Processing Of Precursor Research Articles

Atomic Layer Deposition of Hafnium-Zirconium-Oxide Films Using a Liquid Cocktail Precursor Containing Hf(dmap)4 and Zr(dmap)4 for Ferroelectric Devices.

An HfxZr1-xO2 (HZO) thin film is a promising material for next-generation ferroelectric memory devices. Ferroelectric HZO films are industrially produced using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. However, conventional ALD precursors for ZrO2 exhibit lower thermal stability than those for HfO2; thus, the deposition temperature is limited by the Zr precursor processing temperature (320 °C), limiting the quality of HZO. In this study, we developed an ALD precursor for HZO: a liquid homoleptic cocktail precursor referred to as FER-1, which is composed of tetrakis(1-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-propoxy)hafnium [Hf(dmap)4] and tetrakis(1-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-propoxy)zirconium [Zr(dmap)4] in a 1:1 mol % mixture. Both Hf(dmap)4 and Zr(dmap)4 have shown a high thermal stability as high as 371 °C. In addition, these compounds have a similar vapor pressure, similar to the ALD window, and excellent mixture stability. Furthermore, FER-1 exhibits a very clear thermogravimetric curve with no decomposition or residue formation at 10 Torr. Interestingly, the Hf/Zr concentration ratio of the HZO film prepared by using FER-1 was the same as the Hf/Zr concentration ratio in the precursor mixture, demonstrating that the Hf/Zr composition can be easily controlled. The HZO film deposited at 340 °C exhibits ferroelectricity with remanent polarization of 36.9 μC/cm2. Our findings show that FER-1 is a highly useful ALD precursor for industrial HZO production.

Influence of Synthesis Conditions on the Structure, Composition, and Electromagnetic Properties of FeCoSm/C Nanocomposites

New materials are actively being developed for use in various fields of electronics, as they can significantly improve the performance of electronic devices and prevent adverse effects. Such materials include nanocomposites, which include nanoparticles of magnetic metals and alloys in a non-magnetic polymer or carbon matrix. For the first time, we synthesized FeCoSm/C nanocomposites and studied the effect of synthesis conditions on their structure, composition, and electromagnetic properties. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the heating processes of nanocomposite precursors allowed optimizing the mode of IR processing of precursors. X-ray phase analysis (XPA) showed that nanoparticles of a solid-metal solution based on the FeCo structure are formed, and at temperatures above 700 °C, the formation of SmCo5-x alloy nanoparticles is also possible. As the synthesis temperature increases, the average size of nanoparticles of alloys containing Sm increases. The effect of the metal ratio in the precursor on the structure, composition, and electromagnetic properties of FeCoSm/C nanocomposites is analyzed. It has been established that the most promising of all the studied materials are those obtained at a temperature of 700 °C with a metal ratio of Fe:Co:Sm = 50:40:10.

Correction for Gier et al., "Analysis of Yeast Killer Toxin K1 Precursor Processing via Site-Directed Mutagenesis: Implications for Toxicity and Immunity".

Correction for Gier et al., "Analysis of Yeast Killer Toxin K1 Precursor Processing via Site-Directed Mutagenesis: Implications for Toxicity and Immunity".

Mitochondrial mRNA and the small subunit rRNA in budding yeasts undergo 3'-end processing at conserved species-specific elements.

Respiration in eukaryotes depends on mitochondrial protein synthesis, which is performed by organelle-specific ribosomes translating organelle-encoded mRNAs. Although RNA maturation and stability are central events controlling mitochondrial gene expression, many of the molecular details in this pathway remain elusive. These include cis- and trans-regulatory factors that generate and protect the 3' ends. Here, we mapped the 3' ends of mitochondrial mRNAs of yeasts classified into multiple families of the subphylum Saccharomycotina. We found that the processing of mitochondrial 15S rRNA and mRNAs involves species-specific sequence elements, which we term 3'-end RNA processing elements (3'-RPEs). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the 3'-RPE has long been recognized as a conserved dodecamer sequence, which recent studies have shown specifically interacts with the nuclear genome-encoded pentatricopeptide repeat protein Rmd9. We also demonstrate that, analogous to Rmd9 in S. cerevisiae, two Rmd9 orthologs from the Debaryomycetaceae family interact with their respective 3'-RPEs found in mRNAs and 15S rRNA. Thus, Rmd9-dependent processing of mitochondrial RNA precursors may be a common mechanism among the families of the Saccharomycotina subphylum. Surprisingly, we observed that 3'-RPEs often occur upstream of stop codons in complex I subunit mRNAs from yeasts of the CUG-Ser1 clade. We examined two of these mature mRNAs and found that their stop codons are indeed removed. Thus, translation of these stop-codon-less transcripts would require a noncanonical termination mechanism. Our findings highlight Rmd9 as a key evolutionarily conserved factor in both mitochondrial mRNA metabolism and mitoribosome biogenesis in a variety of yeasts.

Icariin improves learning and memory function by enhancing HRD1-mediated ubiquitination of amyloid precursor protein in APP/PS1 mice.

One of the hallmark pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulated in brain, which is mainly derived from the proteolytic processing of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP). The ubiquitin-proteasome system is able to reduce Aβ generation by ubiquitination and degradation of AβPP. Icariin (ICA), a flavonoid isolated from Epimedium brevicornum Maxim., has been reported that it could regulate the metabolism of AβPP and reduce the Aβ level in AD in vivo and in vitro models. To investigate whether the effect of ICA on AβPP and Aβ is related to AβPP ubiquitination. We used in vivo and in vitro models to observe the effect of ICA on AβPP ubiquitination as well as to investigate the effect of HMG-CoA reductase degradation protein 1 (HRD1), an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, on the processing of AβPP ubiquitination. This study showed that ICA improved the cognitive abilities of APP/PS1 AD mice in Morris Water Maze and Y-maze tests, upregulated HRD1 expression, subsequently elevated the total ubiquitination and K48-linked polyubiquitination of AβPP level, as well as increased AβPP degradation. Moreover, silenced HRD1 gene abolished the aforementioned effects of ICA. Furthermore, ICA decreased the location of AβPP in the early endosome, where AβPP is cleaved into Aβ, evidenced by reducing the co-localization of AβPP and early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1). This study demonstrated that ICA increased AβPP degradation by upregulating HRD1 mediated ubiquitination.

Exploring phytochemical inhibitors of protein kinase C alpha for therapeutic targeting of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neurodegeneration linked to amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau protein tangles. Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) plays a crucial role in modulating amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing, potentially mitigating AD progression. Consequently, PKCα stands out as a promising target for AD therapy. Despite the identification of numerous inhibitors, the pursuit of more effective and precisely targeted PKCα inhibitors remains crucial. In this study, we employed an integrated virtual screening approach of molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to identify phytochemical inhibitors of PKCα from the IMPPAT database. Molecular docking screening via InstaDock identified compounds with strong binding affinities to PKCα. Subsequent ADMET and PASS analyses filtered out compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Interaction analysis using Discovery Studio Visualizer and PyMOL further elucidated binding conformations of selected compounds with PKCα. Top hits underwent 200 ns MD simulations using GROMACS to validate stability of the interactions. Finally, we propose two phytochemicals, Kammogenin and Imperialine, with appreciable drug-likeliness and binding potential with PKCα. Taken together, the findings suggest Kammogenin and Imperialine as potential PKCα inhibitors, highlighting their therapeutic promise for AD after further validation.

Preparation of high density activated carbon by mechanical compression of precursors for compact capacitive energy storage

Activated carbons are widely used as the electrode material for supercapacitors owing to their large surface area, moderate conductivity, and outstanding electrochemical stability. However, large-surface-area activated carbons usually show low density and poor volumetric energy storage performance, which is difficult to meet the development of devices miniaturization. Mechanical compression is a simple and effective method to improve the density of the activated carbons. However, most of the studies focus on mechanical compression of the as-prepared porous carbon materials. Preparation of high-density activated carbons by mechanical compression of the carbon precursors has been proposed. But the surface area and porous structure evolution, and the possible mechanism have rarely investigated. Herein, we propose a universal method to improve the density of the activated carbons by mechanical compression of the precursors before activation. The influence of mechanical compression on the surface area, porous structure, and capacitive energy storage performance of the activated carbons prepared by two typical methods, outside-in activation (carbon powder/KOH mixture) and homogeneous ion activation (pyrolysis of potassium-containing salts), are studied. Mechanical compression of the precursors can generally improve the activation reaction efficiency, as well as the density and volumetric capacitive performance of the activated carbons. However, the surface area and porous structure evolution mainly depend on the carbon precursor and pore-forming process. For outside-in activation, the surface area and porosity of the activated carbons show a first increasing and then decreasing trend with the increase of mechanical pressure. This is because mechanical compression enhances the contact between the carbon precursors and activator through eliminating the voids between particles, significantly improves the activation efficiency. For homogeneous ion activation, the surface area and porosity of activated carbons show a trend of decreasing first and then increasing. The reason is deduced as compressed precursors inhibit the rapid release of active gas molecules (H2O, CO2etc.) produced during pyrolysis. These gas molecules further participate in the activation etching reaction and promote the activation efficiency. The optimized sample shows high gravimetric and volumetric capacitances of 316 ​F ​g−1/291 ​F ​cm−3 and 131 ​F ​g−1/92 ​F ​cm−3 ​at 1 ​A ​g−1 in aqueous and organic electrolytes, respectively. This work provides a simple way for design and preparation of activated carbons with large surface area and high density.

Chemically Processed Porous V2O5 Thin‐Film Cathodes for High‐Performance Thin‐film Zn‐Ion Batteries

AbstractThin‐film rechargeable batteries have a wide range of applications due to their unique properties such as small size, thinness, and the ability to power smart devices, including portable electronic devices, medical devices, smart cards, RFID tags, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Processing thin‐film electrodes for these batteries generally relies on standard physical vapor deposition technologies. However, producing porous thin‐films using these techniques presents significant challenges. Here, a rapid and cost‐effective chemical route for processing porous vanadium oxide (V2O5) thin‐film cathodes for application in Zinc‐ion‐based thin‐film batteries (Zn‐TFBs) is explored. The V2O5 precursor process uses an industrially viable spraying technique, which not only offers impressive charge storage performance of an areal capacity of 47.34 µAh cm−2, areal energy of 50.18 µWh cm−2, and areal power of 53 µW cm−2 at 50 µA cm−2 in the optimized gel‐electrolyte composition. This study introduces a cost‐effective and industrially viable method for processing highly porous thin‐film cathodes, enabling the production of high‐performance, affordable, and safer thin‐film batteries.

Micromorphology tunable Eu2O3 submicron spheres reinforced boron-containing HDPE composites for neutron and gamma-ray complex radiation shielding

In this research, a series of Eu2O3/B4C/HDPE composites containing micromorphology tunable Eu2O3 submicron spheres as fillers are prepared for shielding neutron and gamma ray. The influence of microstructure of Eu2O3 fillers on thermal stability, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties of composites are studied in detail. The growth process of Eu2O3 precursor (Eu(OH)CO3) follows the LaMer and Ostwald ripening mechanism. The FESEM reveal that the microstructure of synthesized Eu2O3 is submicron sphere and the particle size decreases with addition of urea content in the reactant solution. HRTEM and SEAD images reveal that the overall crystal morphology of the Eu2O3 fillers is polycrystalline. BET analyses reveal that the hysteresis loops of nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms changes from Type H1 to H3 after Eu2O3 fillers are ball-milled, which is attributed to the suppression of nanoparticle agglomeration by ball milling. The FESEM images and EDS mapping of the fracture surfaces of the composites reveal that Eu2O3 fillers are evenly distributed in the HDPE matrix. It is revealed that under the condition that the agglomeration of the nanoparticles is effectively suppressed, the higher BET-specific surface area and smaller size of Eu2O3 fillers are conducive to the various properties of the composites. The superior composite containing Eu2O3 (R = 1:30)/B4C/HDPE has a 99.1 % neutron shielding rate with 15 cm thickness under a 252Cf neutron source and a 73.1 % gamma shielding rate with 15 cm thickness under a 137Cs gamma source.

Polymer impregnation and pyrolysis process for the preparation of Al2O3f/Al2O3 composites: A preliminary study

Currently, the primary method for preparing alumina fiber-reinforced alumina ceramic (Al2O3f/Al2O3) composites is the slurry impregnation (SI) process. However, this technique is plagued by the challenge of necessitating a high sintering temperature. Hence, an attempt was initiated to prepare Al2O3f/Al2O3 composites through the polymer impregnation and pyrolysis (PIP) method, with the objective of reduce thermal damage to the fibers during the preparation process. The high-temperature inorganic processing of the Al2O3 precursor was studied, ultimately leading to the selection of 900 °C as the optimal pyrolysis temperature for the PIP process. The microstructure and high-temperature mechanical properties of the obtained composites were studied. The results indicated that the composites maintained microstructure stability up to 1000 °C. The flexural strength almost unchanged (from 37.20 ± 4.09 MPa to 37.03 ± 2.01 MPa). At 1200 °C, the formation of mullite greatly increased the defect density in the matrix, leading to a decrease in the flexural strength (28.42 ± 5.50 MPa). After heat treatment at 1400 °C, some of the blocky matrix dissolved and filled partial pores, improving the flexural strength (42.60 ± 1.95) of the composites. The continuous increases in flexural modulus meant that the brittleness of the composites became stronger with increasing temperature.

Carbon Dot Synthesis and Purification: Trends, Challenges and Recommendations

AbstractCarbon dots (CDs) have rapidly emerged as a new family of carbon‐based nanomaterials since their initial discovery two decades ago. Numerous appealing properties, such as precursor and synthesis process flexibility, tunable photoluminescence, and good biocompatibility, have enabled their widespread applications in sensing, catalysis, energy, and biomedical fields. As the field expands, notable efforts have recently focused on mechanistically elucidating the structural formation and optical behavior of CDs. However, the absence of “clean” CDs presents a major obstacle to achieving a solid understanding of these aspects. Often, the claimed CDs are, in fact, a mixture of small molecules, oligomers, nano‐sized aggregates, or even microparticles. Such coexistence of impurities markedly impacts the physicochemical properties of resulting CD‐based mixtures, hampering the resolution of key mechanistic questions. Here, we aim to address this fundamental shortcoming of the field, going beyond the customary focus of the existing reviews that predominantly cover synthesis, optical performance, and application prospects. We begin with an overview of CD synthesis and then thoroughly examine the purification methods, including filtration, dialysis, electrophoresis, and chromatography. The insights provided here will guide the researchers towards obtaining high‐quality CDs, employing proper combinations of available tools, and ultimately paving the way for more demanding applications.

Ablation of PC1/3 in POMC-Expressing Tissues but Not in Immune Cells Induces Sepsis Hypersensitivity.

Prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) is an endopeptidase required for the processing of neuropeptide and endocrine peptide precursors; it is expressed in neuroendocrine tissues as well as in immune cells. In response to endotoxemia, global PC1/3 knockout mice mount a cytokine storm and die rapidly. Further, immune cells isolated from these mice have a pro-inflammatory signature, suggesting that PC1/3 activates an unknown anti-inflammatory peptide precursor in immune cells. Here, we tested this hypothesis using tissue-specific PC1/3 ablation models. Knocking out PC1/3 in the myeloid or the hematopoietic compartment did not induce any phenotype. In contrast, proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-specific PC1/3 knockout mice phenocopied global PC1/3 knockout mice, including an enlarged spleen size and a hyperinflammatory sepsis phenotype in response to mild endotoxemia. This phenotype was prevented by steroid therapy and mimicked by blocking corticoid receptors in wild-type mice. Thus, our data suggest that sepsis hypersensitivity in PC1/3 deficiency is uncoupled from immune cell intrinsic PC1/3 expression and is driven by a lack of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids due to an impairment in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Promotion effect of proanthocyanidin on dentin remineralization via the polymer induced liquid precursor process

Proanthocyanidin (PA) has demonstrated promise as a dental biomodifier for maintaining dentin collagen integrity, yet there is limited evidence regarding its efficacy in dentin repair. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PA on dentin remineralization through the polymer induced liquid precursor (PILP) process, as well as to assess the mechanical properties of the restored dentin. Demineralized dentin was treated with a PA-contained remineralization medium, resulting in the formation of PA-amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoparticles via the PILP process. The kinetics and microstructure of remineralized dentin were examined through the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), attenuated total reflectance-FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the application of PA facilitated the process of dentin remineralization, achieving completion within 48 h, demonstrating a notable reduction in time required. Following remineralization, the mechanical properties of the dentin exhibited an elastic modulus of 15.89 ± 1.70 GPa and a hardness of 0.47 ± 0.08 GPa, which were similar to those of natural dentin. These findings suggest that combining PA with the PILP process can promote dentin remineralization and improve its mechanical properties, offering a promising new approach for dentin repair in clinical practice.

Epoxy composite microspheres as a versatile platform for enhancement of chlorophyll dispersion and photostability in coatings

Chlorophyll (Chl), as a rich natural pigment, is limited in applications due to poor photostability. The hydrophobic properties of Chl attributed to the tetrapyrrole ring and terminal long-chain hydrocarbons further constrains its dispersion in aqueous coatings. In this work, chlorophyll/epoxy composite microspheres (Chl/EMs) were prepared as candidate pigments via emulsion polymerization to provide a versatile platform for enhanced dispersion and photostability. The optimal reaction temperature of 75 °C for achieving the appropriate particle size distribution of epoxy microspheres (EMs) was first determined. Chl/EMs were then prepared by (1) the combination of Chl and DGEBA in the emulsification process, or by (2) mixing Chl with m-xylylenediamine (MXDA) during curing. The effects of Chl introduction at different steps on the emulsification, curing agent diffusion, and curing process were studied using off-site microscopy observation and aggregation-induced emission technique, to clarify the structure and morphology evolution during emulsion polymerization. The particle size of the microspheres was mainly determined by the emulsification process of the epoxy precursor. Chl participates in emulsification of Chl/EMs in case (1), resulting in a large average particle size and poor particle size distribution. In case (2), the diffusion of MXDA into epoxy emulsion particles is completed within 30 min and does not impede the quicker diffusion process of Chl which was mixed with MXDA. The prepared Chl/EMs with size ranging from 1 to 10 μm create a conducive oxygen blocking environment. Compared to the complete degradation period of untreated Chl coatings, the photostability of Chl/EMs coatings increased nearly 7-fold. Remarkably, Chl/EMs exhibit superior dispersion capability in waterborne polyurethane coatings compared to pure Chl coatings. The EMs with controllable morphology and size can be used as a versatile platform for enhancing dispersion and photostability of other organic or natural dyes and pigments in waterborne coatings.

POP1 Facilitates Proliferation in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via m6A-Dependent Degradation of CDKN1A mRNA.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is currently the worst prognostic subtype of breast cancer, and there is no effective treatment other than chemotherapy. Processing of precursors 1 (POP1) is the most substantially up-regulated RNA-binding protein (RBP) in TNBC. However, the role of POP1 in TNBC remains clarified. A series of molecular biological experiments invitro and invivo and clinical correlation analyses were conducted to clarify the biological function and regulatory mechanism of POP1 in TNBC. Here, we identified that POP1 is significantly up-regulated in TNBC and associated with poor prognosis. We further demonstrate that POP1 promotes the cell cycle and proliferation of TNBC invitro and vivo. Mechanistically, POP1 directly binds to the coding sequence (CDS) region of CDKN1A mRNA and degrades it. The degradation process depends on the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification at the 497th site of CDKN1A and the recognition of this modification by YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2 (YTHDF2). Moreover, the m6A inhibitor STM2457 potently impaired the proliferation of POP1-overexpressed TNBC cells and improved the sensitivity to paclitaxel. In summary, our findings reveal the pivotal role of POP1 in promoting TNBC proliferation by degrading the mRNA of CDKN1A and that inhibition of m6A with STM2457 is a promising therapeutic strategy for TNBC.

Iron chelation by oral deferoxamine treatment decreased brain iron and iron signaling proteins.

Deferoxamine (DFO) and other iron chelators are clinically used for cancer and stroke. They may also be useful for Alzheimers disease (AD) to diminish iron from microbleeds. DFO may also stimulate antioxidant membrane repair which is impaired during AD. DFO, and other chelators do enter the brain despite some contrary reports. Low dose, oral DFO was given in lab chow to wildtype (WT) C57BL/6 mice to evaluate potential impact on iron levels, iron-signaling and storage proteins, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) and processing enzymes. Young WT mice do not have microbleeds or disrupted blood-brain barrier of AD mice. Iron was measured by MRI and chemically after two weeks of dietary DFO. Cerebral cortex was examined for changes in iron metabolism, antioxidant signaling, and APP processing by Western blot. DFO decreased brain iron by 18% (MRI) and decreased seven major proteins that mediate iron metabolism by at least 25%. The iron storage proteins ferritin light and heavy chain decreased by at least 30%. APP and secretase enzymes also decreased by 30%. WT mice respond to DFO with decreased APP, amyloid processing enzymes, and antioxidant repair. Potential DFO treatment for early-stage AD by DFO should consider the benefits of lowered APP and secretase enzymes.

Improved self-cleaving precipitation tags for efficient column free bioseparations

Current biological research requires simple protein bioseparation methods capable of purifying target proteins in a single step with high yields and purities. Conventional affinity tag-based approaches require specific affinity resins and expensive proteolytic enzymes for tag removal. Purification strategies based on self-cleaving aggregating tags have been previously developed to address these problems. However, these methods often utilize C-terminal cleaving contiguous inteins which suffer from premature cleavage, resulting in significant product loss during protein expression. In this work, we evaluate two novel mutants of the Mtu RecA ΔI-CM mini-intein obtained through yeast surface display for improved protein purification. When used with the elastin-like-polypeptide (ELP) precipitation tag, the novel mutants - ΔI-12 and ΔI-29 resulted in significantly higher precursor content, product purity and process yield compared to the original Mtu RecA ΔI-CM mini-intein. Product purities ranging from 68 % to 94 % were obtained in a single step for three model proteins - green fluorescent protein (GFP), maltose binding protein (MBP) and beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). Further, high cleaving efficiency was achieved after 5 h under most conditions. Overall, we have developed improved self-cleaving precipitation tags which can be used for purifying a wide range of proteins cheaply at laboratory scale.

Current Status of Transfer RNA-derived Small RNAs in Cancers

Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are a new type of non-coding small RNAs produced by the processing and splicing of precursor or mature transfer RNAs by specific endonucleases under unfavorable conditions, such as starvation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, etc. tsRNAs have been found to be abnormally expressed in multiple types of cancers. With the development of science and technology, their regulatory mechanisms have been gradually discovered. This review summarizes the progress of tsRNAs in cancers of gastrointestinal system, breast system and reproductive system, and lays the foundation for the diagnosis and treatment of the diseases.

Small Charged Molecule-Mediated Fibrillar Mineralization: Implications for Ectopic Calcification.

Numerous small biomolecules exist in the human body and play roles in various biological and pathological processes. Small molecules are believed not to induce intrafibrillar mineralization alone. They are required to work in synergy with noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) and their analogs, e.g. polyelectrolytes, for inducing intrafibrillar mineralization, as the polymer-induced liquid-like precursor (PILP) process has been well-documented. In this study, we demonstrate that small charged molecules alone, such as sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium citrate, and (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane, could directly mediate fibrillar mineralization. We propose that small charged molecules might be immobilized in collagen fibrils to form the polyelectrolyte-like collagen complex (PLCC) via hydrogen bonds. The PLCC could attract CaP precursors along with calcium and phosphate ions for inducing mineralization without any polyelectrolyte additives. The small charged molecule-mediated mineralization process was evidenced by Cryo-TEM, AFM, SEM, FTIR, ICP-OES, etc., as the PLCC exhibited both characteristic features of collagen fibrils and polyelectrolyte with increased charges, hydrophilicity, and density. This might hint at one mechanism of pathological biomineralization, especially for understanding the ectopic calcification process.

Ether chain modified electrochromic polymer based on EDOT and benzene

Polar side chain plays an critical role in regulating molecular aggregation, film morphology and electrochromic properties of conjugated polymer. Here an ether chain modified conjugated polymer poly(EB-ether) based on EDOT and benzene was prepared at low oxidation potential by electrochemical method in EtOH-CH2Cl2 (v/v = 5/1) containing 0.1 M Bu4NPF6. The prepared poly(EB-ether) could achieve similar electrochromic parameters with alkoxy chain modified poly(EB-alkoxy), such as optical contrast of 35 %, response time of 0.8 s, coloration efficiency of 283 C−1 cm2, and reversible color change between dark red and blue. Electrochromic results indicate that high-performance poly(EB-ether) film could be prepared in mixed solvent containing little CH2Cl2. Therefore, the introduction of ether chain in precursor is a feasible method to decrease or avoid the use of halogenated solvent in electrochemical polymerization process of precursor.