is used as the encoder with an attention-guided high-frequency feature extraction module (AGFM) extracting building features and enriching detail information, and the decoder applies a feature-enhanced skip connection module (FESCM) to aggregate the enhanced multi-level differential feature maps and gradually recover the change feature maps in this structure. The FERA-Net can generate predicted building change maps by the joint supervision of building change information and building edge information. The performance of the proposed model is tested on the WHU-CD dataset and the LEVIR-CD dataset. The experimental results show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art models, with 93.51% precision and a 92.48% F1 score on the WHU-CD dataset, and 91.57% precision and an 89.58% F1 score on the LEVIR-CD dataset.

Negotiating access to land in Alshigelab: Narratives on social contestations and networks of solidarity on the riverbanks of the White Nile

Located on the eastern riverbanks of the White Nile south of Khartoum (Sudan), the peri-urban settlement of Alshigelab has grown into its current configuration as a mosaic of expanding agropastoral villages, resettlement areas, seasonal settlements, and changes in the fluctuating levels of the river. This paper showcases how processes of urban development and devastating flooding events have since the beginning of the 20th century, have contributed to emerging territorial narratives, social contestations, and networks of solidarity around land. Through fieldwork and collective critical mapping with residents conducted between 2021 and 2023, key narratives that contest dominant views on peri-urban territories as sites “awaiting to become urban” were identified and analyzed. Rather, through the persistence of rural dimensions and practices in Alshigelab, the paper showcases them as sites that reconstitute both the urban and the rural.

Urban space digitalisation as a factor in urban communities’ consolidation

The article is devoted to the study of the impact of digitalisation of the provincial Russian cities on the prospects of consolidation of urban communities. It is noted that digitalisation qualitatively change the metabolism of the modern city, turning the urban environment into a space of interaction of complex socio-biotechnical systems. Virtual-digital practises, technologies, and services are built into all the processes of urban development, which leads to the transformation of most social phenomena: processes, institutions, communities, as it makes society more dynamic, changeable, “turbulent”. Based on the results of the expert survey, which was conducted in the sociological study Social Consolidation of Urban Communities - Opportunities and Limitations in a Digitalized Urban Environment, March-April 2022 (N = 50), the positive and negative effects of digitalisation / digitalisation of the urban environment for the prospects of social consolidation are analyzed. It is empirically confirmed that the wiggle effects of the digitalisation of the urban environment on the enhancement of consolidation are ambivalent. On the one hand, digitalisation creates new conditions for communication and mobilisation of city dwellers, but on the other hand, it leads to the emergence of nontraditional barriers.

Physical Planning Activities in the Newly Created City of Hoima, Uganda: Opportunities and Challenges

Recently some African cities have been scenes of high profile eviction campaigns. These campaigns have elicited heavy criticism from various quarters, domestic and international. Between half and three quarters of all new housing in sub-Saharan African cities is built on land that has been supplied through processes that, in one way or another, do not comply with formal legal requirements related to subdivision, transfer and development control. Such urban development processes are undoubtedly problematic, both for the authorities and for the residents of the areas developed through these processes: unplanned development results in sprawl, hindering the cost-effective extension of infrastructure and services; some developments are built in areas topographically unsuitable for residential use such as steep slopes and flood-prone sites; unrecognized areas do not generate revenue for local councils; residents experience varying degrees of insecurity; access by public transport and emergency services may be difficult or impossible; and the services and utilities available to residents may fall far short of what is desirable. However, in many respects these channels of land supply are highly successful: they continue to make a much larger contribution to urban development than formal channels, accommodating almost all new low-income and many middle-income households; many of the residential areas have regular layouts; there appear to be relatively few conflicts between actors involved in informal land delivery; and many house owners enjoy considerable defacto tenure security. Nevertheless, governments continue to regard informal processes of urban development as undesirable aberrations and persist in attempts to implement formal tenure, subdivision and development control policies and procedures despite their ineffectiveness. Often the laws and policies on which land administration practices are based are colonial imports. The extent to which indigenous tenure systems were understood, recognized and incorporated varied from colony to colony, but it was generally believed that only a formal system based on a European model could provide a framework for urban development and protect the rights of urban property owners (who at that time were mostly expatriates). Embedded in the model were culturally constructed ideas about the desirable form and appearance of cities and assumptions about appropriate roles for the state in regulating urban growth and development. These land administration systems, which were inherited at independence, are governed by formal rules, set out in legislation and administrative procedures. The legislative provisions and the administrative systems that were established to implement them proved quite unable to cope with the rapid urban growth that occurred after independence, but this did not lead policy makers and many analysts to abandon their view that states had both an obligation and the capacity to intervene comprehensively in land management. As a result, research has often focused on documenting and explaining the failures (and, more rarely, successes) of state intervention, thereby privileging formal state law over other socially embedded rules on which actors draw to regulate transactions in land.