Policy Formulation Process Research Articles

Evaluasi Kebijakan Penyelenggaraan Haji dan Dampaknya Terhadap Pengeluaran Pemerintah Indonesia Tahun 2023

The pilgrimage to Mecca, known as Hajj, is a significant religious obligation for Muslims around the world. Indonesia, with its large Muslim population, annually sends a substantial number of pilgrims to perform Hajj. This study conducts an evaluation of the policy regarding the organization of Hajj and assesses its implications on the government expenditure of Indonesia for the year 2023. The evaluation focuses on the efficiency, effectiveness, and financial sustainability of the current policy, considering factors such as Hajj quota management, transportation, accommodation, and associated services. The study aims to provide insights into how the Hajj policy impacts the Indonesian government's fiscal allocation and overall budgeting, shedding light on potential areas for improvement and optimization of resources in the future. The findings of this research contribute to better policy formulation and decision-making processes, ultimately aiming to enhance the overall management of Hajj and optimize government expenditure.

The Human Right to Public Participation in Environmental Decision-making: Some Legal Reflections

Recent years have seen an increase in climate-related protests and demonstrations. There is a clear disparity between the opinions of the public and those of the state in relation to climate change and how it should be tackled. At the heart of the problem is poor communication between citizens and state actors, which has resulted in a lack of support from the public for the state’s climate policy formulation and implementation processes. To increase support for new and existing climate-related policies and initiatives, and to ensure that the fundamental human right to public participation is protected, the state must make a concerted effort to engage with the public during the policy formulation, introduction, application and monitoring phases. This would ensure that state actors are better informed about the concerns of the public and that, when promoting decision-making in climate-related policies, citizens are given opportunities to exercise their right to public participation. It would also promote transparency and accountability in the decision-making process and create a more engaged citizenry and inclusive society. The processes driving greater public participation are not new; they have been encouraged and supported by United Nations (UN) Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and have been incorporated into environmental law both at the national level and at an international level through the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, it may be necessary to rethink and reframe existing public participatory processes to encourage stronger cooperation between all stakeholders in environmental decision-making processes including climate change.

What are the mistakes we think are correct about the ‘Natural resource curse’ hypothesis? New insights from quantile regressions via method of moments for EU

The nexus among natural resources and economic growth has recently been extensively studied in the context of the “Natural Resource Curse (NRC)” hypothesis. It is critical to use the latest analysis techniques in the development of the relevant literature. Therefore, this study aims to test the NRC hypothesis in EU member countries applying the Method of Moments Quantile Regression. Moreover, the focus of this study on EU countries for the first time fills an important gap in the literature. Renewable energy consumption, gross fixed capital formation, and urbanization are adopted as control variables. The findings demonstrate the validity of the NRC hypothesis at all quantile levels. Renewable energy consumption contributes to economic growth up to 0.70 quantile level. Additionally, gross fixed capital formation and urbanization have a positive impact on growth at all quantile levels. Empirical outputs highlight the importance of natural resources for growth in EU member countries and raise suggestions for possible policy formulation and implementation processes.

Kurdistan Regional Government’s Natural Resources Policy Formulation and Implementation Process

The process of public policy formulation is known to have significant role in making issues or solving them regardless of their makers. In particular, the policy making for a subject like managing natural resources has different impacts on the country. Recent studies have investigated either the negative or the positive sides of the KRG managing and marketing natural resources. In this article, all the related aspects of KRG natural resources policy such as policy formulation, level of KRG policy, causes and outcomes of the KRG oil policy is going to be discussed. In this qualitative study, content analysis approach is applied for obtaining secondary data to explain all the aspects of KRG Natural Resources Policy. For this purpose, 42 recent studies and books focusing on KRG Natural Resources policy are perused and discussed. Finally, this article concludes that KRG Oil and Gas Policy is a completely important subject to be studied for having influence on all the aspects of the Kurdistan Region and the Middle East energy and economy politics. Accordingly, the study calls for future research on how KRG can manage this sector with the existence of the Iraqi Federal High Court’s refusal decision.

The Development of Policy on Nursing Cross Training in a Healthcare Organization

The Policy provides a consistent framework for operational guidelines and standardized processes for decision making. Policy Development Framework provides protocols and clarifies roles and responsibilities in the policy development process. This article aims to document and discuss the process of development cross training policy formulation, including its practice and outcomes. In this policy, we developed the cross training framework including definitions, purpose and procedures that reflect the scope of policy analysis. This comprehensive conceptual framework may serve as a “road map” for researchers and healthcare policymakers who are interested in the development, monitoring, implementation, and analysis of nursing cross training policies.

CHANGES TO THE REGIONAL MEDIUM-TERM DEVELOPMENT PLAN DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PERIOD IN THE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE OF REGIONAL GOVERNMENT

Provincial Government, Regencies and cities in the context of administering their administration must prepare development plans. However, there is a main problem, namely the Covid-19 pandemic since March 2020 until now, which has greatly affected the national economy. The purpose of this study is to find out the arrangements for changing the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) during the Covid-19 pandemic and the changes that must be made or become a priority in preparing the RPJMD Changes. The research method used is normative juridical. Changes to the RPJMD during the Covid-19 pandemic have a legal basis, namely first, local governments have the authority through local regulations to amend the RPJMD, second, regulations related to Law No. 23 of 2014, Government Regulation No. 8 of 2008, Presidential Regulation No. 18 of 2020, Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 86 of 2017 allows the RPJMD to be changed on the basis of a fundamental change in national policy and the existence of a non-natural national disaster. third, in making changes to the RPJMD according to Government Regulation No. 86 of 2017 and Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 70 of 2019. In preparing changes to the RPJMD, the local government must pay attention to the philosophical basis, namely that Indonesia has a national philosophy, namely Pancasila. Then the sociological basis for changing the RPJMD is the involvement of the community in a policy formulation process which is a concrete manifestation of the application of modern democratization values.

Tax Policy Formation in the Context of European Integration Processes

The article deals with the study of the process of tax policy formation in the context of European integration. The relationship and influence of European integration processes on the formation of tax policy is determined. The analysis of the impact of European integration on the country's tax policy and the main aspects that have an impact on the formation of tax policy were investigated. The article emphasizes the role of European standards and recommendations in construction an effective tax policy.Prospective directions of tax policy formation in connection with European integration processes are considered. The main problems of tax policy formation and aspects of the obligations defined by the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union are described, including: harmonization of tax legislation, efforts against tax evasion and tax avoidance, ensuring transparency and efficiency of the tax system. In addition, the article mentions the positive impact of European integration on the development of the business environment and the creation of conditions for investment attraction. Measures to be implemented to ensure a fair and efficient tax policy, as well as to reduce tax barriers to attract investment and prevent tax evasion are also defined. The main changes in the norms of tax legislation, which must be made in accordance with the requirements of the European Union, are considered. It is noted that the development and adoption of certain norms of tax legislation are insufficient, since it is also necessary to form the administrative potential of the tax administration. The challenges facing the country in adapting to European standards in the field of taxation are considered and described.According to the draft Plan for the Recovery of Ukraine, the main goals of tax policy formation are reflected, taking into account the requirements of Ukraine's integration into the European Union. The main areas of tax reform have been determined, including: formation of a favorable tax policy for economic growth; adaptation of the norms of tax legislation in accordance with the Association Agreement to the requirements of the European Union; improvement of tax administration to increase investment activity.

Health Policy and Governance in Pakistan

Health policy and governance play a pivotal role in shaping the healthcare landscape of a nation. In the case of Pakistan, a country with a diverse population and complex healthcare needs, effective health policy and governance are essential for achieving improved public health outcomes. However, numerous challenges persist, ranging from resource constraints to inequitable access to healthcare. A comprehensive examination of health policy and governance in Pakistan is crucial to identify areas of improvement and drive positive change in the country's healthcare system.
 Pakistan faces multifaceted challenges in health policy and governance. Limited financial resources, fragmented healthcare infrastructure, and a shortage of healthcare professionals pose significant hurdles to equitable access to quality healthcare services. Moreover, weak governance mechanisms and inadequate regulation contribute to inefficiencies and corruption within the healthcare system. These challenges disproportionately affect marginalized communities, exacerbating health disparities across the country.
 To address these challenges, a multi-pronged approach is necessary. First, there is a need for robust health policies that focus on primary healthcare, preventive measures, and targeted interventions for vulnerable populations. Policies should prioritize evidence-based decision-making, health promotion, and disease prevention strategies. Additionally, strengthening governance structures and regulatory frameworks is crucial to ensure transparency, accountability, and quality assurance within the healthcare sector.
 Furthermore, collaboration between various stakeholders, including government agencies, healthcare providers, researchers, and civil society organizations, is vital for effective health policy implementation and governance. The involvement of communities and marginalized populations in policy formulation and decision-making processes can foster inclusivity and ensure that policies address the specific needs of the population.
 Health policy and governance in Pakistan require significant attention and improvement to achieve equitable access to quality healthcare services and improved public health outcomes. This necessitates a comprehensive approach that encompasses evidence-based policies, strengthened governance structures, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. By addressing challenges such as resource constraints, healthcare infrastructure gaps, and inadequate regulation, Pakistan can create a healthcare system that is responsive, transparent, and capable of meeting the diverse healthcare needs of its population. Investing in robust health policy and governance is not only essential for improving public health in Pakistan but also a key driver of socioeconomic development and progress.

Farmers' local knowledge of soil fertility in bamboo plantations in the Western Highlands, Cameroon

Cameroon is strongly committed to restoring degraded land through the sustainable use of bamboo and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for biodiversity conservation, sustainable livelihoods, and reduction of CO2 emissions. However, research has not yet revealed how bamboo is perceived locally in production zones where most harvested species are wild and from natural forests. This assessed the local perception and knowledge of farmers in the Western Highlands of Cameroon on soil fertility in bamboo plantations. Ethnopedological surveys were conducted using semi-structured questionnaires in three departments of the Western Region. During the study, three focus groups were organized, followed by direct field observations and individual interviews with 200 people. The easily identifiable indicators used were soil colour, texture, fertility status, and water-holding capacity. The majority of respondents (67.5%) stated that the soils of bamboo plantations are infertile and not suitable for agriculture, 18.5% found these soils very fertile and suitable for agriculture and 14% found them moderate. The main points cited by farmers as positive for the use of bamboo are the fight against landslides and the reduction of soil erosion (33% and 30.5% of respondents, respectively). The main negative points cited were the invasive effect of bamboo and the extensive root system in the soil (52.5% and 15.5% of respondents respectively). To facilitate the adoption of bamboo in restoration projects in Cameroon, it is important to integrate farmers’ views into the policy formulation process. The results presented in this study will facilitate dialogue among farmers, agronomic advisors, and researchers. Policymakers and planners will also be beneficiaries of the research, and will be enabled to propose solutions for the better planning of restoration activities on bamboo.

МОДЕЛИ СТУДЕНЧЕСКОГО САМОУПРАВЛЕНИЯ В МОЛОДЁЖНОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ СОВЕТСКОЙ ВЛАСТИ 1917-1923 ГГ.

The paper discusses the process of Soviet power state youth policy formation at the initial stage of Soviet statehood evolvement. The process offorming bodies of student self-government, determining the degree of their loyalty to the Soviet authorities, their effectiveness in the process of influencing youth, choosing a model for the relationship of the formed bodies with party organizations of universities is analyzed. On the basis of archival materials introduced into circulation for the first time, the conclusion is made that during this period the ruling party and the state authorities lacked a unified concept of student self-government bodies formation. Eventually, it was decided to allocate political influence on the youth, which was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Komsomol organizations of universities under the leadership of party bodies. As an additional structure of student self-government, student trade unions were organized, which took over the work of organizing student life in the broad sense of the word.

Navigating the troubled waters: ‘maritimization' of Bangladesh’s foreign policy

ABSTRACT Bangladesh, a littoral state of Bay of Bengal, has historically played a marginal role in regional and global politics. Despite being a maritime nation, the maritime considerations have been absent in the country’s foreign policy formulation process. The article argues that the resolution of its maritime disputes with its neighbours has placed ‘maritime considerations’ in the heart of its foreign policy and the country has moved away from ‘land-centric’ regionalism to a more ‘maritime-centric’ regionalism over the past decade. This transformative shift represents the country’s ambition to become a ‘middle power’ in regional and global affairs with a critical objective to achieve ‘security pluralism’ in the Bay of Bengal region.

IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN JARAK JAUH (PJJ) PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 (STUDI KASUS: SMA NEGERI 2 PEKANBARU)

Implementation refers to the implementation of activities that are formulated based on the public policy formulation process. Implementation is the most important stage in public policy, because the success or failure of a policy formulation can be seen from the implementation process. The purpose of this study is to find out how the process of implementing distance education (PJJ) at SMA Negeri 2 Pekanbaru during the covid 19 pandemic. Changes in learning methods in education due to the corona virus outbreak in Indonesia which requires the learning process to be carried out through online media and also face to face limited advance. This research is descriptive in nature with a case study approach and the data required are primary and secondary data derived from observations, interviews, documentation analyzed by researchers so as to obtain accurate and clear data related to the implementation of distance education during the covid 19 pandemic. Implementation of distance education away using several online media, whatsapp, classroom, and zoom. This study uses the implementation model according to George Edward III, namely communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure. The results of the study show that distance education has not been implemented properly because there are still some obstacles encountered when implementing distance education policies, such as limited access to the internet network in several areas in the city of Pekanbaru, with this distance learning method also burdening students' parents in buying internet quota. Students also feel burdened and bored with this distance learning method. Because students also find it difficult to understand the material provided by the teacher because there are still some teachers who only provide material and assignments without prior explanation. Suggestions The school principal should conduct training related to the use of applications used in distance learning methods and teachers must be creative in delivering learning material so that students do not feel bored or burdened with the assignments given.

The Effects of Social-Withdrawal Characteristics Among Older Academics: An Indonesian Case Study

Indonesia, the world’s fourth-most populous country, sees a significant increase in its aging population each year. This demographic shift is reflected in the country’s public higher-education sector, where the number of older academics has been growing substantially in recent years. However, older people’s social participation is often limited due to certain forms of withdrawal, such as shyness, avoidance, and unsociability. This research report aims to explore the impact that these social-withdrawal characteristics among older people may have on data collection and policy-formulation processes in public universities in Indonesia. To gather data for this study, an online questionnaire was employed. The results of this study suggest that older people’s social-withdrawal characteristics can have two effects. First, older individuals are often reluctant to participate in research, particularly as online questionnaire respondents, which can result in a lower response rate. Second, our study found that most older academic staff were unwilling to request or demand specific services or facilities from university administration, making decision-makers unaware of the needs of their older staff and aging issues in general. As a consequence, university administration may not consider instituting an aging policy at their institution, as they believe that older workers do not require special attention. This lack of awareness can have serious implications for the well-being of older academic staff and the overall effectiveness of university policies.

Analysis of the Public Policy Formulation Process in Educational Institutions (Formulation, Agenda Arrangement and Ratification)

This study aims to explain the policy formulation process as it relates to the position of education in the context of the public sector, which must be managed seriously, and the level of urgency for the government in setting program priorities such as development. This study used qualitative research methods with a literature study approach. Several stages of data presentation are applied in this paper, namely data restatement, description to map data patterns, and interpretation to highlight the definite meaning of the policy formulation process in educational institutions, including formulation, agenda setting, and ratification.

Discourses of growth in megaproject-based urban development: a comparative study of Poland and Finland

Abstract The paper aims to add to the debate on the varieties of neoliberalism and the homogenizing effects of megaproject-based urban development. It examines the acculturation of the growth imperative as the master discourse that supports the development and implementation of two projects aimed at transforming the centers of Tampere, Finland, and Łódź, Poland. The selected cities shared similar traits as industrial centers in the past, but their current socioeconomic situation is entirely different. Tampere holds the title of “Finland’s most likeable city,” while rapidly depopulating Łódź was labeled the “Polish Detroit.” Nevertheless, both municipalities became attracted by the idea of boosting their development through implementing large-scale infrastructural investments to reshape their centers. Inspired by discursive institutionalism, which defines discourse as a set of policy ideas and values, and interactive policy communication and formulation processes, the paper reconstructs and compares the strategic visions of Tampere’s “Five Star City Centre” and “The New Centre of Łódź.” It demonstrates how the proponents of the projects discursively forced consent around proposed ideas. Namely, it shows how the issues of complexity, risk, and potential conflict of the two megaprojects have been addressed. On a conceptual level, the paper shows how policy convergence can be discursively facilitated in different socioeconomic, cultural, and political circumstances.

The policy engagement of social workers: a research overview

Policy engagement by social workers that seeks to impact public policies that advance social justice and human rights has, and continues to be, a core component of the social work profession. This has also led to a growing volume of research focusing upon the routes that social workers can take to be part of the policy formulation process. The aim of this article is to provide a research overview of five policy routes, which include two civic routes, specifically voluntary political participation and holding elected office, and three professional routes, specifically policy practice, academic policy engagement and policy participation through professional organisations. The overview expands our knowledge on contemporary research trends regarding the level of engagement in each route, the form that this takes and the factors that explain it. The factors that have been identified in the research literature as impacting social workers’ policy engagement will draw upon the policy engagement conceptual framework. The methodologies employed in the studies are discussed. Finally, the article concludes by identifying under-researched facets of social workers’ policy engagement and suggesting a research agenda for the field.

An investigation of the challenges constraining the performances of Nigeria institute of international relation

The research focus on the examination of the roles of Nigeria Institute of International Relation in promoting Nigeria diplomatic relation. The study is approach on qualitative approach designed on phenomenological research. The empirical data was collected through in-depth interviews involving face to face method. Ten (10) respondents were engaged in the study. The primary source which contain an open-ended question administered to the respondents was triangulated with data from secondary source such as journals, articles, textbooks. and media. The research finds out that Nigeria Institute of International affairs have a positive role on the policy formulation processes of Nigeria. However, it revealed that the institution was bedeviled with several challenges such as financial, Administrative, infrastructural and political. While it concludes that the role of the Institute is inevitable for the promotion of Nigeria foreign policy interest, it recommends that the Institute should strive to expand its in-house revenue to manage its affaire. It also recommends the need for strong legislation that stipulate the areas of jurisdiction between and among the Institute and other related agencies and the ministry.

비교교육연구에 있어서 담론적 제도주의 접근의 활용 가능성 탐색

[Purpose]This study aimed to explore the possibility of using discursive institutionalism as one of the new approaches for post-national comparative education research.
 [Methods] In this study, domestic and international literature were analyzed to explore the characteristics of the discursive institutionalism approach and the use of this approach in comparative education research, and the possibility and significance of the discursive institutionalism approach in comparative education research were discussed.
 [Results] The study revealed the following. First, the core argument of discursive institutionalism is that the discursive interactions between actors in the process of policy formation can lead to policy change or maintenance. Second, in the study of the discursive institutionalisml approach, the focus is on analyzing the discourse, that is, the coordinative discourse and communicative discourse communicated in the policy formation process. Third, the discursive institutionalism approach can be a useful theoretical framework for comparative education research to understand the transition and change of global education policy by allowing analysis of the translation and recontextualization process of global discourse in each country's policy context.
 [Conclusion] Based on the research results, this study suggested the active use of the discursive institutionalism approach in the field of comparative education and the analysis of the re-contextualization of global education discourse in Korea based on the discursive institutionalism approach.

The relationship between cooking fuel and health status from the perspective of income heterogeneity: Evidence from China

The health risks of cooking with solid fuels are widespread, especially among low-income people. Therefore, we decide to explore the impact of cooking fuel on the physical and mental health of Chinese residents and the heterogeneity of effects across income groups. This study estimates the potential relationship between household air pollution and health status by using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Household air pollution is measured by different types of cooking fuels, and health status is evaluated from the perspective of respondents’ self-ratings of health, mental health, and interviewer-assessed health. The data comprises more than 100,000 samples between 2012 and 2019. We employ a Hierarchical Linear Model to infer the potential impact of household air pollution caused by cooking fuel on residents’ health. After adjusting control variables, we find cleaner cooking fuels such as solar energy and biogas are more conducive to residents’ health status. Our findings manifest that cleaner fuels and lower exposure to household air pollution are better for residents’ health. Low-income households are more likely to be affected by household air pollution. This study emphasizes the consequence of the potential health effects on residents due to household air pollution from cooking fuels and the uneven distribution of those effects. It is recommended that such factors as household air pollution risks, health, and environmental fairness and justice should be considered in the policy formulation process.

Collaboration in the formulation and implementation of policies for noncommunicable diseases in South Africa.

Collaboration between health and other sectors is necessary and much needed when addressing health issues. The health sector alone does not possess all the necessary resources to address health problems in the country. Thus, the burden of disease because of the noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) requires interventions that are sometimes beyond the health sector's mandate. To investigate collaboration in the policy formulation process for prevention and control of NCDs in South Africa. This article presents strategies that could aid South African government to ensure collaboration by various sectors in addressing the NCDs. This study took place in the provincial Department of Health (DoH) of seven South African provinces. This was quantitative descriptive study done among purposefully sampled respondents from various health portfolios from seven provincial Departments of Health. Data were collected using questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistical data analysis techniques. The results indicated that the DoH collaborates with private and government stakeholders in the policy formulation and implementation process but excludes them in the setting the health agenda, adoption of policy options and policy evaluation. The lack of participation by other stakeholders in the critical phases of policy formulation will result in continued burden of disease because of poor prevention and control of NCDs in the country. This article provides recommendations that would ensure collaboration among various sectors to accelerate the response to the prevention and control of NCDs in South Africa.