Stratification Process Research Articles

加熱源出力が水プール内の温度成層化過程に与える影響

In this study, experiments were conducted to quantitatively evaluate the effect of the heating source power level on the thermal stratification process in a system with a heating source in a water pool by measuring the temperature distribution using thermocouples and thermography and the velocity distribution using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The experimental results show that thermal stratification occurs at the bottom of the heating source, independent of the power level. The dissipation of thermal stratification was observed when the upper part of the heating source saturated at 100 °C and the temperature boundary layer rapidly descended. This is thought to be due to turbulent flow in the pool during the descent of the temperature boundary layer, which affects the descent of the temperature boundary layer. It was found that if the power level is not higher than the heat dissipation, the output is in equilibrium with the heat dissipation and the temperature boundary layer does not descend.

Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of the Inorganic Components from Teeth Exposed to Psychotherapeutic Drugs

Teeth are unique and complex anatomical organs that can provide relevant data about a person's health, and play an important role in forensic medicine. Teeth are exposed to food, drinks, and the microbiota of the oral cavity; therefore, they have developed a high resistance to localized demineralization. Nevertheless, the continuous demineralization–remineralization cycle present in the oral environment can be influenced by stress, medication, mineralization agents, and other factors such as individual habits, especially diet. In this study, based on attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra from tooth samples of 36 patients, several parameters were estimated: the crystallinity index (CI), the phosphate/amide I ratio, and the carbonate/phosphate ratio. In addition, in eight representative samples (six of the root of the tooth and two of the enamel area of the crown), additional characterization by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was conducted. From the FTIR data, it was observed that the highest CI values were found in patients who smoked. Further, in both root and crown samples, the intensity of the absorption band corresponding to PO43- increased in patients undergoing treatment with psychotherapeutic drugs. On the other hand, the intensity of the absorption band of the amide I group decreased with medical treatment and with the patient's biological age. Moreover, it was found that the remineralization process was more active in enamel than in the root due to direct contact with saliva. Regarding the results obtained from the X-ray powder diffractograms, exposure to psychotherapeutic drugs affected the definition of the peaks corresponding to hydroxyapatite, both in the crown and root samples. Concerning SEM results, qualitative differences in the stratification process in demineralized surfaces were observed, and EDS analyses showed some differences in the Ca/P ratio between pathological samples and control ones, but without clear patterns. The above techniques, in particular ATR-FTIR, showed promise for the investigation of the effect of changes produced in the hydroxyapatite structure in teeth and, consequently, to determine possible strategies in the diagnostic protocol.

Prospective Study of a Novel Risk Stratification Process for Opioid-Related Harm Reduction in Cancer Patients Seen in an Outpatient Palliative Care Clinic.

Background: Oncologists and palliative specialists prescribe opioids for millions of cancer patients despite limited research on effective screening and mitigation strategies to reduce risk of opioid-related harm in that population. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a novel opioid risk stratification process for predicting significant aberrant behaviors (SABs) related to prescribed opioid medications. Design and Setting/Subjects: This is a prospective, longitudinal study of 319 consecutive patients referred to an outpatient palliative care clinic between 2010 and 2012, a period during which prescription opioid-related deaths began to increase in the United States. Measures: Patients completed a psychodiagnostic/substance use risk assessment with a licensed clinical psychologist or social worker at the initial palliative clinic visit. Patients were assigned to Low-, Moderate-, or High-Risk groups based on predetermined stratification criteria and were managed via an opioid harm reduction approach. The primary dependent measure was the presence of at least one SAB after the initial visit. Results: Eighteen percent of patients (n = 56) demonstrated at least one major aberrant behavior. Odds of future aberrant behavior was 15 times greater in the High-Risk versus the Low-Risk category. Five risk factors significantly enhanced our risk model: age 18 to 45 years, job instability, history of bipolar diagnosis, history of substance abuse, and theft. Conclusion: Our risk stratification process provides a useful model for predicting those at greatest risk of future aberrant behaviors and most in need of comanagement. We recommend additional studies to test our proposed streamlined risk stratification tool.

Talus: Etymology of a Ludonym and how the Names of an Ancient Gaming Practice could be Indicative of Processes of Cultural Transmission and Stratification

This paper presents the complex history of the names given to knucklebones by different ancient civilizations. During the whole of antiquity these particular gaming tools had precise cultural and symbolical connotations, which influenced their gaming use and crossed many social, chronological, geographical and cultural boundaries.The peculiar role played by knucklebones within human gaming practices stretches across several millennia. In western Europe during the early Middle Ages, their use went into decline in favour of cubic dice. Over the centuries scholarship has overlapped and confounded the terminology relating to these two different gaming traditions, causing many misunderstandings and translation issues.However, thanks to advances in the field of game studies and through the examination of literary, iconographic and archaeological data, it is possible to establish the original names given to games using astragals and also the complex signifiers and implications that they had for classical culture.

Water renewal estimation for sustainable aquaculture development in Ria de Aveiro and Rias Baixas

Inshore aquaculture sustainability is extremely dependent on the efficiency of the water renewal at the culture sites, ensuring the supply of oxygen and nutrients to fish and/or bivalves. In this context, this study intends to investigate the effect of water quality on aquaculture development, assessing the water renewal rates in two contrasting coastal systems, Ria de Aveiro and Rias Baixas, under summer and winter scenarios. An Eulerian tracer method based on the advection–dispersion of a passive tracer was used to estimate water residence time. The Delft3D model, calibrated and validated, was used to reproduce the estuarine systems hydrodynamics and consequently to determine their water renewal rates. Results show that hydrodynamic conditions and water renewal rates provides better conditions for sustainable aquaculture development at Rias Baixas (Galicia, Spain), comparing with Ria de Aveiro (Portugal). The flushing potential at Ria de Aveiro varies between 9.7 and 27.6 days in winter and summer, respectively, while Rias Baixas presents a lower seasonal variability. Despite the geomorphological and hydrographic differences between the systems, water renewal rates are improved during the winter in both cases, although due to different local processes. The seasonal variations of local renewal time in Ria Aveiro are ruled by freshwater inflow seasonality, which increases the outflow residual current during winter, and consequently the flushing potential. In Rias Baixas, stratification and thermohaline processes promoted by upwelling and downwelling events govern residence time. This study reveals different dynamics for the estuarine systems under analysis, dependent on local geomorphology and on estuary vertical stratification.

Novel Framework for 3D Road Extraction Based on Airborne LiDAR and High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery

3D GIS has attracted increasing attention from academics, industries, and governments with the increase in the requirements for the interoperability and integration of different sources of spatial data. Three-dimensional road extraction based on multisource remote sensing data is still a challenging task due to road occlusion and topological complexity. This paper presents a novel framework for 3D road extraction by integrating LiDAR point clouds and high-resolution remote sensing imagery. First, a multiscale collaborative representation-based road probability estimation method was proposed to segment road surfaces from high-resolution remote sensing imagery. Then, an automatic stratification process was conducted to specify the layer values of each road segment. Additionally, a multifactor filtering strategy was proposed in consideration of the complexity of ground features and the existence of noise in LiDAR points. Lastly, a least-square-based elevation interpolation method is used for restoring the elevation information of road sections blocked by overpasses. The experimental results based on two datasets in Hong Kong Island show that the proposed method obtains competitively satisfactory results.

Stratification processes in Uzbek society

The stratification processes taking place in the newly independent states of the post-Soviet space have both common starting principles and special tendencies. Under the conditions of market reforms, stratification processes are deepening. Based on a comparative analysis of various approaches, the author identified nine types of stratification systems and their general historical nature. A summary description of the specifics of each of them is provided. As a special feature, the article shows the division of Uzbek society into various social strata and strata according to their status indicators.

Effects of Seasonal Thermal Stratification on Nitrogen Transformation and Diffusion at the Sediment-Water Interface in a Deep Canyon Artificial Reservoir of Wujiang River Basin

Watershed-scale nitrogen pollution in aquatic systems has become a worldwide concern due to its continuous impact on water quality deterioration, while the knowledge of key influencing factors dominating nitrogen transportation and transformation at the sediment-water interface (SWI) remains limited, especially in impounded rivers with an artificial reservoir. Hence, for a better understanding of the effects of thermal stratification on nitrogen transformation, we investigated the nitrogen species and isotopes in the sediment of a deep reservoir in Southwest China. Our results confirmed a significant difference in nitrogen species and isotopic composition in sediment between those in the thermal stratification period and non-thermal stratification period and indicated that the sediment biogeochemical process and transportation were clearly linked to the variations in water temperature and dissolved oxygen dominated by the process of thermal stratification. Significant seasonal differences in NH4+-N and NO3−-N in pore water of the upper layer (0–19 cm) revealed that nitrification exhausted NH4+ in the non-stratified period (NSP), and a potential low mineralization rate appeared when compared with those in the stratified period (SP). Seasonal differences in nitrogen species and isotope fractionation of δ15N-PON (about 2.3‰ in SP) in the upper layer sediment indicated a higher anaerobic mineralization rate of organic matter in SP than that in NSP. The diffusion fluxes of NH4+-N at SWI were 9.48 and 15.66 mg·m−2·d−1 in NSP and SP, respectively, and annual NH4+-N diffusion accounted for 21.8% of total storage in the reservoir. This study demonstrated that the nitrogen cycling processes, especially nitrification, denitrification, and mineralization, have been largely altered along with the changes in dissolved oxygen and that the diffusion of nitrogen species varied with the presence of the oxygen. The results contribute to the future study of watershed nitrogen budget evaluation and suggest that the endogenous nitrogen released from the sediment-water interface should be emphasized when aiming to fulfil water management policies in deep reservoirs.

Genealogy and the contemporary of “orang rawang”: hidden population mapping on forest and land resource control practices in South Sumatera

The issuance of rights to manage and use forest and land resources by the government to large corporations usually incurs costs for the state and society. One of them is the emergence of hidden populations, namely people who are marginalized and even oppressed by development programs. Using the hidden population mapping method, this study reveals that hidden populations are born from the issuance of management and use rights on land they have relied on for their livelihoods. In this study, Orang Rawang is used as a term to represent a hidden population which the amounts is approximately about 30% of the population of Perigi Village and 35% of the population of Riding Village. The formation of Orang Rawang can be associated with a long-standing social stratification process that can now be identified from assets and survival strategies. Most of them do not have assets in the form of land ownership on mineral lands. Their main livelihood is fishing and collecting wood and non-timber products. Social networking in the community is carried out horizontally by dividing collective space for roaming areas, and vertically by forming patron-clan relationships with the Orang Risan and Orang Sungai.

The Multi-Scale Layering-Structure of Thermal Microscale Profiles

Thermal microstructure profiling is an established technique for investigating turbulent mixing and stratification in lakes and oceans. However, it provides only quasi-instantaneous, 1-D snapshots. Other approaches to measuring these phenomena exist, but each has logistic and/or quality weaknesses. Hence, turbulent mixing and stratification processes remain greatly under-sampled. This paper contributes to addressing this problem by presenting a novel analysis of thermal microstructure profiles, focusing on their multi-scale stratification structure. Profiles taken in two small lakes using a Self-Contained Automated Micro-Profiler (SCAMP) were analysed. For each profile, buoyancy frequency (N), Thorpe scales (LT), and the coefficient of vertical turbulent diffusivity (KZ) were determined. To characterize the multi-scale stratification, profiles of d2T/dz2 at a spectrum of scales were calculated and the number of turning points in them counted. Plotting these counts against the scale gave pseudo-spectra, which were characterized by the index D of their power law regression lines. Scale-dependent correlations of D with N, LT and KZ were found, and suggest that this approach may be useful for providing alternative estimates of the efficiency of turbulent mixing and measures of longer-term averages of KZ than current methods provide. Testing these potential uses will require comparison of field measurements of D with time-integrated KZ values and numerical simulations.

Crimmigration and the ‘Paradox of Exclusion’

Abstract Much scholarship underscores the exclusionary nature of crimmigration (the policy of criminalising infringements of immigration rules and imposing adverse immigration consequences as sanctions for criminal conduct), viewing it as a system of social marginalisation designed to prevent integration. This article, conversely, demonstrates crimmigration’s potential to contribute to the partial and symbolic acceptance of migrants. The article argues that crimmigration is characterised by a ‘paradox of exclusion’—a contradictory attempt to exclude undesirable migrants via the field of criminal law, which is designed primarily for citizens. Consequently, crimmigration regimes extend to migrants certain rights associated with membership and provide irregular migrants with various opportunities to gain admittance into the community. Two main processes contribute to this dynamic: the extension of principles typical of ‘citizen criminal law’ to migrants and the equation of law abidance with ‘good citizenship’, which informally confirms the right of certain migrants to remain in the country or their suitability for membership. The article discusses crimmigration’s consequent contribution to the process of civic stratification.

Identity, diversity and inclusion on the dance floor: Embodying self-reflexivity as mindful dance and movement teachers

ABSTRACT In this article, we explore how inclusion and diversity in mindful dance and movement practices can be supported by a practice of self-reflexivity in regards to our embodied identities as teachers. We understand identities as created through processes of stratification, which tend to assign dualistic, fixed and often mutually excluding categories of identities onto individuals and groups. A self-reflexive practice can help open up and soften some of these categories without negating the very real structural and lived consequences that stratification imposes. We thus seek to unfold a transformative both-and awareness through which both the strata and what lies in-between, through and beyond can be engaged and acknowledged. In doing so, we apply an embodied, autoethnographic style of inquiry to explore our personal embodiment of identities as mindful dance and movement teachers and the ways they influence and relate to a larger teaching field and to broader socio-political frames. Through this, we arrive at an understanding of how self-reflexivity can unfold a relational and empathic awareness of both the effects of stratification and for different possibilities, which helps to create a vital in-between space where more authentic possibilities for diversity and inclusion can manifest.

Вплив біометричних параметрів плоду горіха чорного (Juglans nigra L.) на проростання насінини

Goal. To establish the influence of quantitative biometric parameters of the black nut fruit on the dormancy of its seeds. Methods. The results of the research were processed according to generally accepted methods in agriculture, plant growing, statistics. Field — to collect fruits, measuring weight — to determine fruit parameters, spectrometric, mathematical-statistical — to carry out analysis of variance and statistical processing of research results to assess their reliability. Results. The relationships between the biometric parameters of the fruit of Juglans nigra L. — its size, weight, and thickness of the shell, the magnitude of the force of its splitting, the mass of the nucleus for germination. A positive correlation was found between the yield of the nut kernel and the mass of the endocarp, and the effort to split the shell was determined by its mass. According to 3-year research, the inversely proportional dependence of the quantitative indicators of the amount of splitting on the mass of the endocarp has been proved, on which the strength of seed germination depends — the smaller the endocarp, the harder it is to germinate. The influence of the stratification process on the strength of the shell and endocarp, the humidity of which increases up to 5 times, which reduces their strength during splitting, is determined. Conclusions. It was found that the yield of the nut kernel depends on the mass of the endocarp; the effort to split the shell of the nut — from its mass and shows a positive correlation with the mass of the kernel; the effort to split 1 g of mass is inversely proportional to the mass of the endocarp and directly proportional to the mass of the nucleus. The smaller the endocarp, the harder it is to germinate; the moisture content of the shell (almost 5 times) and the endocarp in general changes in the process of stratification, resulting in a decrease in its strength in splitting.

Continuing Education and Stratification at Midlife.

We ask whether patterns of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic stratification in educational attainment are amplified or attenuated when we take a longer view of educational careers. We propose a model of staged advantage to understand how educational inequalities evolve over the life course. Distinct from cumulative advantage, staged advantage asserts that inequalities in education ebb and flow over the life course as the population at risk of making each educational transition changes along with the constraints they confront in seeking more education. Results based on data from the 2014 follow-up of the sophomore cohort of High School and Beyond offer partial support for our hypotheses. The educational attainment process was far from over for our respondents as they aged through their 30s and 40s: more than six of ten continued their formal training during this period and four of ten earned an additional credential. Patterns of educational stratification at midlife became more pronounced in some ways, as women pulled further ahead of men in their educational attainments and parental education (but not income), and high school academic achievement continued to shape educational trajectories at the bachelor's degree level and beyond. However, African American respondents gained on White respondents during this life phase through continued formal (largely academic) training and slightly greater conditional probabilities of graduate or professional degree attainment; social background fails to predict earning an associate degree. These results, showing educational changes and transitions far into adulthood, have implications for our understanding of the complex role of education in stratification processes.

Doing it together. The dynamics of volunteer work in football clubs for children, the Swedish case

ABSTRACT Football is one of the most popular organized leisure activities, and sports clubs organize many volunteers. But participation is stratified, volunteering among parents is class based and especially immigrant girls participate less. The aim of this study is to explore volunteering for children’s football as a social activity from a relational perspective. We analyse the dynamics in the clubs to understand how structures are shaped in interaction between individuals and organizations. The study has a mixed-methods approach with interviews among club employees and a survey to volunteers. Our analysis reveal that the dynamics of the recruitment process results in a homogenic group of volunteers from a more affluent area and that flexible working hours is a key mechanism in the stratification process. Even so the playing children seems to be a more heterogenic group and especially boys seem to be recruited from a wider community.

Intersectional Inequality and Global Economic Power: Self-Feeding Dynamics Within and Across National Borders

This paper explores the interlinkages among several trends that have accelerated in the years since the Great Financial Crisis (GFC): the inability of governments in open emerging-market economies to sustain countercyclical policies; central banks’ measures to ensure the stability of hyper-leveraged global financial markets; rising inequality within and between nations; nativist fervor and a search for political scapegoats among voting publics; and enhanced global economic control by unaccountable corporate elites. We “connect the dots” between global power-plays and national and local stratification processes by following the trajectory of six papers that Eugenia Correa authored or coauthored between 2012 and 2020 in English-language journals.

Notions of (In)Dependence at a Papua New Guinean University

AbstractThis article explores notions of interpersonal dependence and personal independence voiced by university students, graduates, and staff in Papua New Guinea (PNG). It discusses how those obtaining a university education to become regular wage earners reflect on navigating the financial requests of less privileged kin. Wage earners often ascribe dependence to these kin and former sponsors who subsequently may rely on them in times of need. As the number of putatively dependent kin are often large, the process of social stratification that university‐educated wage earners experience also gives rise to reflections about social welfare systems that underlie or could potentially alleviate specific constellations of perceived dependence. Ascriptions of dependence as discussed in this article highlight the combination of the dynamic circumstances of ongoing social stratification and nation‐making with increased levels of connectivity through transport and mobile phone infrastructure, leading an emerging middle class to reconsider some of their social connections.

The promise of precision medicine in autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a clinically and etiologically diverse developmental condition characterized by diminished social interactions, impaired communication, and repetitive and/or restrictive behaviors. Recent advances in ASD genetics pave the way for implementation of precision medicine in clinical management of autism.

La estructura productiva en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. De la valorización financiera (1976-2001) a las transformaciones en el siglo XXI

The Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires (RMBA) is constituted by a series of districts that surround the federal capital of Argentina. Here, the productive and population epicenter of the country is concentrated, since it harbors approximately one third of the total gross product and a quarter of the country’s inhabitants. This paper analyzes the way in which the economic structure of the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires responded to changes among the different capital accumulation patterns in recent Argentina. The purpose is to study socio-territorial changes in connection with the transformations in the political economy, with emphasis in industry and employment during the period of 2003-2019, and then we draw a cardinal-spatial delimitation (south, west, north) that identifies the structural nuclei of each region. Evidences indicate that changes among the capital accumulation pattern between 2003 and 2015 stopped partially the process of de-industrialization, not so the process of social and urban stratification observed during the financial valorization regime (1976-2001) in the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires, while those trends returned and deepened since 2016.

Research on the Stratification Process and Influencing Factors of Liaocheng Ancient City Based on the Translation of Historical Map

The study of historical maps is the basis for understanding the dynamic changes of cities. In this paper, the historical map of Liaocheng ancient city and other data were translated, and GIS technology was used for visual analysis. Meanwhile, combined with the concept of “stratification” in the urban historical landscape, this paper summarizes the historical evolution of the ancient city from multiple dimensions and explores the factors affecting its development in order to realize the sustainable development of Liaocheng ancient city.