Strategy Development Process Research Articles

Cybersecurity Policy-Related Developments in Latin America

Latin American countries begin to develop their national-level cyber policy including their cybersecurity strategy. The paper aims to provide a comparative analysis of the strategy development processes in six Latin American countries including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The methodology is based on a mixed approach. For the quantitative analysis, the National Cyber Security Index and UNIDIR Cyber Policy Portal were used, while for the qualitative analysis a document analysis was carried out on the national strategies. Analysing national data based on the NCSI, Chile stands out overall, however, the country is still in the initial phase in terms of digital and essential service protection, personal data protection and cyber crisis management. Brazil’s position is interesting, standing at 3rd place overall, being the most targeted country by cyberattacks in the region. Brazil stands out in terms of cyber threat analysis and military cyber operations. Based on the document analysis, Chile and Argentina have a more holistic cybersecurity strategy, including factors such as cybersecurity education, cybercrime detection, regulatory framework, and the aim to cooperate with international and industrial partners.

The German national public health institute’s journey to becoming a Key Climate Actor: The Robert Koch Institute’s strategy development process

Abstract The Robert Koch Institute (RKI) is Germany's national public health institute. It has been working for a number of years on One Health topics such as zoonotic diseases and antimicrobial resistance, as well as wider areas relevant to climate change such as environmental health. Climate change has, however, only been a specific area of focus since 2019. This was signalled through the creation of a coordination role called One Health Climate Change (OHCC). In addition, a number of projects on climate change have been initiated independently of one another during this time across the RKI. Since summer 2021, RKI has been more active in its strategic development and set up a climate change and health working group of over 50 members of staff representing all departments. This offers a hub structure for pulling the relevant work and activities together under one umbrella, thereby promoting exchange, cooperation and cohesion across RKI. The RKI is currently at an early and dynamic phase in its journey as a key Climate Actor. It is developing a strategy on the topic, guided by the “IANPHI Roadmap for Action on Health and Climate Change” in order to further strengthen its contribution in this area. This presentation will share how RKI has developed its strategy and its action plan for implementation, as well as some of the successes and challenges in their development. The presentation aims to: • promote shared learning between national public health institutes on climate change and health strategy development; • provide an opportunity for shaping future planning at RKI through audience input; • stimulate thinking on how national public health institutes can remain in exchange with key stakeholder groups and open to learning and adaptation of their strategies in order to be effective Key Climate Actors over the long term.

Health information system (HIS) assessments as the starting point for HIS strengthening

Abstract One of main the HIS strengthening tools applied by WHO-Euro is the ‘Support tool to assess health information systems and develop and strengthen health information strategies’, which was first published in 2015 and updated in 2021. The support tool comprises two main parts: it provides guidance firstly for performing an overall assessment of the full HIS, and secondly, for the subsequent development of an HIS strategy. The common mode of application of this tool is an external HIS assessment by a WHO team and a subsequent country-led process of HIS strategy development. So far, experience in the field has been gained mainly with the assessment part of the tool, which has been applied in 15 MS. The assessment process starts with a preparatory desk review, followed by a country visit during which semi-structured interviews are held with key HIS stakeholders. The guidance for the interviews consists of a core module and several add-on modules. The aim of the core module is to provide an overview of the functioning of the entire national HIS, while the add-on modules shed more light on specific parts or functions of the HIS, such as noncommunicable diseases monitoring, human resources for health or health data governance. The core module forms the basis of the HIS assessments, and one or several add-on modules can be added to it, according to the needs of the assessed country. The country visit is finalised with a multi-stakeholder debriefing. After the visit, a report is written with a summary of the situation in the country including an HIS maturity score, an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT), and recommendations for improvement for the short, medium, and long term. In this presentation, we will explain the methodology of the assessment tool, and reflect on its added value as well as challenges encountered when applying it in practice.

Strategy Development and Deployment in Private Universities – A Case of Srinivas University, India

Purpose: The design and implementation of strategies in Universities provide formal and informal arrangements to coordinate academic and administrative planning and implementation in order to achieve its objectives. It also provides a sophisticated learning atmosphere wherein students can develop and improve their leadership and teamwork skills, creativity and intellectual powers, and passion in learning by providing a high standard in imparting education. Methodology: An exploratory research design is used to conduct a case study. The necessary information is gathered from the literature review. The Google Scholar search engine is used to conduct a literature review in order to establish a strong conceptual framework for this article. Results & Outcome: To be a leader among universities and to develop students who emerge as leaders with competence, conscience, and compassion by providing them with a solid education and high ethical and professional standard. Strategies employed by the University help students to mould academically empowered and job-ready professionals in different fields in society or industry. It also helps universities to contribute to the national building by developing a pool of trained human resources in various fields and allowing them to build and promote a more humane, just, and sustainable world for the future generation. Originality: A case study of analysing strategy development and deployment process in a University. Type of the Paper: Case Study & Analysis.

Performance management systems: Trade-off between implementation and strategy development

The aim of this study is to understand how performance management systems (PMS) affect the strategy development process. The research examines PMS implementation and evaluates how the implementation of PMS links measures with rewards, i.e., financial and non-financial, to influence strategy formation. This qualitative study is based on 74 semi-structured face-to-face in-depth interviews with board members, mid-level managers, and other employees in nine organizations. Theory-building is comprised of the transcribed and analyzed interviews using MAXQDA 12 software. Theory-testing, i.e., a verificatory stage, consisted of analyzing previously identified phenomena. Results suggest that PMS affects strategy development processes by influencing both employee relational and calculative trust in their superiors. It also indicates a direct behavioral effect on employee knowledge sharing and manager trust in their subordinates. As a result, this may determine the extent to which managers exploit shared knowledge while formulating a strategy. The research demonstrates there is a trade-off between PMS implementation and strategy development. A gap in the literature is filled by integrating relational and calculative trust with PMS implementation and showing how such changes in trust mediate knowledge sharing behavior and strategy development.

Design and optimization of membrane chromatography for monoclonal antibody charge variant separation.

The manufacturing scale implementation of membrane chromatography to purify monoclonal antibodies has gradually increased with the shift in industry focus toward flexible manufacturing and disposable technologies. Membrane chromatography are used to remove process-related impurities such as host cell proteins (HCPs) and DNA, leachates, and endotoxins, with improved productivity and process flexibility. However, application of membrane chromatography to separate product-related variants such as charge variants has not gained major traction due to low-binding capacity. The work reported here demonstrates that a holistic process development strategy to optimize static binding (pH and salt concentration) and dynamic process (membrane loading, flowrate, and gradient length) parameters can alleviate the capacity limitations. The study employed high throughput screening tools and scale-down membranes for intermediate and polishing purification of the model monoclonal antibody. An optimized process consisting of anion exchange and cation exchange membrane chromatography reduced the acidic variants present in Protein A eluate from 89.5% to 19.2% with 71% recovery of the target protein. The membrane chromatography process also cleared HCP to below limit of detection with 6- to 30-fold higher membrane loading, compared to earlier reported values. The results confirm that membrane chromatography is effective in separating closely related product variants when supported by a well-defined process development strategy.

Model-based evaluation and model-free strategy for process development of three-column periodic counter-current chromatography

Multi-column counter-current chromatography is an advanced technology used for continuous capture processes to improve process productivity, resin capacity utilization and product consistency. However, process development is difficult due to process complexity. In this work, some general and convenient guidances for three-column periodic counter-current chromatography (3C-PCC) were developed. Boundaries and distributions of operating windows of 3C-PCC processes were clarified by model-based predictions. Interactive effects of feed concentration (c0), resin properties (qmax and De), recovery and regeneration times (tRR) were evaluated over a wide range for maximum productivity (Pmax). Furthermore, variation of Pmax was analyzed considering the constraint factors (capacity utilization target and flow rate limitation). The plateau value of Pmax was determined by qmax and tRR. The operating conditions for Pmax were controlled by qmax, tRR and c0 interactively, and a critical concentration existed to judge whether the operating conditions of Pmax under constraints. Based on the comprehensive understanding on 3C-PCC processes, a model-free strategy was proposed for process development. The optimal operating conditions could be determined based on a set of breakthrough curves, which was used to optimize process performance and screen resins. The approach proposed was validated using monoclonal antibody (mAb) capture with a 3C-PCC system under various mAb and feed concentrations. The results demonstrated that a thorough model-based process understanding on multi-column counter-current chromatography is important and could improve process development and establish a model-free strategy for more convenient applications.

Catalytic process development strategies for conversion of propane to liquid hydrocarbons

The temperature effect on propane dehydroaromatization pathways on the PtZn/SiO2 +ZSM-5 bifunctional catalysts is investigated to develop strategies for propane conversion to valuable liquid hydrocarbons. At high temperature (550 ℃), high dehydrogenation rates and lower monomolecular cracking rates are required to minimize methane formation, leading to primarily propene and BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylenes). By recycling propene in the propane conversion range of 30–45%, > 80% BTX yields is likely achievable at full recycle. At mid temperature (400–450 ℃), the product has high selectivity to gasoline-blending hydrocarbons (butanes, C5+ hydrocarbons, toluene, and xylenes) at 15–25% propane conversions because dehydrogenation rates are moderately high, and oligomerization is more favored than cracking. At low temperature (350 ℃), ~25% propane conversion is achieved and has high selectivity (~60%) to butanes, but the propane conversion rates are likely too low to be practical. While methane formation by monomolecular cracking limits liquid yields at high reaction temperature, hydrogen co-produced at high propane conversions saturates light olefins to make undesired ethane, which becomes major yield loss reaction on the PtZn/SiO2 +ZSM-5 at mid and low temperatures.

AMPLE: An R package for capacity building on fisheries harvest strategies.

Fisheries harvest strategies are formal frameworks that represent a best-practice approach for sustainable fisheries management. A key component of a harvest strategy is a 'pre-agreed rule', known as a harvest control rule (HCR), that sets fishing opportunities, e.g. catch limits, based on an estimate of fish stock status, e.g. estimated stock biomass. The harvest strategy development process is driven by stakeholders who are required to make a range of informed decisions, including on the selection of the preferred HCR. Capacity building may be required to facilitate the stakeholder engagement, particularly regarding the technical components of harvest strategies, including HCRs. The AMPLE package for R provides three interactive apps that support capacity building and stakeholder engagement on HCRs. These apps have been used during in-country national workshops around the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) to support the development of harvest strategies for the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission. These apps include several novel features: they take users from a gentle introduction to how HCRs work, to using methods for testing, comparing and selecting a preferred HCR from a suite of candidates. They include an introduction to the impact of uncertainty on the performance of an HCR, introduce performance indicators and discuss methods for selecting the preferred HCR based on management objectives. As such they provide a more detailed overview of HCRs than currently existing alternatives. These apps provide an effective platform for hands-on learning and have proven to be successful at supporting capacity building on HCRs in the WCPO. For example, using them for group activities and competitions stimulated productive discussions and increased understanding. As the model fishery in AMPLE is generic and not based on a real example, the apps will also be of interest to scientists, managers and stakeholders developing harvest strategies in other regions.

Recent advances to accelerate purification process development: A review with a focus on vaccines

The safety requirements for vaccines are extremely high since they are administered to healthy people. For that reason, vaccine development is time-consuming and very expensive. Reducing time-to-market is key for pharmaceutical companies, saving lives and money. Therefore the need is raised for systematic, general and efficient process development strategies to shorten development times and enhance process understanding. High throughput technologies tremendously increased the volume of process-related data available and, combined with statistical and mechanistic modeling, new high throughput process development (HTPD) approaches evolved. The introduction of model-based HTPD enabled faster and broader screening of conditions, and furthermore increased knowledge. Model-based HTPD has particularly been important for chromatography, which is a crucial separation technique to attain high purities. This review provides an overview of downstream process development strategies and tools used within the (bio)pharmaceutical industry, focusing attention on (protein subunit) vaccine purification processes. Subsequently high throughput process development and other combinatorial approaches are discussed and compared according to their experimental effort and understanding. Within a growing sea of information, novel modeling tools and artificial intelligence (AI) gain importance for finding patterns behind the data and thereby acquiring a deeper process understanding.

A comprehensive review on the hydrodynamics, mass transfer and chemical absorption of CO2 and modelling aspects of rotating packed bed

CO2 levels are quickly rising over the world and have a significant impact on climate change. Post-combustion CO2 capture by chemical absorption is regarded as a widely accepted as well as an efficient technology for mitigating CO2 emissions from power plants especially fossil fuel-fired ones. Because of the kinetic limitations, high capital costs, low selectivity, and inferior energy efficiency, process intensification of equipment, material, and process development strategies are needed for carbon capture. Rotating Packed Beds (RPBs) have been identified as the most suitable equipment for enhanced post-combustion carbon capture. In the first part of the review paper, the recent developments on the process intensification of post-combustion CO2 capture using RPBs are updated and discussed. The hydrodynamics as well as the mass transfer characteristics of RPBs are discussed first. The applicability of different correlations reported for hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics was analysed. In the second part, the process modelling, computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation of single and multiphase flows in RPBs and techno-economic analysis of CO2 capture using RPBs are also reviewed to accelerate further research toward large-scale implementation.

The Headmaster’s Strategy in Improving Teachers’ Professionalism at MI Muhammadiyah Srebegan

Background: The Head of a Madrasah is the leader of education unit level education, which must be responsible for all Madrasah activities. In addition, the Head of Madrasah is an education leader whose position is very important in the Madrasah environment because the Head of Madrasah is more closely and directly related to the implementation of each educational program. Aim: Revealing the strategy of the Head of MI Muhammadiyah Srebegan in improving the professionalism of the teachers Method: Fieldwork is used in this study. A descriptive analysis using inductive thinking was employed as the method. Meanwhile, this research relies on observation, interviews, and documents to get the necessary information. Findings: The Head of Madrasah’s strategy for developing teacher professionalism at MI Muhammadiyah Srebegan starts with defining Madrasah's vision, mission, and goals. Madrasah's external and internal environments are observed during the procedure. The final step in the strategy development process for the head of MI Muhammadiyah Srebegan was to formulate the Madrasah plan, which is included in the Madrasah Work Program, which is prepared once a year at the start of the school year.

BSACI national allergy education strategy for healthcare professionals

BSACI national allergy education strategy for healthcare professionals

The role of job rotation in achieving administrative success in government departments in Marib Governorate

This study aimed to identify the role of job rotation in achieving administrative success in government departments in Marib Governorate.
 This study relied on the descriptive approach using a questionnaire consisting of 25 questions, and the analysis tool used was the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, which represents the 26th version of SPSS.
 As for the study sample, it consisted of 89 employees and administrators who were randomly selected from various government departments in Marib Governorate. The study concluded that the training process, job design and career development strategy are largely implemented in government departments in Marib Governorate, and the results showed that there is a positive, statistically significant effect of training, job design and career development strategy on achieving administrative success.
 The study found many proposals that would improve the administrative work in government institutions in the Marib Governorate.

Femicide Prevention Strategy Development Process: The South African Experience

Despite surveys to measure the magnitude of femicide, civil action to garner public recognition and, government commitment to respond effectively to femicide, South Africa lacked a comprehensive strategy to inform femicide prevention. This essay outlines the process South Africa followed to develop a femicide-specific prevention strategy and argues for an evidence and practice informed approach in a context where femicide prevention is limited. The strategy for South Africa was developed using a phased, research-driven and consultative approach over six months. Its development was informed by expert review of a previous draft strategy, key multi-sectoral stakeholder consultations and literature on femicide, leading to an evidence-based socio-ecological model of the drivers of femicide and a robust theory of change. A country-level definition of femicide was developed. Subsequently, five (5) key strategic objectives were prioritized: strengthening of legislation and policy; leadership and accountability; building evidence and practice informed femicide prevention; and institutional strengthening. However, successful implementation of the femicide prevention strategy is underpinned by reliance on evidence, practice and contextual relevance; urgency to develop and test prevention innovations; intergovernmental collaboration to ensure effective case management from investigation to sentencing; and political leadership to address challenges and conflicts pertaining to government performance targets and policies.

Challenges of Uncertainty in Sustainable Strategy Development: Reconsidering the Key Performance Indicators

The planning and development of the university strategy is closely linked to the university’s current performance, key priorities, and capabilities. A systematic literature review of factors that influence decision-making for strategy development has been applied in this research. To determine the external factors that influence strategic decision-making for universities nowadays there has been chosen a structure from the PESTLE analysis. The systematic literature review was limited to only higher education factor analysis. Based on the literature review, the authors have developed an approach for strategic direction evaluation and ongoing key performance indicator analysis. The approach is based on the Importance-Performance Matrix–IPA and developed further to include a comprehensive analysis of the strategic directions, organizational sources, and capabilities. An assessment of the university’s main strategic priorities with influencing factor analysis can be done using the developed approach adapted by the authors. It integrates the principles of resource-based strategy, key stakeholder engagement and creating shared value in the strategy development process. The adapted method was used in the 3rd generation university strategy development. The research contributes to the literature on a systematic approach development in the strategy evaluation process. This article puts emphasis on the resource-based view and key stakeholder involvement in the evaluation process.

“It is hard to say ‘no’ to someone who wants to help”: An exemplary model of corporate volunteer management and its challenges

AbstractDespite the growth and popularity of corporate volunteering, a small, albeit growing stream of studies representing the nonprofit's perspectives focus on either “why” or “triple win” outcome of the corporate volunteer programs, not much is known about the process of internal management and strategy development of corporate volunteering programs. This study aims to examine the understudied strategy and management process of nonprofits in corporate volunteer‐related partnerships. Based on interview and observation data collected from 2018 to 2019 from an Australian nonprofit organization specializing in food rescue, the authors investigate its exemplary corporate volunteering management practices and the challenges it faces. Findings reveal three dimensions of management imperatives and two sets of management challenges that have not been addressed in the literature. This study advances corporate volunteer management literature from the nonprofit's perspective by providing a promising model for designing and implementing an effective corporate volunteer management program. It also highlights the ensuing challenges this model might face.

АЛГОРИТМ РОЗРОБКИ ТА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ СТРАТЕГІЇ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations and existing approaches to the process of developing an enterprise development strategy. It is established that the procedure of development and implementation of development strategy is a debatable issue among scientists, who determine different methodological approaches to the main stages of strategy development and implementation, components of this process, the relationship and interdependence between them. Based on the research, we propose to identify three stages of the strategy development process, combining 8 phases. The first stage - preparatory or analytical, includes a step-by-step comprehensive strategic analysis of the external and internal environment. The second stage defines the process of strategy development, which includes 4 phases: formulation of the mission; substantiation of strategic goals and determination of strategic gap; development of alternative strategies taking into account the limitations and possible risks, identification of promising and priority areas of development; choice of development strategy. The third stage - the realization of the strategy combines the stages of implementation of the strategy, its evaluation, and adjustment in accordance with unforeseen changes in the external environment. The defined stages of strategy development characterize the current state of the object, the forecasted goals of its development, and actions to achieve them. An important stage in developing a strategy is analytical. It determines the internal state of the system and its necessary changes, in accordance with the projected changes in the external environment, to achieve certain strategic goals. In general, the strategic development of the enterprise is a continuous process of formation and implementation of management decisions aimed at ensuring the strategic dynamism and effective operation in conditions of increased complexity and unpredictability of the business environment.

Peculiarities of Higher Education Establishments Positioning on the Educational Services Market

The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the Higher Education Establishments (HEEs) positioning in the educational services market. Research Methodology. In order to effectively achieve the goal of the study, the author used an analytical method, which allowed to analyze and determine the features of the free economic zones positioning in the market of educational services. Scientific Novelty. The peculiarities of a Higher Education Establishments positioning on the market of educational services are revealed, the process of strategy development and conditions of effective positioning of free economic education is considered. Conclusions. Positioning is one of the key strategic decisions made while working in the education market. It ensures consistency and consistency of all operational decisions and actions, which allows forming an unambiguous market perception of the offer of Higher Education Establishments (HEEs). In modern conditions, when Higher Education Establishments are forced to work in market conditions, to compete for applicants, they should use strategies that allow them to be more competitive and efficient. This is the appeal to the use of market strategies, especially positioning strategies. However, positioning is not possible without the use of communication strategy, because in a wide range of educational services, the requirements for communication activities of the Higher Education Establishments are growing. The current situation has significantly affected the quality requirements for the educational process on the part of educational services consumers: the claims of entrants and students to the Higher Education Establishments have increased. Applicants are interested in the rating of Higher Education Establishments among the similar, the high-quality level of higher education. Applicants, as a rule, actively respond to the demand for specialists in the labour market. The greatest demand is for a limited number of priority specialities, the rating of which reflects the social processes in society indicates the prestige of some and the low popularity of other professions. Competition is growing, those who can flexibly respond to the demand for educational services and a high level of satisfaction of the educational needs of the individual survive. In this situation, it is considered necessary to consider the processes of positioning Higher Education Establishments as an element of communication strategy in the market of educational services.

How to compose a media mix to win an electoral campaign? proposing a framework for political marketing

This article addresses the issue of composing different media to send an integrated message to the voters in electoral campaigns and presents a framework for managing media in political marketing. The authors conducted deep interviews with strategy developers of the past presidential elections as well as two parliamentary elections in Iran to extract the strategy development process for delivering the campaign message to the target audiences. thematic analysis used for analysis of data and interviews coded in three levels of open, axial and selective. The paper suggests a sequence of audience, message and media to launch a successful campaign within a framework that starts with campaign structure and strategy and accomplished with economic effectiveness measuring and success rate.