Rewriting Process Research Articles

Chemical synthesis rewriting of a bacterial genome to achieve design flexibility and biological functionality

Understanding how to program biological functions into artificial DNA sequences remains a key challenge in synthetic genomics. Here, we report the chemical synthesis and testing of Caulobacter ethensis-2.0 (C. eth-2.0), a rewritten bacterial genome composed of the most fundamental functions of a bacterial cell. We rebuilt the essential genome of Caulobacter crescentus through the process of chemical synthesis rewriting and studied the genetic information content at the level of its essential genes. Within the 785,701-bp genome, we used sequence rewriting to reduce the number of encoded genetic features from 6,290 to 799. Overall, we introduced 133,313 base substitutions, resulting in the rewriting of 123,562 codons. We tested the biological functionality of the genome design in C. crescentus by transposon mutagenesis. Our analysis revealed that 432 essential genes of C. eth-2.0, corresponding to 81.5% of the design, are equal in functionality to natural genes. These findings suggest that neither changing mRNA structure nor changing the codon context have significant influence on biological functionality of synthetic genomes. Discovery of 98 genes that lost their function identified essential genes with incorrect annotation, including a limited set of 27 genes where we uncovered noncoding control features embedded within protein-coding sequences. In sum, our results highlight the promise of chemical synthesis rewriting to decode fundamental genome functions and its utility toward the design of improved organisms for industrial purposes and health benefits.

Self-Translation: A Faithful Rendition or a Rewriting Process? Haikal’s Autumn of Fury as an Example

This study aims to investigate if self-translation is a true interpretation of a Source Text (ST) into a Target Text (TT), or if it is in fact a rewriting process. The study examines Haikal’s self-translation of a book titled ‘Autumn of Fury: T he Assassination of Sadat’ . This self-translation is used as an example due to the modifications and changes made by Haikal, and examines to what extent the translator is faithful to his ST (English version). For the purpose of this study, fifteen examples have been selected from Haikal's version of Autumn of Fury. They are then analysed and compared to their Arabic translations (TT), and the differences are highlighted and discussed. The selected examples include words, phrases, sentences, and sometimes whole paragraphs. The study relies on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a theoretical framework to uncover the hidden ideologies and attitudes behind the modification, manipulation, or rewriting of the ST into Arabic. These examples are analysed from linguistic, political and ideological perspectives. The study finds that Haikal’s self-translation of Autumn of Fury into Arabic was actually a rewriting process rather than a translation process, and that a new book is almost recreated out of the original. Keywords: Self-translation, rewriting, ideology, CDA, Haikal, and Autumn of Fury

Identification of proofs via syzygies

In 1900, Hilbert gave a lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris, for which he prepared 23 problems that mathematicians should solve during the twentieth century. It was found that there was a note on a 24th problem focusing on the problem of simplicity of proofs. One of the lines of research that was generated from this problem was the identification of proofs. In this article, we present a possible method for exploring the identification of proofs based on the membership problem original from the theory of polynomial rings. To show this, we start by giving a complete worked-out example of a membership problem, that is the problem of checking if a given polynomial belongs to an ideal generated by finitely many polynomials. This problem can be solved by considering Gröbner bases and the corresponding reductions. Each reduction is a simplification of the polynomial and it corresponds to a rewriting step. In proving that a polynomial is a member of an ideal, a rewriting process is used, and many different such processes can be considered. To better illustrate this, we consider a graph where each rewriting step corresponds to an edge, and thus a path corresponds to a rewriting process. In this paper, we consider the identification of paths, within the context of the membership problem, to propose a criterion of identification of proofs. This article is part of the theme issue 'The notion of 'simple proof' - Hilbert's 24th problem'.

Zâd al-Muttaqîn Fî Tauhîd Rabb al-`Âlamîn Syaikh Abdus Shamad al-Palembani

Zâd-Muttaqîn fi Tauhîd Rabb al-Âlamin is one of the most important works of Syaikh Abdus Shamad al-Palembani, an ulama and a great sufi, who has a huge role in Islamic development in Malay World during the 18th century. This was the only work of his describing completely about Wihdat Al-Wujud. Unfortunately, this work was not widely-recognized by Muslim society. This is because the script was not listed in the Arabic-malay cataloqs. This makes the writer is interested to do some research on this work.Using a single script editing and a standard edition method, this study is expected to result a new edition which will be easily understood by modern readers. Moreover, it will be reviewed the manuscript’s codicology aspects in order to reveal the trace of manuscript history well. This study is also hoped to be able to illustrate about the whole basic framework on his sufistic thingking, mainly if it was related to his thought in the past and previous works.This work was originally rewritten in 1868 by Haji Ma’ruf bin Haji Muhammad Hasyim. This research found that the process of rewriting of this work was carelessly done. The writer found some serious mistakes; the numbering of the pages, miswrite, and some grammatical mistakes. In this work, al-Palembani teaches the basic concept of Tauhid, and then build a doctrine of Wihdat al-wujud on it. - in this case - Wihdat al-Wujud al-Muwahhid. His doctrine was derived from two different concepts; al-Faidh and al-Zhill, which were later combined. The approach used to interpret this teaching was to combine the two different concepts of the scholars from two main streams of sufisms; philosophical and akhlaki mysticism.
 
 Keywords: Zâd al-Muttaqîn fi Tauhîd Rabb al-`Âlamîn, Syaikh Abdus Shamad al-Palimbani, Philological Approach

The effect of optimised patient information materials on recruitment in a lung cancer screening trial: an embedded randomised recruitment trial

BackgroundWritten participant information materials are important for ensuring that potential trial participants receive necessary information so that they can provide informed consent. However, such materials are frequently long and complex, which may negatively impact patient understanding and willingness to participate. Improving readability, ease of comprehension and presentation may assist with improved participant recruitment. The Systematic Techniques for Assisting Recruitment to Trials (MRC START) study aimed to develop and evaluate interventions to improve trial recruitment. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an optimised participant information brochure and cover letter developed by MRC START regarding response and participant recruitment rates.MethodsWe conducted a study within a trial (SWAT) embedded in the EarlyCDT Lung Cancer Scotland (ECLS) trial that aimed to assess the effectiveness of a new test in reducing the incidence of patients with late-stage lung cancer at diagnosis compared with standard care. Potential participants approached for ECLS were randomised to receive the original participant information brochure and accompanying letter (control group) or optimised versions of these materials which had undergone user testing and a process of re-writing, re-organisation and professional graphic design (intervention group). The primary outcome was the number of patients recruited to ECLS. The secondary outcome was the proportion of patients expressing an interest in participating in ECLS.ResultsIn total, 2262 patients were randomised, 1136 of whom were sent the intervention materials and 1126 of whom were sent the control materials. The proportion of patients enrolled and randomised into ECLS was 180 of 1136 (15.8%) in the intervention group and 176 of 1126 (15.6%) in the control group (OR = 1.016, 95% CI, 0.660 to 1.564). The proportion of patients who positively responded to the invitation was 224 of 1136 (19.7%) in the intervention group and 205 of 1126 (18.2%) in the control group (OR = 1.103, 95% CI, 0.778 to 1.565).ConclusionsOptimised patient information materials made little difference to the proportion of patients positively responding to a trial invitation or to the proportion subsequently randomised to the host trial.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01925625. Registered on 15 August 2015.Study Within A Trial, SWAT-23. Registered on 12 April 2016.

Retranslations of Faulkner’s Sanctuary in Turkish Literature

This study is based on a comparative analysis of Turkish translations of Sanctuary (1931) by William Faulkner and aims to review the assumptions of literary translation by Antoine Berman’s “retranslation hypothesis” and “deforming tendencies”. The novel was exposed to an obligatory rewriting process by the editor and was reworded by Faulkner who acted as a self-translator to make the original version acceptable. The rewritten version, which can be regarded as an intralingual translation, became the source text for interlingual translations. The novel was first translated by Ender Gürol as Kutsal Sığınak (1961); then by Özar Sunar as Lekeli Günler (1967) and finally by Necla Aytür as Tapınak (2007). Among Faulkner’s fifteen books which have been translated into Turkish thus far, Sanctuary is the only one with three translations in total. The translational process will be described to understand the rationale behind translators’ decisions within the context of translation studies.

Lope de Vega se reescribe: De la comedia bizantina a la novela corta (La viuda, casada y doncella, Guzmán el Bravo y La prudente venganza)

I examine how lope de vega drew upon an early comedia, La viuda, casada y doncella (1597), in devising two late masterpieces, Guzmán el Bravo and La prudente venganza, both printed in La Circe (1624). In particular, my study scrutinizes the ways that the novellas reconfigure episodes from the earlier comedia and traces the literary trail left by the process of rewriting. Three poles of attraction to La viuda, casada y doncella come to light: the comedia's success on stage during two decades; its renewed popularity as a literary work upon publication in the Parte 7 (1617); and the drama's Byzantine plot motifs. Such elements included vertiginous separations and reunions of lovers, storms, shipwrecks, captivity, and other trials—popularized in translations and adaptations of heliodorus's Aethiopica as well as in italian novellas and other literary genres—that had become touchstones of lope's literary practice, anchoring a host of comedias written in the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century, as well as his novel, El peregrino en su patria (1604). Ultimately, this examination of lope's rewriting—construed as a sustained and deliberate process of self-revision (auto-reescritura)—reveals that the Byzantine motifs adapted from his comedias were decisive in shaping his approach to the novela corta (novella) in the early 1620s.

O DIREITO NA CONTRAMÃO DA LITERATURA: A CRIAÇÃO NO PARADIGMA CONTEMPORÂNEO

O artigo inscreve-se no campo dos estudos de direito e literatura e tem como objetivo problematizar a liberdade criativa no âmbito jurisdicional. Para tanto, apresenta uma síntese diacrônica dos conceitos de criação formulados pela teoria literária e destaca sua articulação com as noções de intertextualidade e de horizonte de sentido. A seguir, recorre ao conto Pierre Menard, autor do «Quixote», de J. L. Borges, para explicitar a concepção – decorrente da assunção do paradigma hermenêutico – de que a invenção literária resulta do processo de leitura, interpretação e reescrita. Por fim, indica os contextos que propiciaram o surgimento das concepções que postulam a liberdade de criação do direito na esfera jurisdicional, abordando, especialmente, as posições de M. Cappelletti acerca da atuação criativa dos juízes. Tal percurso possibilita constatar, o anacronismo das teorias do direito que vinculam o conceito de criação à ideia de liberdade criativa – cujos efeitos são o ativismo e o decisionismo judicial – face à atual compreensão que a teoria da literatura tem do papel central da interpretação no processo criativo.

La traduction littéraire ou l'art de « faire refleurir les déserts du sens »

Literary translation is essentially a creative process of rewriting. The translator is the author of the translation text, even if he is not the author of the original text. A translation is never a clone of the original. In translating, we do not say the same thing differently, we say something else differently, as Henri Meschonnic put it. Concepts borrowed from the field of history of translation, like historicism, passive retranslation and active retranslation are used to go against those who still erroneously think that the meaning of a literary text lies only in its words, and claim that “we translate words because there is nothing else to translate”. Against this linguistic and literary approach, the poetics approach takes into account the fact that, between the author and the reader, the translator is an active and creative agent in the process. Translating is always a “ménage à trois”.

La cultura come progetto educativo di una narrazione complessa

The educational and cultural challenge of complexity requires an open mind to multi-logical rather than monologic one considering a variety of routes, points of view and perspectives in terms of an inclusive cultural and educational tension to complexity. The educability of intersubjectivity is the dialogical, plural and open tension to promote an intercultural process of understanding and interdependence based on reciprocity (autonomy-interdependence). Intersubjectivity, as relational space and dialogue, needs a reflexive posture. The narrative, thought in an educational device, is able to enhance the awareness (and thus skills and capacity) to read and act the relationship with the environment. The educational specificities which therefore fell in promoting learning processes that hold together reflection and storytelling, writing and meta-cognition along a proofreading and re-writing process of individual histories and cultures in the broadest of their community and society. The narrative can re-configure the tradition-innovation, conservation-change, tension.

Strategic Approach about Re-writing Process applicated by Metacognitive skill - Focused on case study of learner write case of ‘self-reflection diary’

Strategic Approach about Re-writing Process applicated by Metacognitive skill - Focused on case study of learner write case of ‘self-reflection diary’

La traduction littéraire ou l’art de « faire refleurir les déserts du sens »

Literary translation is essentially a creative process of rewriting. The translator is the author of the translation text, even if he is not the author of the original text. A translation is never a clone of the original. In translating, we do not say the same thing differently, we say something else differently, as Henri Meschonnic put it. Concepts borrowed from the field of history of translation, like historicism, historicity, passive retranslation and active retranslation are used to go against those who still erroneously think that the meaning of a literary text lies only in its words, and claim that “we translate words because there is nothing else to translate”. Against this linguistic and literalist approach, the poetics approach takes into account the fact that, between the author and the reader, the translator is an active and creative agent in the process. Translating is always a “menage a trois”.

La Reescritura calderoniana de la comedia tirsiana Amar por Señas

This paper studies in detail the textual relation between two comedies: Tirso de Molina’s Amar por señas and Calderón de la Barca’s El encanto sin encanto. The main conclusion is that there is no re-writing process as has been argued in general by literary criticism and literary history.

Práticas de reescrita no ensino do gênero resenha

A escrita de gêneros acadêmicos exige perícia e reflexão e deve se configurar como um processo constante de reescrita, marcado por muitos ajustes linguístico-textuais. Acreditando que a vivência desse processo pode ser ensinada, o objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre a reescrita do gênero resenha por estudantes do curso de Letras da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC). A base teórica desse exercício de análise procede da perspectiva de reescrita proposta por Fabre-Cols (2002) e da teoria de gêneros de Swales (1984; 1990). À luz desses autores, analisamos as mudanças efetuadas em resenhas acadêmicas (re)escritas por esses estudantes no decorrer da disciplina "Leitura e Produção de Textos Acadêmicos" (LPTA). Os resultados revelam que muitas das alterações realizadas pelos estudantes relacionam-se diretamente aos movimentos retóricos característicos do gênero, apropriados mais significativamente por eles durante a reescrita orientada em sala de aula.

Constructing history on television: Marc Ferro and newsreels in Histoire Parallèle

In 1989, when Europe was being transformed after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the expansion of satellite communications, La Sept, a Franco-German TV channel, came into being. Histoire Paralèlle, a TV show hosted by Marc Ferro with newsreels shown in both countries, 50 years before, became the most watched program of the station, comparing the images the ways in which German and French started the war, as it should be seen and experienced by their fellow citizens. The program became a socialized process of understanding and historical rewriting, besides standing before the conflict between memory and history, a question that guided the historiography of the 1990s. This article analyzes Histoire Paralèlle, examining the relationship that it established with the historiography and filmic production of the historian. Therefore, its theoretical assumptions are re-discussed and historicized in the context of Ferro's works and through the analysis of three of his programs.

Critical and Feminist Legacies: Unmaking law to make better futures. An Introduction to a Celebration of Penny Pether’s Life and Work

When I first delivered this paper at the symposium to honour Penny’s life and work, I began by declaring my intention to quote her often, to ensure that she would be heard at the event, as she had been heard at so many others previously. As I said at the time, I did this because I knew Penny would have been very cross if she was not allowed to speak. In this, the written version of that paper, I still intend to quote her often and for the same reasons but I also intend to do so because I believe that what she had to say matters. It intervened, it changed things, it challenged the taken for granted – and it still does. I spent a lot of time re-reading Penny’s words in preparation for the symposium, and like the good structuralist that I always was, I found a whole series of patterns, strategies and theoretical narratives in what I read. I had always known they were there but the process of re-membering, re-working and re-writing, made them much more explicit than they had been in the reality and practice of working with her. I also began to see patterns and strategies I had not recognised at the time and to re-cover the sheer fun and excitement, as well as the absolute seriousness, of what working with her had been like.

Rewriting of low electrical resistance lines on TiO2 film by writing and erasing with femtosecond and CW fiber lasers

Abstract A rewriting process was developed for reduced electrical resistance lines on a titanium dioxide (TiO2) film with femtosecond and CW fiber lasers. In this process, lines are written on TiO2 film by femtosecond laser irradiation, where the lines have a lower electrical resistance than the surrounding film. By heating with a CW fiber laser in air, the low electrical resistance lines are erased and their electrical resistances increase. When the erased areas on the TiO2 film are irradiated with the femtosecond laser, the lower electrical resistance lines can be rewritten on the film surface.

Do You Know…How to Prevent Feedback Fallout: Make Your Peer Edits a Compassionate Critique

Do You Know…How to Prevent Feedback Fallout: Make Your Peer Edits a Compassionate Critique

Constructing history on television: Marc Ferro and newsreels in Histoire Parallèle

In 1989, when Europe was being transformed after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the expansion of satellite communications, La Sept, a Franco-German TV channel, came into being. Histoire Paralèlle, a TV show hosted by Marc Ferro with newsreels shown in both countries, 50 years before, became the most watched program of the station, comparing the images the ways in which German and French started the war, as it should be seen and experienced by their fellow citizens. The program became a socialized process of understanding and historical rewriting, besides standing before the conflict between memory and history, a question that guided the historiography of the 1990s. This article analyzes Histoire Paralèlle, examining the relationship that it established with the historiography and filmic production of the historian. Therefore, its theoretical assumptions are re-discussed and historicized in the context of Ferro's works and through the analysis of three of his programs.

All about the with statement in JavaScript

The with statement in JavaScript makes static analysis of JavaScript applications difficult by introducing a new scope at run time and thus invalidating lexical scoping. Therefore, many static approaches to JavaScript program analysis and the strict mode of ECMAScript 5 simply disallow the with statement. To justify exclusion of the with statement, we should better understand the actual usage patterns of the with statement. In this paper, we present the usage patterns of the with statement in real-world JavaScript applications currently used in the 898 most popular web sites. We investigate whether we can rewrite the with statements in each pattern to other statements not using the with statement. We show that we can rewrite all the static occurrences of the with statement that do not have any dynamic code generating functions. Even though the rewriting process is not applicable to any dynamically generated with statements, our results are still promising. Because all the static approaches that disallow the with statement also disallow dynamic code generation, such static approaches can allow the with statement using our rewriting process. We formally present our rewriting strategy, provide its implementation, and show its faithfulness using extensive testing. We believe that removing with statements will simplify JavaScript program analysis designs without considering dynamic scope introduction while imposing fewer syntactic restrictions.