Process Of State Formation Research Articles

Between grassroots contention and elite manoeuvring: sub-nationalism in Zanzibar and coastal Kenya

ABSTRACT In the early 2010s, Zanzibar and coastal Kenya witnessed the rise of assertive secessionist grassroots movements articulating perceived injustices committed by ‘upcountry’/mainland ruling elites. While on the islands, the Jumuiya ya Uamsho na Mihadhara ya Kiislam (Organisation for Islamic Awareness and Propagation) championed the breaking up of the Tanzanian Union, in Kenya, the Mombasa Republican Council actively campaigned for the creation of an independent coastal state. Locating these groups within two distinct histories of contentious politics, the article asserts that even though in both cases the temporary salience of secessionism revolved around controversial processes of (post-)colonial state formation, the overall dynamics of sub-nationalist mobilisation that have unfolded in Zanzibar and coastal Kenya since the early 1990s differ fundamentally. Specifically, the article demonstrates how and why it is only in Zanzibar that sub-nationalism has emerged as a viable political project. Furthermore, it shows that while in the archipelago, sub-nationalism and political Islam have become deeply interwoven, in coastal Kenya, they have emerged as separate strands of contention. Exploring and accounting for these differences, the article challenges the notion of two convergent paths of regional separatism grounding in the history of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.

PARLIAMENTARISM AS A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL CATEGORY

Purpose: an attempt has been made to analyze the stages of formation of parliamentarism in connection with the formation and development of statehood, at different stages of development of civilizations, forms of its organizations and functioning. Methods: comparison, analysis, analogy, induction, deduction and others that served as a tool for material selection, and were a necessary condition for achieving this goal. Results: problems of the theory and practice of parliamentarism, as a historical and legal category, are considered from the standpoint of scientific traditions that have developed in the process of research in this area. It is explained that the legal categories, definitions used in the analysis of parliamentarism, as a historical - legal category, take into account in their content the constitutional traditions and norms of other laws, the practice of state and legal construction. Clarifications were made on the understanding of parliamentarism as a social phenomenon, which means the representative principles of governance. Discussion: experience in the development of geopolitical systems shows that the possibility of solving vital problems of national importance in one way or another, to some extent depends on the scale of the invitation to the process of making these decisions. The study of the institution of parliamentarism, forms of its organizations and functioning has always been at the center of scientific research, because parliamentarism is the legal and organizational basis for involving citizens in addressing the most important issues of state building and governance. The theory of separation of powers has become the foundation of future concepts of parliamentarism, as well as the analysis of its elements in modern conditions. Parliamentarism, which must be understood as the representative foundations in the formation of state power and governance - a historical and legal phenomenon, a consequence of the development of socio-political systems. Its emergence, development and formation is associated with the emergence, development and formation of states. In addition, parliamentarism, like any other social phenomenon, has its prehistory, the genotype of which was formed in the early stages of the history of human social existence. The history of civilizations is a silent witness to how empires arose and disappeared, dictatorial and authoritarian regimes disappeared, and the principle of the basis of power was gradually established through parliamentarism. He was and remains the main and so far no alternative has been found. From the point of view of understanding this fundamental principle of the organization of state power, one of the key issues, the object of constant research and study by various sciences, historical and legal science, is certainly the institution of parliamentarism. In addition, one of the reasons for the increased interest of scholars and politicians in the history and development of modern parliamentarism is the existence of a large number of theoretical and practical problems related to the legal and organizational formation of the national parliament, determining its constitutional status and role in government, with the development of national law schools. Therefore, it does not need unnecessary evidence of the need for in-depth analysis of the achievements of jurisprudence, both domestic and foreign, in matters of legal regulation of forms of organization and mechanism of the state as one of the means of stabilizing society, especially in the emerging states. Of course, within one article, as well as previous research by legal scholars and historians, it is impossible to cover all issues related to such a large-scale phenomenon as parliamentarism in its historical and legal sense. At the same time, in the course of our research it became clear that a number of issues of theoretical and practical nature are insufficiently studied and require efforts not only of theoretical - legal, but also of historical - legal nature. For example, in modern legal doctrine there is no single approach to defining the concept of «parliamentarism» as a historical - legal category. It is still unclear how the forms of government and parliamentarism relate to each other. Issues related to the evolution of parliamentarism from antiquity to the present require scientific analysis. The various theoretical constructions of parliamentarism and its principles, the reasons for their evolution, remain insufficiently substantiated. Also, serious scientific analysis, comprehension and generalization require processes of state formation, methods of exercising state power in countries with different forms of government.

Cosmopolitanism and Imagination in Nayaka South India

Abstract Questions arising from the so-called Brooklyn kalamkari, a seven-panel, hand-painted cotton textile, have confronted art historians for decades: what do we see, who produced it for whom, what does it mean? With royal court scenes from all over the Indian Ocean world, the Brooklyn kalamkari represents a uniquely cosmopolitan worldview from early-seventeenth-century South India. In this essay I discuss the makings of this particular worldview in the context of early modern processes of globalization and state-formation. By engaging with the work of Indologists Johan Huizinga, Jan Heesterman, and David Shulman on Indian kingship and theater, I then attempt to decode the local and the global, as well as the seen and unseen, meaning of this textile.

Albanian Foreign Policy Relations with United States of America after the Cold War

This paper aims to address Albanian foreign policy relations with the US after the Cold War by using the methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization and specialization as well as methods of compilation and description, also including the method of comparison. From the process of state formation, Albania has faced various problems with regard to consolidation and institutionalization in the domestic sphere as well as threats and instability at regional and international level. Albania's self-imposed isolation shut the country down from international trends, and this trend continued to the bitter end of the communist regime in Albania in the early 1990s. Albania began the transition of the communist regime following other precedents in Central and Eastern Europe. Despite the limited relaxation of the country's isolation following Enver Hoxha's death in 1985, this did not prevent Albania from being the last communist regime in Europe to begin its transformation. This marked the return of Albania to the international scene after a long period of isolation. Integration into the international system and the development of relations with other countries were key priorities for Albania's new foreign policy orientation. In the context of Albania's struggle for a stable state, Albanians attribute considerable respect to the USA and, in particular, to President Woodrow Wilson whom Albanians regard as the basis for securing Albania's existence as a state because in the 1919s-1920 Wilson strongly argued against a proposed separation of Albania from the Paris Conference and thereafter enabling Albania to achieve statehood and international recognition by the League of Nations. This therefore constitutes the main aim of this paper.

State formation and higher education (HE) policy: An analytical review of policy shifts and the internationalization of higher education (IHE) in China between 1949 and 2019

State policies regarding the internationalization of higher education (IHE) in China have undergone significant shifts between 1949 and 2019. This paper advances the proposition that these shifts in policies pertaining to IHE can be understood as part of a process of ongoing Chinese state formation in relation to national and global developments and does so by examining the history of IHE policy and policy changes between 1949 and 2019 to demonstrate this possibility. We consider three specific periods to make this case, including (1) the period of Marxist-Leninist socialist nationalism, patriotism and proletarian internationalism and the early engagements of IHE (1949–1976); (2) neoliberal globalization and opening-up: a return to the international stage and further IHE (1977–2002); and finally, (3) state developmentalism and the era of globally engaged higher education (HE) (2003–2019). In conclusion, the current implications of a neoliberal (capitalist) globalization are discussed in terms of real and potential implications for Chinese state formation, Chinese HE and society. The paper aims to investigate the historical underpinnings and formation of international HE in China and contribute to the significant gap in our current literature regarding IHE in China as a socio-historical phenomenon. It not only offers a detailed documentation of how policy on IHE has evolved and shifted in the context of significant changes in political and economic directions in China but also teases out influences of national concerns such as ideological and cultural considerations as well as neoliberal globalization.

Bankruptcy Laws Around Europe (1850–2015): Institutional Change and Institutional Features

Despite the relevance of bankruptcy law for a number of key issues regarding business functioning and organization, little is known about the features and evolution of these legal institutions over time and space. This paper starts to fill this gap in current knowledge by analyzing a new data set providing consistent information about key features of bankruptcy law between 1850 and 2015 in the thirty largest European economies. Regarding institutional change, our analysis supports the established view of a link between macroeconomic changes and the introduction of procedures alternative to bankruptcy. However, this process shows significant differences at the national level, making it difficult to support the idea of change as the result of belonging to a given legal system (French; common law; Scandinavia; Germanic), or the degree of economic development. Instead, change in bankruptcy institutions seems to be a product of, and contributor to, the wider process of individual state formation. Similarly, the features of bankruptcy procedures seem to confirm this picture: Looking at their possible outcomes, the right to begin proceedings, and degree of application to different types of debtors, national differences appear deep and persistent, despite a generalized pattern of convergence over time toward a less punitive approach to bankruptcy. Contact Information: University of Birmingham, Birmingtonham Business School, University House, Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. E-mail: p.dimartino@bham.ac.uk

Domestic regulatory reform and transgovernmental networks: Brazil and China in the global competition regime

AbstractDeveloping countries increasingly participate in transgovernmental networks of global regulatory governance, but they do so in different ways. This article aims to provide an explanation for this variation for two of the major emerging powers in the world economy, Brazil and China, in their transition toward more active players in the global competition regime. Distinguishing between bilateral and multilateral transgovernmental networks and examining the domestic factors conditioning the transition of their national competition agencies from rule‐takers to rule‐promoters or rule‐makers through these networks, the article makes theoretical contributions to the linkage between transgovernmentalism and the regulatory state. I argue that differing political needs and the incomplete process of regulatory state formation push domestic agencies to join transgovernmental networks, with a need for greater legitimacy steering the Brazilian regulators to multilateral networks and facilitating their transition from rule‐takers to rule‐promoters. The Chinese agencies' primary need for expertise rather than legitimacy, by contrast, led them to pursue technical assistance and cooperation via bilateral relationships. The Chinese approach has slowed its transition from rule‐taker to rule‐promoter where its norms and practices are aligned with the established powers. Such approach will further impede its transition into a global rule‐maker in areas of competition law and policy where China's preferences diverge.

Search for charged excitations of dark matter by KamLAND-Zen experiment

There are many scenarios in which dark matter is a part of a multiplet with an electrically charged state. If WIMP dark matter is accompanied by a charged state separated by a small mass difference, it can form stable bound states with nuclei. The region of observable energy deposition via this process of bound state formation is O(1˜10 MeV). KamLAND-Zen is a large scintillator detector designed for neutrino-less double-beta decay search. This detector is also useful to detect dark matter bound state formations with nuclei. The result from the KamLAND-Zen 400 dataset is reported.

СПОРТИВНА ТЕОРІЯ ПОХОДЖЕННЯ ДЕРЖАВИ Х. ОРТЕГИ-І-ГАСЕТА

The theory of sport of H. Ortegi-y-Gasset, its ont-epistemological and socio-historical principles is interpreted. The sports theory of the origins of the state of Ortega is an element and justification of the concepts of rationalism and perspective. The origin of the state is interpreted by the Iberian ambivalently – as a result of irrational passion, the awakening of the creative and erotic enthusiasm of young men who have devoted themselves to the sporty-aristocratic type of life and sustainable socio-economic processes, a certain historical maturity of the people, and the maturity of the people. The process of state formation took place in an agony – a spontaneously competitive atmosphere of self-improvement of all participants in the struggle. Agon is characterized by cruelty and the desire for institutional unity, which laid the foundation for a new social order – a heterogeneous state, where the individual had greater autonomy and freedom than in the past homogeneous hordes. The formation of the state also accompanied the formation of new, worldviews, which opened a new level of rationalization of social life and cultural and military expansion and became the basis for the formation of social harmony (concordia) between the "age classes", between men and women, between blood relatives and related tribes. connections. Moreover, in order to preserve the new form of social order and prevent a state of misunderstanding, break the consolidation of social units (discordia), all social strata had to maintain the social elasticity and militaryhierarchical structure, which is headed by a representative body of the old generations and representative. The newest ideas were fixed by the mythological tradition, festive rituals and the principle of state violence. Also, the formation of the state formed a new anthropological type – women agreeing to their abduction, submit to the ruler and willingness to be the sole owner of the house – a private, and a man – an ascetic warrior, the owner of a woman and the creator of a new form of family (monogamous), with her cell – home. With the formation of a new form of family, the emergence of the institute of private property and the state, man reached the newest horizons of freedom – he was given freedom from the old blood-related control, a relative social opportunity to independently determine their future, and therefore the future of their people.

Эволюция систем государственного управления: Республика Беларусь

The article examines the processes of state construction, formation and development of government institutions, the system of state and local government through the prism of the features of the historical, socio-economic and cultural development of the Republic of Belarus. The authors noted the ongoing systematic measures to improve and de-bureaucratize state bodies, as well as the creation of a mechanism for organizational regulation of e-government. The Republic traditionally occupies high positions in international rankings on the e-government development Index (EGDI), which is compiled by the UN Department of economic and social development and characterizes the state of information and communication technology infrastructure, human capital and public services provided online. Programs to ensure the implementation of the state personnel policy of the Republic of Belarus were analyzed. The availability of a trained reserve is considered as the most important condition for ensuring the continuity of managerial personnel and improving the efficiency of public administration. Researchers see the creation of a coherent system of continuous professional training in the field of management as one of the key tasks at the present stage. The conceptual and legal basis for professional training and continuing education of senior personnel is formulated in a number of state legislative acts. In particular, in accordance with the state order, the relations related to the implementation of educational activities by the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Belarus for training, retraining, internship and advanced training of senior personnel of state bodies and other state organizations, persons included in the reserves of senior personnel and in the prospective personnel reserve are regulated.

The Ancient Near East: History, Texts, etc.

The Ancient Near East:History, Texts, etc. Christopher T. Begg, William J. Urbrock, and Michael W. Duggan 1670. [Rendering of Accounts Theme] Georgia Barker, "Classification of a Funerary Model: The Rendering of Accounts Theme," JARCE 55 (2019) 5-13. The three-dimensional funerary models that were housed in burial chambers from the late Old Kingdom down to the end of the Middle Kingdom periods display a number of similarities with the so-called "scenes of daily life" found on ancient Egyptian tomb-chapel walls. A comparison of the two media might thus help classify otherwise unidentifiable artworks. One such funerary model currently housed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon evidences many parallels with scenes depicting the rendering of accounts theme. This article examines the similarities in question in order to determine if the Lyon model can appropriately be understood as a representation of the above theme. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] 1671. [Babylonian Priestly Families] Paul-Alain Beaulieu, "Temple Towns and Nation Building: Migrations of Babylonian Priestly Families in the Late Periods," JANER 19 (2019) 3-17 [see #1682]. This article surveys the Babylonian evidence regarding inter-city migrations of priests and their families. The phenomenon in question is already attested during the Old Babylonian period, and there are some indications that it continued under Kassite rule. However, most of the relevant evidence comes from temple archives of the 1st millennium, with a heavy concentration during the long sixth cent. (ca. 626–484 b.c.). Although numerous [End Page 609] studies have called attention to specific cases of priestly migrations, the phenomenon has not yet been assessed in its entirety. B. concludes that such migrations were far more common than previously thought. These migrations were motivated primarily by political considerations, e.g., the establishing of the cult of official deities at local sanctuaries or a need to maintain a memory landscape for venerable cult centers. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] 1672. [P. Cairo Zen. 1 59004] Andrea M. Berlin, "Zenon's Flour: Grains of Truth from Tel Kedesh," BARev 45 (6, 2019) 34-40. B. discusses the contents and significance of a papyrus document (P. Cairo Zen. 1 59004) that dates to 259 b.c.e. and records a list of eleven towns, including Kudissos (= Tel Kedesh on the Lebanese border in northern Israel), where the Egyptian bureaucrat Zenon acquired quantities of flour. Analyses of residue from ancient storage jars at the site indicate that the flour obtained there was probably made from bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), perhaps to be equated with the previously unidentified "Syrian wheat." Photo-illustrated.—W.J.U. 1673. [Shallow Bowls; Early Dynastic Mortuary Meals] Martin Bommas and Eman Khalifa, "Shallow Bowls for Mortuary Meals from Tarkhan. Archaeology of the Path towards the Intellectual Formation of the State in Early Dynastic Egypt," MDAIK 74, 21-32 [see #2434]. During the so-called Early Intermediate Period (EIP, 3300–3150 b.c.) of ancient Egypt's history, the process of state formation generated diversity rather than simplification of material data, as had been thought earlier. An example of this phenomenon is the stratification of social groups whose access to resources defined their rank in society. Thus, e.g., while shallow bowls made of stone were utilized for exclusive mortuary meals celebrated with divinized ancestor gods in the hidden chambers of mastaba tombs in the Memphis area during the above period, shallow bowls made of clay were used by those strata of society that lacked access to the resources, infrastructure, and methods of production available to the elite. On the basis of both archaeological and textual evidence, our article argues that the emergence of social stratification in EIP Egypt was the result of an intellectual process. In this connection, the Pyramid Texts provide valuable, retrospective insight into the development of funerary rituals long prior to the Verschriftlichung of those rituals. As evidence from Tarkhan situated in the northern Nile valley shows, newly developed funerary rituals catered both to socialization with elite deities associated with shallow bowls as well to the living's offering of dishes in the context of funerary festivals...

The Integration of Ukrainian Humanities into the International Academic and Information Space: Challenges and Prospects

The study outlines the most important global integration trends of the last decades in the scientific community. It characterizes state formation processes in the context of European integration aspirations and scientific integration of Ukraine. It states a significant increase of the requirements for scientific articles and their components, the rise of the role and number of English-speaking components, the increase in the visualization of the activities of scientists and scientific institutions in recent years. The study presents 2018–2019 statistics on the Ukrainian humanities scientific publications presented in the Scopus and Web of Science, leading global scientometric databases, as well as quantitative indicators of the publication activity in these databases of the members of the editorial boards of Ukrainian cultural editions. It identifies internal and external factors hindering the rapid ‘promotion’ of Ukrainian humanities to the international level. Based on the low level of Ukraine's presence in the global scientific and information space, the author concludes that the main tasks of Ukrainian humanities currently are to overcome the isolation from the European and global science development processes and to actively enter into powerful international scientific internet resources, i.e. Scopus and Web of Science. Implementing these tasks combined with balanced state policy in the humanitarian sphere will strengthen the authority of Ukrainian humanities and open the way to full integration into the global cultural processes.

The Idea and Practice of the Slovenian State-Formation Process after World War I

The Idea and Practice of the Slovenian State-Formation Process after World War I

1919 рік – знаменна дата в історії Центрально-Східної Європи й України: ідея соборності

The purpose of the article is to analyze the state-building processes in Central and Eastern Europe in the beginning XX century, in particular in the Ukrainian lands. The separation of 1919 as a significant date in the history of the development of the idea of cohesion and the formation of new statehood is very important. The author set the following tasks: to show the exclusivity of region of Central and Eastern Europe, especially, the events of the beginning of the XX century for the historical perspective of the region; to identify the main aims of the ethnic groups during this period; to show the process of development of the idea of cohesion and statehood in Ukrainian lands; to draw attention to the contradictions and the reasons which prevented the Ukrainian liberation and national unification, and the creation of the independent Ukrainian state; the value of the idea of cohesion of Ukraine for the development of independent Ukrainian state in the future. Writing the article, the author used empirical (description) and theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalization, induction, explanation) research methods. The scientific innovativeness of this article is to analyze the problem of the formation of nation-states in Central and Eastern Europe, and the process of state formation on the basis of the idea of cohesion, especially the problem of formation of Ukrainian statehood against the background of common European processes. Thus, 1919 was a significant date in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, especially, because of the formation of new nation-states. The dissolution of the Russian and the Austro-Hungarian Empires created the real preconditions for the self-determination and cohesion of the Ukrainian people, the creation of the independent Ukrainian state. However, the Ukrainians could not manage to realize their national project, this experience became a basis of Ukrainian independence in the future

МИХАЙЛО АНТОНОВИЧ ЯК ДОСЛІДНИК ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The paper encompasses the analysis of the life and works of a prominent Ukrainian historian and the member of the famous Ukrainian Antonovych dynasty, Mykhailo Dmytrovych Antonovych. Basing on the published sources, the author of the article endeavors to render the scholar’s biography, overview the life conditions and peculiarities of his academic interest formation, define the intellectual circle of the historian, present his work in Ukrainian research institutions and abroad, as well as to analyze his academic achievements. The main attention in the research is paid to the study of historical and political views of Antonovych, basing on his 4-volume work “History of Ukraine” published in Prague in 1941–1942. It is a synthesis of the author’s views and evaluation of the prominent events, phenomena and processes in the history of Ukraine. The historian’s appraisal of the state formation process differs from the ideas which were popular in the early 20th century and comes down to the idea of the state’s only value as one of the functions of the national life and as the body which can provide the nation’s development. It is noted that the process of formation and articulation of national idea consisted of several evolutionary phases (from Kyivan Rus to the early 20th century) and depended on various social classes (clergy, Cossacks, aristocracy, intelligentsia), who failed in completing its articulation and popularization. Antonovych has singled out the conditions and reasons of the inability to create a proper theoretical and political conception before 20th century. The researcher considers the colonial movement to have both positive and negative features for Ukraine. On the one hand, vast areas of land were cultivated, therefore, increasing the economic strengths of Ukrainian territory. On the other hand, colonization of the south-eastern regions led to the shift of the central axis of the national life from the line Kyiv – Lviv to Donbass region with its russified population, which was majorly alien and of non-Ukrainian origin and thus unable to create the national idea. The author of the paper proves that Antonovych’s views on Ukrainian political and historical process have accumulated various historiographic traditions and approaches being at the same time quite exceptional and unique.

Ontological politics of hydrosocial territories in the Salween River basin, Myanmar/Burma

In this paper, we question an often-unchallenged assumption that we all talk about the same ‘thing’ when talking about water. Taking the Salween River in Myanmar as a case study, we draw on a growing body of hydrosocial literature to analyze the multiple ontologies of water. Conceptually, we take each ontology to be constituted of – and enacted within – a human-more-than-human assemblage, the spatiotemporal dimensions of which demarcate a ‘hydrosocial territory.’ We present three illustrations, namely: the role of the Union Government's National Water Resources Committee and how it manifests and is situated within an ontology of ‘modern Water’; a Karen indigenous initiative to establish a Salween Peace Park and an associated revealing of an ‘indigenous’ ontology; and plans for the construction of mainstream hydropower dams and electricity export to neighboring Thailand, where different water ontologies and their hydrosocial territories collide. We examine how multiple ontologies of water are contested through ‘ontological politics’, whereby human actors compete to further their own interests by naturalizing their ontology while marginalizing others. While not downplaying the role violent conflict plays, we argue that in the Salween basin ontological politics are an underappreciated terrain of contestation through which political authority and the power relations that underpin it are (re)produced, with implications for processes of state formation, territorialization and the ongoing peace negotiations.

Central African Immigrants, Imperial Citizenship and the Politics of Free Movement in Interwar South Africa

Between the 1910s and 1930s, male migrants from colonial Nyasaland (present-day Malawi) contested South Africa’s internal and external barriers to free movement by asserting their rights as British subjects. On the principle that ‘fair play’ and ‘justice’ extended throughout the British empire, these men claimed an entitlement to migrate, work and live ‘unmolested’ across South Africa. This article foregrounds the early political agendas of these men, demanding a ‘liberal’ empire that sanctioned the intra-imperial migration of its black subjects. By examining a number of crises, it demonstrates how ‘loyalty’ to ‘Britishness’ was differentiated and particularist, being publicly deployed when the ostensibly ‘British’ principle of ‘free labour’ was undermined by the process of South African state formation. While radical Nyasa internationalists used British-informed lexicons of freedom to demand a more universal approach to free movement, early Nyasa nationalists invoked British colonial borders to justify a particular, restricted vision of intra-imperial migration that excluded non-British black immigrants. By exploring these differences, the article questions what we mean by ‘free movement’ and shows that ideas of imperial citizenship were not only reclaimed ‘from the bottom up’ by Nyasas but also deconstructed and instrumentalised.

Game, Set, Match

This study traces, conceptually and historically, how the relationship between Israeli soccer, its fans, and the varied means of communications has evolved over the last century. We contend that these symbiotic relations, including their effects on soccer devotees, can be divided into four sub-epochs, each having a tremendous effect, not only on the development of soccer and media, but on other interrelated processes. Consequently, we argue that the development of soccer (association football), can be adequately understood only by presenting it in its historical context. The processes of state formation, population growth, urbanization, commercialization and, most germane for present purposes, the development of soccer-media-fan relations, are not isolated but rather interdependent, and therefore of significant importance when discussing soccer and media in the Israel context.

The Politics of Ethnic Nationalism in the Ethiopian Statehood: Its Challenges and Prospects

This paper explores the dynamics of contending and ultra-ethnic based nationalism movement in Ethiopia which has recently created a rift in the country, a divergence that could have far-reaching implications to the insecurity of the Ethiopian statehood. Through the use of a qualitative desk research approach, the paper reveals that the primacy of ethnicity and ethnic nationalism in Ethiopia originally emanated from the ideological inputs of Marxism-Leninism ideology, an ideology that dominates the politics of Ethiopia for more than two decades. The paper further argues that ethnic nationalism in the Ethiopia context arguably a recent phenomenon and its provenance primarily associated with the exclusive ideological narratives of the state elites and in some case the state formation process of the country. The paper further argues the guise ‘nation-building’ narratives of the post-1990s have further intensified the saliency of ethnicity in the Ethiopian Political market place. Put differently, the re-structuring of the Ethiopian state along ethnic lines and the constitutional engineering of ‘self-determination’ including secession has further intensified ethno-nationalist movement in the country which has been become the major challenges for the continuation of the Ethiopian statehood. Perhaps, its continuance as a unified state seems lays on the will of these ultranationalist groups. Keywords: Ethnicity, Nationalism, Nation-Building, Political Narratives DOI : 10.7176/JCSD/54-01 Publication date: December 31 st 2019

The historical Significance of the Formation of the Baden-Württemberg state in Germany

본고의 목적은 2차 대전 이후 독일의 남서부는 각각의 점령지를 기준으로 연합군에 의해 바덴, 뷔르템베르크-바덴, 뷔르템베르크-호헨촐 레른으로 분열되어 재편성 되었다. 이러한 분열된 편성으로 남서부 지역의 주민들은 1949년 동서독 분단을 경험하게 된다. 하지만 이러한 분열은 1951년 주민투표를 통해 마침내 하나의 새로운 바덴-뷔르템베르크 주로 통합되게 된다. 독일 남서부 지역에서 서로 다른 역사와 전통을 가지고 있었던 바덴과 뷔르템베르크가 하나로 통합되는 과정은 순탄하지 않았다. 서로 다른 정치적 성향과 경제적 기반으로 두 지역 사 이에는 보이지 않은 벽이 있었다. 하지만 2차 대전 이후 패전국 독일이 미래를 향해 나아갈 길은 다양한 지역의 분열을 극복하고 최대한 통합으로 가야한다는 점이었다. 경제적 목적이었던, 정치적 타협이었던 그 들에게는 지나간 과거에 대한 반성을 통해 끊임없이 현재를 바꾸어야 만 했던 것이다. 각기 다른 입장과 목적으로 다양한 통합의 논의와 함께 남 바덴의 헌법재판소 위헌법률 심사제청까지 거치면서 마침내 하나의 ‘작은 통일’을 이룩하였다. 이러한 ‘작은 통일’은 비록 서독이라는 제한된 국가체제 아래에서 이루어져 많은 이들에게 주목받지 못했고 여전히 역사적 평가 역시 제대로 받지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 하지만 이러한 평가와는 다르게 바덴-뷔르템베르크 주의 탄생은 서로 다른 역사의 수레바퀴를 굴려온 주가 2차 대전 이후 각 지역 주민들 의 합의와 노력에 의해 마침내 하나의 주로 다시 통합했다는 점에서 그 역사적 의의가 매우 높다. 어쩌면 독일 국민들 마음속에는 과거 어두웠 던 역사의 길을 다시는 경험하지 않기 위해 단결과 통합에 무엇보다 다양한 노력을 기울이고 있는지도 모르겠다. 이러한 독일인들의 모습과 그리고 그들이 이룩한 통일의 실마리를 바덴-뷔르템베르크 주 통합 과 정에서 충분히 엿볼 수 있다.Baden-Wurttemberg is a state in Germany. After World War II, the Allies established three federal states in the territory of modern-day Baden-Württemberg: Wurttemberg-Hohenzollern, Baden, and Wurttemberg-Baden. In 1949, each state became a founding member of the Federal Republic of Germany, with Article 118 of the German constitution providing an accession procedure. On 16 December 1951, Wurttemberg-Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern and Baden voted via referendum in favor of a joint merger. Baden-Wurttemberg officially became a state in West Germany on 25 April 1952. Baden-Wurttemberg is the only Federal State created as the result of a referendum. The birth of Baden-Wurttemberg state is of great historical significance in that the different historical states have finally reunited into one state after World War II by the agreement and efforts of each local people. The German people are making various efforts to unite and consolidate their past so as not to experience the dark tunnel of history again. Through the Baden-Wurttemberg state formation process, we can see in advance the starting point for German reunification.