Self-presentation Processes Research Articles

ЦИФРОВА ІДЕНТИЧНІСТЬ ЯК ВІДОБРАЖЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОГО СУСПІЛЬСТВА

Usanova L. A., Suprun H. H. Digital identity as areflection of information society. – Article.The article investigates issues of digital identityas a response to challenges of the contemporaryinformation society. The analysis of individualizationand self-presentation processes of an individual on theinternet is conducted. With the spread of the role ofinternet identity as a modern phenomenon, personalsocial presentation becomes an important condition ofonline and offline life. The article highlights specificaspects and methods of digital image creation throughinterpersonal communicative activity. «Slacktivism»and «post-truth» phenomena of the digital environmentare analyzed. Slacktivism is a common product ofdigital field development and it is a way of reactingto societal tendencies due to the wish of building selfesteemas an individual that responds to challenges andtrends of the present time. The phenomenon of posttruthis considered as information (a statement) withmultifaceted interpretation possibilities without claimingobjectivity. The consequence of that is manipulation andmisinformation in the information field. It is pointedout that verified and objective facts combine or evengive way to messages that are aimed directly at theemotional reaction of both individuals and broad socialgroups as a whole. The article also emphasizes that atthe beginning of its development, the Internet servedmostly as an information and educational platform, butwith the spread and availability of digital technologies itwas transformed into a social and communicative space.Emphasis is placed on the fact that the phenomenon ofdigital identity is carried out through interpersonalcommunication and self-representation in the digitalenvironment. Individualization of personality becomesdynamic in line with new variables that may ariseboth in the information field and within interpersonalcommunication. Social networks are the platforms thatgive users the opportunity for personal realization andgenerate a deceptive sense of involvement in significantprocesses on a mass scale.

“Nice to get to know you”

Virtual exchange comprises online collaborative activities in facilitated, educational contexts across borders. This paper offers a multimodal approach to the study of social presence in students’ asynchronous online discourse in the context of virtual exchange. It draws on the Community of Inquiry model of online learning (Garrison 2017) and interprets social presence as the dynamic discursive process of social interaction and self-presentation. The data consists of screenshots collected in a closed Facebook group during the first assignment of a Czech-Finnish virtual exchange project in 2017. The study aims to explore how the method of multimodal discourse analysis can be used to describe the three dimensions of social presence. The students’ self-introductory posts, reactions and comments were examined in three modes of meaning-making: the linguistic, the visual and the action mode. The study offers a model for the qualitative multimodal discourse analysis of social presence construction in asynchronous social media interaction.

Complexity and potentials of clinical feedback in mental health: an in-depth study of patient processes

PurposeRoutine outcome monitoring (ROM) and clinical feedback systems (CFS) are becoming increasingly prevalent in mental health services. Their overall efficacy is unclear, but quantitative evidence suggests they can be useful tools for preventing treatment failure and enhancing therapeutic outcomes, especially for patients who are not progressing in therapy. The body of qualitative material, however, is smaller and less refined. We need to know more about how ROM/CFS is used in psychotherapy, and why it is helpful for some patients, but not others.MethodsWe recorded therapy sessions of 12 patients who were using a CFS as part of their therapies at an outpatient clinic in Norway. We then conducted video-assisted interviews and follow-up interviews with patients. Data were analyzed with systematic text condensation.ResultsAnalysis revealed three themes: (1) triggering reflections, emotions, and self-awareness, (2) Ambivalent and ambiguous self-presentation, and (3) potential for feeling understood and talking about what matters.ConclusionAnswering questions in a CFS is an interpretative and intentional process of self-presentation and the results from ROM/CFS must be interpreted and explored in conversation to be clinically useful. When they are, they have potential for enhancing the therapeutic process by stimulating self-awareness, reflexivity, and allowing access to new therapeutic topics. Further research should explore this how-to aspect of ROM/CFS with different CFS and different types of patients. Integrating clinical feedback in therapeutic practice can be conceptualized as a clinical skill, which should be a part of training programs for therapists.

SOCIAL RELATIONS AND SELF-PRESENTATION OF THE YOUTH POLITICAL LEADERS OF ALTAI KRAI AND NOVOSIBIRSK OBLAST IN VKONTAKTE SOCIAL MEDIA

The article is dedicated to the research of self-presentation and social relations of the youth political leaders in VKontakte (VK) social media in Siberian Federal District by example of Altai krai and Novosibirsk oblast. This includes the analysis of social and political capital of the youth political organisations’ leaders in online environment. The goal of this research is to distinguish the forms and contents of self-presentation, the image of the youth political leaders, basing on their social relations and communications in VK. For this purpose, the author uses the TargetHunter parcer, as well as the R programming language for the open data harvesting, and Gephi program to create the social media graph. Conclusion. Basing on the research results, the author concludes that the youth political leaders actively use social media resources, particularly VK, to shape their image and promote it in public affairs. Meanwhile, the process of self-presentation of such leaders is impacted by numerous variables. It also tends to change its forms. VK is especially effective for political activity of the leaders who strive to gain their personal social capital, to create unique and high quality content, and to create channels for steady communication with their primary audience. As for the youth political organisations’ heads, their social media space is more miscellaneous and is usually subjected to clasterization, creating groups. The youth leaders also represent similar social environment. Therefore, the environment creates the leaders, as much as the leaders create the environment.

The Relationship of Physical Activity From Physical Education with Perceived Peer Acceptance Across Childhood and Adolescence.

Although physical activity can play a positive role in psychosocial development, few studies have longitudinally examined the relationship between physical activity from physical education (PA from PE) and perceived peer acceptance (PPA). Data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey were used with 1908 elementary students from the first (age 10years) to the 4-year panel (age 13 years), and 1954 middle-school students from the first (age 14 years) to the 4-year panel (age 17 years). We analyzed the data using latent curve modeling. In childhood, an increase in the amount of PA from PE over time positively corresponds with positive linear tendency of PPA over time. In adolescence, a decrease in the amount of PA from PE over time negatively corresponds with positive linear tendency toward PPA over time. Thus, PPA changes are positively associated with PA from PE across both childhood and adolescence. Our data suggest that the amount of PA obtained in PE is salient to perceived peer acceptance of both children and adolescents. Other variables (eg, friendship, self-presentational processes) that might affect this relationship should be explored.

From Youthful Experimentation to Professional Identity: Understanding Identity Transitions in Social Media

The process of self-presentation is significantly complicated for people growing up with social media. Many individuals have time-stamped digital footprints in social media from early youth to adulthood. However, little is known about long-term consequences for these individuals, their experience of time and their identity transition from youthful experimentation to a professional identity in social media. Through 15 in-depth interviews, our study explores challenges concerning identity transition and impression management in social media for young adults who have recently entered working life as journalists. Our participants described how they curated their image and self-censored both their previous and current self-generated content in social media. We also find that many have actively opted for passive and peace-keeping self-presentation and use of social media or for turning their usage into private messaging platforms, masking their online identity. Some participants indicated they felt trapped by their own identity making in social media.

Experimental study of person-centered psychotherapy in somatogenic disorders treatment (A study of chronic gastrointestinal diseases)

This article touches upon the problem of Person-centered psychotherapy in the treatment of specific psycho-emotional problems caused by chronic physical illnesses. The study involved the patients with chronic diseases of gastroenterological spectrum on the exacerbation stage. Total sample size was 144 people: 85 females (59.09%) and 59 males (40.01%) at the age from 24 to 59 y. The average duration of therapy ranged from 15 to 20 hours. A separate group of patients (15 people) were treated with medications prescribed by a psychiatrist in accordance with psychopathological report taking into account the basic diagnosis (anxiolytic, sedative, nootropic, anti-depressants). Methods. At the sample selection and the final stages the MMPI, M. Luscher Colour Test and L. Szondi Test were applied. Before and after each therapeutic session express-diagnostics via SAM- techniques (self-esteem, activity, mood), in form of personal semantic differential was applied. Results and conclusions. The most significant results in terms of clinical features (health, strengthening, stress reduction, reduction of scales’ peaks, indicating the severity of the reactive state, positive dynamics of the lab tests, etc.) have been observed in the group of patients receiving concomitant (psychological, pharmacological and nosology-oriented) therapy. It may be assumed that various psychotherapeutic approaches should be considered as subsidiary, rather than principal, means of chronic illness treatment. Psychological methods proper would be useful for emotional abreaction, switching attention from the dominant physical suffering to the patient's personal resources, as well as self-presentation processes.

Foursquare and identity: Checking-in and presenting the self through location

Foursquare is a location-based social network (LBSN) that allows people to share their location with friends by ‘checking-in’ at a given place using their smartphone. The application can also access the location-based recommendations left by other users. Drawing on original qualitative research with a range of Foursquare users, the article sets out to examine this LBSN and its impact on identity in three ways. Using Schwartz and Halegoua’s ‘spatial self’ as ‘a theoretical framework encapsulating the process of online self-presentation based on the display of offline physical activities’, the article first examines the extent to which users understand check-ins as mediating identity. Second, the article explores whether the act of using Foursquare beyond the sharing of location can similarly be seen as contributing to identity. Last, the article examines what effect location-based recommendations might be having on how users subsequently experience themselves.

The Dark Triad and trait self-objectification as predictors of men’s use and self-presentation behaviors on social networking sites

An online survey of a nationally representative sample of U.S. men aged 18–40 assessed trait predictors of social networking site use as well as two forms of visual self-presentation: editing one’s image in photographs posted on social networking sites (SNSs) and posting “selfies,” or pictures users take of themselves. We examined the Dark Triad (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) and trait self-objectification as predictors. Self-objectification and narcissism predicted time spent on SNSs. Narcissism and psychopathy predicted the number of selfies posted, whereas narcissism and self-objectification predicted editing photographs of oneself posted on SNSs. We discuss selective self-presentation processes on social media and how these traits may influence interpersonal relationship development in computer-mediated communication.

The spatial self: Location-based identity performance on social media

As a growing number of social media platforms now include location information from their users, researchers are confronted with new online representations of individuals, social networks, and the places they inhabit. To better understand these representations and their implications, we introduce the concept of the “spatial self”: a theoretical framework encapsulating the process of online self-presentation based on the display of offline physical activities. Building on previous studies in social science, humanities, and computer and information science, we analyze the ways offline experiences are harnessed and performed online. We first provide an encompassing interdisciplinary survey of research that investigates the relationships between location, information technology, and identity performance. Then, we identify and characterize the spatial self as well as examine its occurrences through three case studies of popular social media sites: Instagram, Facebook, and Foursquare. Finally, we offer possible research directions and methodological considerations for the analysis of geocoded social media data.

A prospective investigation of the relationships between self-presentation processes and physical activity in women treated for breast cancer.

In the current study, we (a) describe naturally occurring changes in self-presentation processes (i.e., impression motivation, impression construction) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) over a period of 6 months among women who were treated for breast cancer; (b) evaluate the associations of cancer-specific factors with self-presentation processes and MVPA; and (c) examine the within- and between-person associations of self-presentation processes with MVPA. For this prospective longitudinal study, women (n = 128; Mage = 55.14 years) completed questionnaires posttreatment for breast cancer (Mtime since treatment = 3.96 months), as well as 3 and 6 months later. Based on the findings of the multilevel analysis, self-presentation processes remained stable over time, whereas MVPA levels changed over time (Blinear = 6.11, SE = 2.44, Bquadratic = -3.41, SE = 1.23). Radiotherapy was related to impression motivation (B = -.40, SE = .19) and impression construction (B = -.45, SE = .15), and chemotherapy was related to impression motivation (B = .31, SE = .15). Impression motivation was associated with MVPA at the between-person level (γ₀₁ = 5.72, SE = 1.22), and impression construction was associated with MVPA at the between- and within-person levels (γ₀₁ = 3.45, SE = 1.49; γ₁₀ = 3.67, SE = 1.66). This study provides insight into the patterns of self-presentation processes and MVPA during early cancer survivorship, as well as the associations between these constructs at the within- and between-person levels. Based on these findings, more research is needed to determine whether self-presentation processes should be conceptualized as state or trait characteristics or as having both components, and extend the self-presentation framework to incorporate additional explanatory variables as this might provide a more complete explanation of MVPA.

Machines, Department Stores, and Advertising. The U.S. as a Material Nation between the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

This article focuses on the concrete and symbolic process of construction, self-identification and self-presentation of U.S.-America as a “material” nation, a self-identification elaborated, albeit seldom by using this term, through the emphasis on its “exceptional” system of production, distribution, and consumption between the turn of the century and the immediate aftermath of WWI. It weaves together three, so far separate, streams of research such as the one on the American system of manufacturing, that on the emergence of modern patterns of distribution and consumption, and the literature on the sustained efforts at “exporting” abroad the “American dream”. It charts the evolution of the business practices and of the rhetoric used to forge the notion of “material nation,” the actors involved, the implications this had for the process of real and imagined nation-making and for the different social and cultural segments comprising the nation.

Self-Presentation and Physical Activity in Breast Cancer Survivors: The Moderating Effect of Social Cognitive Constructs

This study examined (1) the relationships between self-presentation processes (i.e., impression motivation and impression construction) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among breast cancer survivors, and (2) whether social cognitive constructs (i.e., self-presentational efficacy expectancy [SPEE]; self-presentational outcome expectancy [SPOE]; self-presentational outcome value [SPOV]) moderate these relationships. Breast cancer survivors (N = 169; Mage = 55.06, SD = 10.67 years) completed self-report measures. Hierarchical regression analysis, controlling for age and body mass index, indicated that impression motivation was a significant correlate of MVPA (β = .25). Furthermore, SPEE (β = .21) and SPOV (β = .27) were moderators of this relationship. The final models accounted for 12-24% of the variance in MVPA. The findings of this study suggest that self-presentation processes (i.e., impression motivation) may indeed relate to breast cancer survivors' MVPA. In addition, social cognitive constructs (i.e., SPEE, SPOV) moderated the relationship between impression motivation and MVPA. It may be effective to target impression motivation, SPEE, and SPOV in interventions aimed at increasing MVPA among breast cancer survivors.

Trait perfectionism, self-determination, and self-presentation processes in relation to exercise behavior

Objectives Motivational and self-presentational processes pervade all aspects of our lives including exercise behaviors. Furthermore, trait perfectionism has been shown to heighten self-presentational tendencies and energize achievement striving ( Flett & Hewitt, 2002; Hewitt et al., 2003). How maladaptive and adaptive perfectionism traits relate to these cognitive and behavioral processes specific to the exercise context remains to be determined. This study employed structural equation modeling to examine the associations between maladaptive and adaptive perfectionism, self-determination of exercise behavior, self-presentation in exercise, and exercise behavior. Method Two hundred and fifty-four undergraduate students completed items assessing frequency, intensity, and duration of aerobic exercise behavior, along with measures of Multidimensional Perfectionism ( Cox, Enns, & Clara, 2002), Self-Presentation in Exercise ( Conroy, Motl, & Hall, 2000; Gammage, Hall, Prapavessis, et al., 2004), and self-determination of exercise behavior utilizing the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2; Markland & Tobin, 2004). Results Results supported a structural model in which the associations between perfectionism dimensions and aerobic exercise behavior were mediated by opposing relationships with relative autonomy (RAI; Markland & Tobin, 2004) and self-presentation processes. Distinctively, maladaptive perfectionism demonstrated an inverse direct effect on the RAI and positive direct effects on self-presentation processes. In contrast, adaptive perfectionism exerted a positive direct effect on the RAI and inverse direct effects on self-presentation processes. Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of both maladaptive and adaptive dimensions of perfectionism in the study of exercise outcomes and within the broader social context linking perfectionism and motivation.

Narcissism, social anxiety and self-presentation in exercise

In an exercise setting where impression motivation might be high but self-presentation efficacy low, social anxiety is likely to occur ( Schlenker & Leary, 1982). Narcissism is, however, associated with low anxiety, high confidence, and a keenness for social evaluation ( Wallace, Baumeister, & Vohs, 2005) and therefore may protect exercisers from social anxiety. One hundred and sixty undergraduates (88 males and 72 females; M age = 20.45 years, SD = 2.49 years) completed measures of narcissism, social anxiety, and self-presentation in exercise. In females, narcissism moderated the impression motivation/construction–social anxiety relationships. Findings extend our understanding of the self-presentational processes involved in exercise and, specifically, how narcissism protects individuals from experiencing high social anxiety.

Are self-deceivers enhancing positive affect or denying negative affect? Toward an understanding of implicit affective processes

Self-deception is an important construct in social, personality, and clinical literatures. Although historical and clinical views of self-deception have regarded it as defensive in nature and operation, modern views of this individual difference variable instead highlight its apparent benefits to subjective mental health. The present four studies reinforce the latter view by showing that self-deception predicts positive priming effects, but not negative priming effects, in reaction time tasks sensitive to individual differences in affective priming. In all studies, individuals higher in self-deception displayed stronger positive priming effects, defined in terms of facilitation with two positive stimuli in a consecutive sequence, but self-deception did not predict negative priming effects in the same tasks. Importantly, these effects occurred both in tasks that called for the retrieval of self-knowledge (Study 1) and those that did not (Studies 2–4). This broad pattern supports substantive views of self-deception rather than views narrowly focused on self-presentation processes. Implications for understanding self-deception are discussed.

Managing Impressions Online: Self-Presentation Processes in the Online Dating Environment

This study investigates self-presentation strategies among online dating participants,exploring how participants manage their online presentation of self in order to accom-plish the goal of finding a romantic partner. Thirty-four individuals active on a largeonline dating site participated in telephone interviews about their online dating experi-ences and perceptions. Qualitative data analysis suggests that participants attended tosmall cues online, mediated the tension between impression management pressures andthe desire to present an authentic sense of self through tactics such as creating a profilethat reflected their ‘‘ideal self,’’ and attempted to establish the veracity of their identityclaims. This study provides empirical support for Social Information Processing theoryin a naturalistic context while offering insight into the complicated way in which ‘‘hon-esty’’ is enacted online.doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00020.x

Children's Evaluation of Sources of Information About Traits.

Children's assessment of the value of different sources of information about psychological traits was investigated among 6- to 7-year-olds and 10- to 11-year-olds across 5 studies (N = 330). Older children were more likely than younger children to reject self-report as a source of information about the highly evaluative traits smart and honest, but no such age-related difference was seen for the less evaluative comparison traits outgoing and nervous. A similar pattern of age-related differences was seen when children were asked to identify which of 4 sources of information--self-report, teacher report, peer report, or direct observation--would be most useful for obtaining information about the evaluative and comparison traits. The age-related increase in skepticism about self-report as a source of information for evaluative traits was associated with an increased appreciation of the role that social desirability plays in self-presentational processes.

Self-presentation processes in job analysis: a field experiment investigating inflation in abilities, tasks, and competencies.

Although job analysis is a widely used organizational data collection technique, little research has investigated the extent to which job analysis information is affected by self-presentation processes. This study represents the first direct test of the propositions offered by F. P. Morgeson and M. A. Campion (1997) concerning self-presentation in job analysis measurement. Using an experimental design, the authors examined job incumbent response differences across ability, task, and competency statements. Results indicated that ability statements were more subject to inflation than were task statements across all rating scales. Greater endorsement of nonessential ability statements was responsible for the differences. This produced higher endorsement of ability items but lower mean ratings. Finally, frequency and importance ratings of global competency statements were generally higher than decomposed ability and task scales, but required-at-entry judgments demonstrated the opposite relationship.

Self-Presentational Processes in Health-Damaging Behavior

Self-presentation has been shown to play a role in the performance of a variety of potentially health-damaging behaviors such as substance abuse, exercise avoidance, failing to wear protective sports equipment, and failing to seek medical treatment (Leary, Tchividjian, & Kraxberger, 1994; Martin, Leary, & Rejeski, 2000). Using the two component model of impression management (Leary & Kowalski, 1990) as an organizational framework, this paper discusses the role of impression-motivation and impression-construction in the performance of health-damaging behaviors in physical activity and other contexts. Research is reviewed that examines both features of the immediate situation (e.g., the number and identity of other people who are present, operating norms and roles, incentives) and characteristics of the individual (e.g., traits, values, goals, self-concept) that affect the performance of health-damaging behaviors for self-presentational reasons. Recommendations for future research are discussed.